Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 4
Basic Equations in
Integral Form
for a Control Volume
 Main Topics
Basic Laws for a System
 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control
Volume Formulation
Conservation of Mass
Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
with Rectilinear Acceleration
The Angular-Momentum Principle
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2
 4.1 Basic Laws for a System
Conservation of Mass

(4.1a)

where

(4.1b)

3
 Basic Laws for a System
Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume

The sum of all external forces acting on

the system is equal to the time rate of
change of linear momentum of the system

where

linear
momentum
of the system
4
 Basic Laws for a System
The Angular-Momentum Principle

The rate of change of angular momentum is

equal to the sum of all torques acting on the
system
where

Torque can be produced by surface and body forces (here gravity)

and also by shafts that cross the system boundary
5
 Basic Laws for a System
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The rate of heat transfer is positive when
heat is added to the system from the
surroundings; the rate of work is positive
when work is done by the system on its
surroundings

6
 Basic Laws for a System
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

If an amount of heat, δQ , is transferred to a system at temperature T

where

Total
entropy

7
4.2 Relation of System Derivatives
to the Control Volume Formulation
 The system approach studies the motion of an
individual fluid particle or group of particles as
they move through space.
 The control volume approach studies a region
of space as fluid flows through it.

For examples:
 System：the trajectory of pollution paricles over time.
 Control volume：lift and drag on a wing.

8
4.2 Relation of System Derivatives
to the Control Volume Formulation
1.Extensive and Intensive Properties

(4.6)

N extensive property

η intensive property
(per unit mass)

9
 Relation of System Derivatives to the
Control Volume Formulation
N extensive property
2. Reynolds Transport Theorem η intensive property
(per unit mass)
(4.10)

To convert the rate of change of any extensive property N

of a system to an equivalent formulation for use with a control
volume.
The rate of change of the amount of
property N in the control volume

The rate at which property N is exiting

the surface of the control volume
10
 Relation of System Derivatives to the
Control Volume Formulation
3. Interpreting the Scalar Product

The rate at which property N is exiting

the surface of the control volume
11
 4.3 Conservation of Mass
Basic Law, and Transport Theorem
The mass of the system remains constant

&

 (4.12)

(4.10)
12
 Conservation of Mass

Incompressible Fluids
CV is fixed volume

and shape
Uniform velocity at
each inlet and exit  

• The volume flow rate through a section of a control surface

of area A is given by
(m3/s)

• The average velocity magnitude at a section is defined as

13
 Conservation of Mass

Steady, Compressible Flow

(4.15a)

Uniform velocity at
each inlet and exit  (4.15b)

Thus, for steady flow, the mass flow rate into a CV must be
equal to the mass flow rate out of the CV.

Mass flow rate:

(kg/s)
14
 Example 4.1
MASS FLOW AT A PIPE JUNCTION
Consider the steady flow in a
water pipe joint shown in the
diagram. The areas are: A1 = 0.2 m2,
A2 = 0.2 m2, and A3 = 0.15 m2.
In addition, fluid is lost out of a
hole at, estimated at a rate of 0.1
m3/s. The average speeds at sections
 and  are V1 = 5 m/s and V3 = 12
m/s, respectively. Find the velocity
at section .

15
 Example 4.1

A1 = 0.2 m2, A2 = 0.2 m2, A3 = 0.15 m2.

V1 = 5 m/s, V3 = 12 m/s Q4 = 0.1 m3/s
16
 Example 4.1
Given: Steady flow of water through the device.
Al = 0.2 m2 A2 = 0.2 m2 A3 = 0.15 m2
Vl = 5 m/s V3 = 12 m/s ρ = 999 kg/m3
Volume flow rate at  =0.1 m3/s
Find: Velocity at section .
Solution: Choose a fixed control volume as shown. Make an
assumption that the flow at section  is outward, and label
the diagram accordingly (if this assumption is incorrect our
final result will tell us).
Assumptions:
1 Steady flow (given).
2 Incompressible flow.
3 Uniform properties at each section.
17
Governing equation:
The general control volume equation is Eq. 4.12, but we can go
immediately to Eq. 4.13b because of assumptions (2) and (3)

