a.

Electrical method - A cylindrical coil wound with several turns of insulated

copper wire is connected in series with a six or twelve volt electric battery
and switch. A coil of this type is called a solenoid. A steel bar is placed
inside the coil and the current is switched on for some time. On removing
and testing the steel, it will be found to have been magnetized. It is
unnecessary to leave the current for long as length of time makes no
difference but causes over-heating. The induced polarity depends on the
direction of flow of the current. Clockwise flow at an end indicates South
Pole while an anti-clockwise flow indicates North Pole.
b. Single touch method - A steel bar is stroke from end to end several times in
the same direction with a known pole of a magnet. Between successive
strokes the pole is lifted high above the bar otherwise the magnetism already
induced will be weakened. The disadvantage of this method is that it
produces magnets in which one pole is nearer the end of the bar than the
other.
c. Divided touch method - Here the steel bar is stroke from the centre outward
with unlike poles of two magnets simultaneously. The polarity produced at
the end of the bar where the stroking finishes is of opposite kind to that of
the stroking pole.
d. Hammering in the earth field - Magnets can be made by hammering red hot
steel bar and allow it to cool as it lies in North- South direction.
e. Induced Magnetism - When a piece of un-magnetized steel is placed either
near or in contact with a pole of a magnet and then removed, it will be
magnetized. This is called induced magnetism. The induced pole is of
opposite sign to that of inducing pole.
DEMAGNETIZATION
This is a process whereby a magnet is made to lose its magnetism.
Demagnetization can be achieved by:
Electrical Method - The magnet is placed in a solenoid through which an
alternating current is flowing. The solenoid is placed with its axis pointing in the
East -West direction. After a few seconds, the magnet is slowly withdrawn out of
the solenoid to a long distance away. This is the most efficient way of
demagnetizing a magnet.
Mechanical Method - Another method of demagnetizing magnets is to hammer it
hard when it is pointing in the East West direction.
Heating Method - When magnets are strongly heated, it loses its magnetism.
TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MAGNET
Soft iron is pure iron while steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Steel is a much
harder and stronger material than soft iron. Steel and iron have different magnetic
properties.
Iron is easily magnetizes than steel but it readily loses its magnetism. Steel
produces a stronger magnet that is the reason why steel is used for making
permanent magnet such as compass needle. In temporary magnets where the
magnetism is required for a short

WEEKS 8

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnetic field is the space surrounding the magnets in which magnetic force is
exerted. It is a vector quantity and it is represented by magnetic lines. The direction
of the magnetic flux at any point is the direction of the force on a north pole placed
at that point.
In the neighborhood of two magnets placed closed together, there exists a field in
which the direction of the magnetic flux changes rapidly in a confined space. The
magnetic flux can be obtained by using iron fillings.
Magnetic meridian at any place is a vertical plane containing the magnetic axis of a
freely suspended magnet at rest under the action of the earth field.
The geographical meridian at a place is a plane containing the place and the earth
axis of rotation.
The angle between the magnetic and geographical meridian is called the magnetic
declination.
The angle of dip or inclination is the angle between the direction of the earth
magnetic flux and the horizontal.
CLASSWORK
1. With the aid of a suitable diagram, explain the following: magnetic flux,
angle of inclination, angle of declination.
2. Differentiate between steel and iron with respect to magnetism.
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the earth’s magnetic
field? (a) The angle of dip is the angle which a freely suspended magnet
makes with the vertical (b) the angle of declination is the angle between the
magnetic meridian and the geographic meridian (c) the angle of inclination
is the difference between the angle of dip and the angle of declination (d) the
angle of inclination is the angle which a magnetic compass makes with the
magnetic meridian
2. If the angle of declination in a place is 0 0, calculate the true geographic
bearing if the compass needle reads N400E (a) N500E (b) N400E (c) N300E
(d) N250E
 3. A magnetic substance can be demagnetized by? (a) Dropping on the floor
(b) hammering while red hot (c) divided touch (d) single touch
4. A freely suspended needle compass needle on earth’s surface will come to
rest in a plane called (a) geographic equator (b) geographic meridian (c)
magnetic equator (d) magnetic meridian
5. In other to make a moving electron follow a circular path (a) a magnetic
field is applied perpendicular to its path (b) a magnetic field is applied
parallel to its path (c) an electric field is applied parallel to its path (d) an
electric field is applied perpendicular to its path
SECTION B
1. (a) Explain what is meant by a magnetic field (b)(i) describe an experiment
to show that a magnetic field exists around a straight wire carrying-current
(ii) draw a diagram, to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic field
produced around the wire [neglect the earth’s magnetic field] (c) Sketch the
form of the flux pattern due to two straight parallel wires carrying current un
the same direction. Indicate the neutral point in the field (d) Explain, with
the aid of diagram, how a delicate material could be protected from the
earth’s magnetic field
2. Explain the tem “angle of dip”, and describe how it varies over the earth
3. A charge of 1.6x10-19C enters a magnetic field of flux density 2.0T with a
velocity of 2.5x10-19m/s at an angle of 300 with the field. Calculate the
magnitude of the force exerted on the charge by the field