18
Let us examine the first three terms in Eq. 1 in light of the
discussion of Fig. 4.3 and the directions of the velocity vectors

19


Recall that V2 represents the magnitude of the velocity, which

we assumed was outward from the control volume. The fact
that V2 is negative means that in fact we have an inflow at
location  --- our initial assumption was invalid.
20
BL

21
 Example 4.2
MASS FLOW RATE IN BOUNDARY LAYER
The fluid in direct contact with a stationary solid boundary has zero
velocity; there is no slip at the boundary. Thus the flow over a flat plate
adheres to the plate surface and forms a boundary layer, as depicted
below. The flow ahead of the plate is uniform with velocity
U = 30 m/s. The velocity distribution within the boundary layer
along cd is approximated as
The boundary-layer thickness at location d is δ = 5 mm. The fluid is air
with density ρ = 1.24 kg/m3. Assuming the plate width perpendicular to
the paper to be w = 0.6m, calculate the mass flow rate across surface bc
of control volume abcd.

22
23
24
25
26
27
(1)
28
 Example 4.3
DENSITY CHANGE IN VENTING TANK
A tank of 0.05 m3 volume contains air at 800 kPa (absolute)
and 15oC. At t = 0, air begins escaping from the tank through
a valve with a flow area of 65 mm2. The air passing through
the valve has a speed of 300 m/s and a density of 6 kg/m3.
Determine the instantaneous rate of change of density in the
tank at t = 0.

29
Example 4.3

30
Solution: Choose a fixed control volume as shown by the
dashed line.
Assumptions:
1. Properties in the tank are uniform, but time-dependent.
2. Uniform flow at section .
Governing equation:

Since properties are assumed uniform in the tank at any instant,

we can take ρ out fromwithin the volume integral of the first
term, (i.e., ρ = ρ(t) only)

31
The only place where mass crosses the boundary of the control
volume is at surface . Hence

and

32


33
 Home Works
4.14
4.19
4.27
4.33
4.42

34
 4.4 Momentum Equation for
Inertial Control Volume
Basic Law, and Transport Theorem
Linear momentum

(4.16)

Inertial Control Volume: the control volume coordinates xyz

are either at rest or moving at constant speed (nonaccelerating)
with respect to an absolute set of coordinate XYZ.
35
 4.4 Momentum Equation for
Inertial Control Volume
(4.17a)

In many applications the surface force is due to pressure, the

body force is usually gravity.

x-dir :

y-dir :

z-dir :
36
 Example 4.4

Water from a stationary nozzle strikes a flat plate as shown.

The water leaves the nozzle at 15 m/s; the nozzle area is 0.01
m2. Assuming the water is directed normal to the plate, and
flows along the plate, determine the horizontal force you need
to resist to hold it in place.

15 m/s

37
 Example 4.4
Given: Water from a stationary nozzle is directed normal to
the plate; subsequent flow is parallel to the plate.

Find: Horizontal force on your hand

38
Example 4.4

Solution: We chose a coordinate system in defining the

problem above. We must now choose a suitable control
volume. Two possible choices are shown by the dashed
lines below.

39
 In both cases, water from the nozzle crosses the control surface
through area A1 (assumed equal to the nozzle area) and is
assumed to leave the control volume tangent to the plate surface
in the +y or -y direction. Before trying to decide which is the
"best" control volume to use, let us write the governing equations.

&

Assumptions:
1 Steady flow.
2 Incompressible flow.
3 Uniform flow at each section where fluid crosses the CV boundaries.
Regardless of our choice of control volume, assumptions (1), (2), and
(3) lead to
&
40
Regardless of our choice of control volume, assumptions (1), (2),
and (3) lead to

and

41
 The control volume has been selected so that the area of the
left surface is equal to the area of the right surface. Denote this
area by A.
The control volume cuts through your hand. We denote the
components of the reaction force of your hand on the control
volume as Rx and Ry and assume both to be positive. (The force
of the control volume on your hand is equal and opposite to Rx
and Ry.)
42
 Atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces of the control
volume. Note that the pressure in a free jet is ambient, i.e., in
this case atmospheric. (The distributed force due to
atmospheric pressure has been shown on the vertical faces
only.)
The body force on the control volume is denoted as W.
Since we are looking for the horizontal force, we write the x
component of the steady flow momentum equation

x-dir :

There are no body forces in the x direction, so

and

43
44
45
The control volume has been selected so the areas of the left
surface and of the right surface are equal to the area of the
plate. Denote this area by Ap.
The control volume is in contact with the plate over the entire
plate surface. We denote the horizontal reaction force from
the plate on the control volume as Bx (and assume it to be
positive).

Atmospheric pressure acts on the left surface of the control

volume (and on the two horizontal surfaces)
46
The body force on this control volume has no component in
the x direction. Then the x component of the momentum
equation,

yields

Then

47
To determine the net force on the plate, we need a free-body
diagram of the plate:

Then the horizontal force on your hand is Kx = -Rx = 2.25 kN.

Note that the choice of CVII meant we needed an additional free-
body diagram. In general it is best to select the control volume so
that the force sought acts explicitly on the control volume
48
 Example 4.5

A metal container 0.61 m high, with an inside cross-sectional

area of 0.09 m2, weighs 22.2 N when empty. The container is
placed on a scale and water flows in through an opening in
the top and out through the two equal-area openings in the
sides, as shown in the diagram. Under steady flow conditions,
the height of the water in the tank is 0.58 m.

49
 Example 4.5
Your boss claims that the scale will read the weight of the
volume of water in the tank plus the tank weight, i.e., that we
can treat this as a simple statics problem. You disagree,
claiming that a fluid flow analysis is required. Who is right,
and what does the scale indicate?

Given: Metal container, of height 0.61

m and cross-sectional area A = 0.09
m2, weighs 22.2 N when empty.
Container rests on scale. Under
steady flow conditions water depth
is h = 0.58 m.
Water enters vertically at section (1)
and leaves horizontally through
sections (2) and (3).
50
 Example 4.5
Find: Scale reading
Solution: Choose a control volume as shown; Ry is the force
of the scale on the control volume (exerted on the control
volume through the supports) and is assumed positive.
The weight of the tank is designated Wtank; the weight of the
water in the tank is WH2O.
Atmospheric pressure acts
uniformly on the entire control
surface, and therefore has no net
effect on the corntrol volume.
Because of this null effect we have
not shown the pressure distribution
in the diagram.
51
Governing equations: The general control volume momentum and
mass conservation equations are Eqs. 4.17 and 4.12, respectively,

Steady

momentum

Steady
mass

Note that we usually start with the simplest forms (based on the
problem assumptions, e.g., steady flow) of the mass conservation
and momentum equations. However, in this problem, for
illustration purposes, we start with the most general forms of the
equations.
52
Assumptions:
1 Steady flow (given). 2 Incompressible flow. 3 Uniform flow at
each section where fluid crosses the CV boundaries.
We are only interested in the y component of
the momentum equation

53
54
Note that this is the force of the scale on the control volume;
it is also the reading on the scale. We can see that the scale
reading is due to: the tank weight (22.2 N), the weight of
water instantaneously in the tank (511.6 N), and the force
involved in absorbing the downward momentum of the fluid at
section (1) (81 N). Hence your boss is wrong--neglecting the
momentum results in an error of almost 13 percent.

55
 Example 4.6

Water flows steadily through the 90o

reducing elbow shown in the diagram.
At the inlet to the elbow, the absolute
pressure is 220 kPa and the cross-
sectional area is 0.01 m2. At the outlet,
the cross-sectional area is 0.0025 m2
and the velocity is 16 m/s. The elbow
discharges to the atmosphere.
Determine the force required to hold the
elbow in place.