WEEK 9
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
CONTENT
  Patterns of magnetic field
 Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current
 Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
 Force between conductors carrying current

PATTERNS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS

Magnetic field pattern can easily be observed using iron fillings. The magnetic is
put on paper and the iron fillings are sprinkled lightly on the paper around the
magnet. The paper is tapped gently and the iron fillings are found to turn and set
to in definite direction.
MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR CARRYING
CURRENT
A straight conductor carrying current can be shown that it has magnet filed around
it. Allow a thick isolated copper wire to pass vertically through a hole in a card
board shit. As shown below, sprinkle some iron fillings uniformly on the
cardboard around the vertical wire connect the ends of the wire to a battery, switch
on the current and place some compass needles around the wire. Note the direction
to which the compass needle point. Switch on the current and note the swing of
the needles and how they point.
It will be observed that when current is switch on and the card board is gently
tapped, the fillings arrange themselves in a series of concentric circles about the
wire as centre. Also as soon as the current is switch on, the needles will swing
around and form a circle with the wire as centre. The direction of the filed depends
on the direction of flow of the current. Such a direction can always be obtained by
applying the Right Hand Grip Rule.
 Compass needle

Card board
Sprinkled with
iron fillings

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC

FIELD
A conductor carrying an electric current, when placed in the magnetic field
experiences a mechanical force. This can be demonstrated by using two metal rails
fixed on each side of a powerful horse-shoe magnet. A copper rod is placed across
the rays. When the current is passed through this copper rod, it is observed that the
copper rod rolls along the rays, toward the right. If by adjusting the rheostat, more
current is made to flow through the rod. One will notice that the rod moves faster,
thus the force on the rod increases when the current increases.
If the direction of flow of current is reversed by reversing the connections at the
battery terminals, the rod will be observed to move towards the left, opposite to the
previous direction of motion.
If one turns the magnet such that the magnetic field is parallel to the length of the
rod as shown below, it will be observed that the current carrying the rod remains
stationary no matter the amount of current hat pass through. There is therefore no
force on the rod.
WEEK 10
 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD II

CONTENT
 Electromagnetic field
 Fleming left hand rule
 Applications of electromagnetic field

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD: This is a field representing the joint interaction

of electric and magnetic forces. It is exerted on charged particles. The force on a
charge q moving with velocity v less than the velocity of light is given by
F = q (E + v x B)
A conductor carrying an electric current when placed in a magnetic field
experiences a mechanical force. It can be demonstrated by using two metal rails
fixed on each side of a powerful horse-shoe magnet. A copper rod is placed across
the rails. When we pass current through this copper rod, it is observed that the
copper rood rolls along the rails, towards the right. If by adjusting the rheostat, we
cause more current to flow through the rod, we will observe that the rod moves
faster. Thus, the force on the rod increases when the current increases.
Direction of the force - The direction of force on a current carrying conductor
placed perpendicular to the magnetic field is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule
which is stated as follows:
If the thumb, forefinger and middle finger are held mutually at right angles to one
another with the fore-finger pointing in the direction of magnetic field, and the
second finger in the direction of Current, then the thumb will point in the direction
of the force producing motion.