56
 Given: Steady flow of water through 90o reducing elbow

Find: Force required to hold elbow place

Solution: Choose a fixed control volume as shown. Note that
we have several surface force computations: P1 on area A1 and
Patm everywhere else. The exit at section (2) is to a free jet, and
so at ambient (i.e., atmospheric) pressure. We can use a
simplification here: If we subtract Patm from the entire surface
(a null effect as far as forces are concerned) we can work in
gage pressures, as shown.
Note that since the elbow is anchored to
the supply line, in addition to the reaction
forces Rx and Ry (shown), there would
also be a reaction moment (not shown).
57
 Steady flow

&

Steady flow 58
 Assumptions:
1 Uniform flow at each section.
2 Atmospheric pressure, Patm = 101 kPa (abs).
3 Incompressible flow.
4 Steady flow (given).
5 Neglect weight of elbow and water in elbow.
Once again (although we didn't need to) we started with the
most general form of the governing equations. Writing the x
component of the momentum equation results in

59
Note that ul is the x component of the velocity, so that ul = V1.
To find V1, use the mass conservation equation:

60
 patm = 101 kPa (abs)

p1g = (220 – 101) = 119 kPa

Writing the y component of the momentum equation gives

{vl =0}

Note that v2 is the y component of the velocity, so that

v2 = - V2, where V2 is the magnitude of the exit velocity.
61
62
 Example 4.7

Water in an open channel is held in by a sluice gate. Compare

the horizontal force of the water on the gate (a) when the gate is
closed and (b) when it is open (assuming steady flow, as shown).
Assume the flow at sections (1) and (2) is incompressible and
uniform, and that (because the streamlines are straight there) the
pressure distributions are hydrostatic.

63
Given: Flow under sluice gate. Width = w.
Find: Horizontal force (per unit width) on the closed and open gate.

Solution: Choose a control

volume as shown for the
open gate. Note that it is
much simpler to work in
gage pressures, as we
learned in Example 4.6

64
The forces acting on the control volume include:
• Force of gravity W.
• Friction force Ff.
• Components Rx and Ry of reaction force from gate.
• Hydrostatic pressure distribution on vertical surfaces,
assumption (6).
• Pressure distribution pb(x) along bottom surface (not
shown).

65
 Governing equation:

Apply the x component of

the momentum equation.

Assumptions:
1 Ff negligible (neglect friction on channel bottom).
2 FB =0.
3 Steady flow.
4 Incompressible flow (given).
5 Uniform flow at each section (given).
6 Hydrostatic pressure distributions at (2) and (2) (given).
Then

66
 The surface forces acting on the CV are due to the pressure
distributions and the unknown force Rx. From assumption (6),
we can integrate the gage pressure distributions on each side to
compute the hydrostatic forces FR1 and FR2,

where y is measured downward from the free surface of location (1).

and

where y is measured downward from the free surface of

location (2). (Note that we could have used the hydrostatic
force equation, Eq. 3.10b, directly to obtain these forces.)
67


68
 The second term on the right is the net hydrostatic force
on the gate; the first term "corrects" this (and leads to a
smaller net force) for the case when the gate is open.
What is the nature of this "correction"? The pressure in
the fluid far away from the gate in either direction is indeed
hydrostatic but consider the flow close to the gate. Because
we have significant velocity variations here (in magnitude
and direction), the pressure distributions deviate significantly
from hydrostatic—for example, as the fluid accelerates under
the gate there will be a significant pressure drop on the lower
left side of the gate.
Deriving this pressure field would be a difficult task, but
by careful choice of our CV we have avoided having to do so!
69
70
Rx is the external force acting on the control volume, applied
to the CV by the gate. Therefore, the force of the water on the
gate is Kx, where Kx = -Rx. Thus,

This force can be compared to the force on the closed gate of

44.1 kN (obtained from the second term on the right in the
equation above, evaluated with D2 set to zero because for the
closed gate there is no fluid on the right of the gate)--the force
on the open gate is significantly less as the water accelerates
out under the gate.

71
Example 4.8

72
 Example 4.8
A horizontal conveyor belt moving at 0.9 m/s receives
sand from a hopper. The sand falls vertically from the hopper
to the belt at a speed of 1.5 m/s and a flow rate of 225 kg/s
(the density of sand is approximately 1580 kg/m3). The
conveyor belt is initially empty but begins to fill with sand.
If friction in the drive system and rollers is negligible, find
the tension required to pull the belt while the conveyor is
filling.