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

1. Electric Motor - The electric motor is a device for converting
electrical energy into chemical energy. It consists:
(i) A rectangular coil of insulated wire, known as armature
(ii) A powerful magnetic field in which the armature turns is provided by two
curve pole pieces of a powerful magnet
(iii) A commutator consisting of a split copper ring, two halves of which are
insulated from each other.
(iv) Two carbon brushes which are made to press lightly against either side of the
split-ring commutator
ii. Moving Coil Galvanometer - This galvanometer is one of the most sensitive and
accurate methods for detecting or measuring extremely small currents or potential
differences. It consist essentially of
1. A light rectangular vertical coil ABCD pivoted in jeweled bearings such that it
can move in a vertical plane
2. Two curved pole piece of a horse shoe magnet and a soft iron core or cylinder
inserted between the pole pieces.
3. Two spiral non-magnetic control springs of phosphor bronze, each of which is
attached to the jeweled bearing or spindle. Current enters or leaves the rectangular
coil through these spiral springs. The springs also provide the control couple.

CLASSWORK
1. What do you understand the term electromagnetic field?
2. What is a transformer?
3. The transformer in a disc video decoder is used to step down 240V supply to
12V. If there are 2400 turns in the secondary coil find: (i) the turn ratio of
the transformer (ii) the number of turns in the primary coil
4. State Fleming’s left hand rule
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. Induced current depends the: (i) the number of turns in the coil (ii) strength of
the magnet (iii) speed with which the magnet is plunged into the coil (a) I only
(b) II only (c) III only (d) none of the above
2. To convert an alternating current dynamo into a direct current dynamo, the (a)
the number of turns in the coil is increased (b) strength of the field magnet is
increased (c) slip rings are replaced with split ring commutator (d) coil is wound
on a soft iron armature
3. If a current-carrying coil is mounted on a metal frame, the back e.m.f. induced in
the coil causes (a) inductance (b) eddy current (c) electromagnetism (d) dipole
moment
4. A transformer with 5500 turns in its primary is used between a 240V a.c. supply
and a 120V kettle. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary (a) 2750 (b)
460 (c) 11,000 (d) 232
5. The direction of induce current in a straight wire balanced in a magnetic field is
determined by using ___________ (a) Fleming’s right hand rule (b) Maxwell’s
screw rule (c) Faraday’s law (d) Len’s law
6. Energy losses dues to eddy currents are reduced by using (a) low resistance
wires (b) insulated soft iron wires (c) few turns of wire (d) high resistance wires
7. From the generating station to each substation, power is transmitted at a very
high voltage so as reduce (a) eddy current (b) hysteresis loss (c) heating in the
coils (d) magnetic flux leakage
8. A devise used to prevent wearing away of the make-and-break contacts of an
induction coil is called a/an (a) fuse (b) electroscope (c) resistor (d) capacitor
9. The current of a primary coil of a transformer is 2.5A. If the primary coil has 50
turns and the secondary 250 turns. Calculate the current in the secondary coil
[neglect energy losses in the transformer] (a) 0.2A (b) 0.5A (c) 2.5A (d) 5.0A
10. The voltage and the current in the primary of a transformer are 2000V and
2A respectively. If the transformer is used to light ten 12V, 30W bulbs, calculate
its efficiency (a) 100% (b) 90% (c) 50% (d) 75%
SECTION B
1. (a) Draw a simple labeled diagram illustrating the principle of a step down
transformer and explain how it works (b) state three ways y which energy is lost
in a transformer and how they can be minimized (c) if a transformer is used to
light a lamp rated at 60W, 220V from a 4400V a.c. supply, calculate (i) ratio of
the number of the turns of the primary coil to the secondary coil in the
transformer (ii) current taken from the mains circuit if the efficiency of the
transformer is 95%
2. (a) State the law of magnetic induction (b) explain how one of the laws
illustrate the principle of conservation of energy (c)(i) draw a well labeled
diagram of a simple d.c. electric motor and explain how it works (ii) state two
reasons why the efficiency of an electric motor is less than 100%
3. (a) state Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (b) draw a labeled diagram
of an induction coil and explain how it works (c) state the reason why a
capacitor should be included in the primary circuit of the coil (d) how is the
effect of eddy current minimized in the coil? (e) state three uses of induction
coil