73
Solution: Use the control volume and coordinates shown. Apply
the x component of the momentum equation

flow rate of 225 kg/s

&

74
 flow rate of 225 kg/s

where Ms is the mass of sand on the belt (inside the control

volume).
This result is perhaps not surprising -- the tension in the belt
is the force required to increase the momentum inside the
CV (which is increasing because even though the velocity of
the mass in the CV is constant, the mass is not). From the
continuity equation


75
Then

flow rate of 225 kg/s

76
 Momentum Equation for
Inertial Control Volume
Special Case: Bernoulli Equation
Differential
control volume
analysis
p + ρV2/2 + ρgz = const.
1. Steady Flow FD + MV2/2 + Mgh = const.
2. No Friction
3. Flow Along a Streamline
4. Incompressible Flow
77
 Example 4.9

Water flows steadily through a horizontal

nozzle, discharging to the atmosphere. At
the nozzle inlet the diameter is D1; at the
nozzle outlet the diameter is D2. Derive an
expression for the minimum gage pressure
required at the nozzle inlet to produce a
given volume flow rate, Q. Evaluate the
inlet gage pressure if Dl = 75 mm, D2 =
25 mm, and the desired flow rate is 0.02
m3/s.
78
79
Momentum

Continuity

80
81
(Note that for a given nozzle the pressure required is proportional
to the square of the flow rate—not surprising since we have used
Eq. 4.24, which shows that p ~ V2 ~ Q2.) With D1 = 75 mm, D2 =
25 mm, and ρ = 1000 kg/m3

82
 Momentum Equation for
Inertial Control Volume
Special Case:
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity

Is valid for any motion of the control volume coordinate system

xyz , provided that all velocities are measured relative to the
control volume (we have included subscript xyz to emphasize
that velocities must be measured relative to the control volume)
Inertial Control Volume: the control volume coordinates xyz
are either at rest or moving at constant speed (nonaccelerating)
with respect to an absolute set of coordinate XYZ.
83
 Example 4.10
VANE MOVING WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY
The sketch shows a vane with a turning angle of 60o. The vane
moves at constant speed, U = 10 m/s, and receives a jet of water
that leaves a stationary nozzle with speed V = 30 m/s. The
nozzle has an exit area of 0.003 m2. Determine the force
components that act on the vane.
Given: Vane, with turning angle θ = 60o, moves with constant
velocity, U = 10 m/s. Water from a constant area nozzle, A
= 0.003 m2, with velocity V =30 m/s, flows over the vane
as shown.

84
Find: Force components acting on
the vane.

Solution: Select a control volume moving with the vane at constant

velocity, , as shown by the dashed lines. Rx and Ry are the
components of force required to maintain the velocity of the
control volume at 10 m/s. The control volume is inertial, since
it is not accelerating (U = constant). Remember that all velocities
must be measured relative to the control volume in applying the
basic equations.
Governing Equations:

Momentum

Continuity
85
86
The x component of the momentum equation is

From the continuity equation


87
88
89
Writing the y component of the momentum equation, we obtain

v2 = (V – U)sinθ V1 = (V – U)

90


91
 Home Works
4.51, 4.54, 4.60, 4.66, 4.70, 4.77, 4.80, 4.85, 4.89, 4.96, 4.102

92
4.5 Momentum Equation for
Inertial Control Volume with
Rectilinear Acceleration

is the rectilinear acceleration of noninertial reference

frame xyz (i.e., of the control volume) relative to inertial
frame XYZ.
93
 Example 4.11

A vane, with turning angle θ = 60o, is attached to a cart. The cart

and vane, of mass M = 75 kg, roll on a level track. Friction and
air resistance may be neglected. The vane receives a jet of water,
which leaves a stationary nozzle horizontally at V = 35 m/s. The
nozzle exit area is A = 0.003 m2. Determine the velocity of the
cart as a function of time and plot the results.
Given: Vane and cart as sketched, with M = 75 kg.

94
Solution: Choose the control volume and coordinate systems
shown for the analysis. Note that XY is a fixed frame,
while frame xy moves with the cart. Apply the x
component of the momentum equation.

95
96
Then, dropping subscripts rf and xyz for clarity (but remembering
that all velocities are measured relative to the moving coordinates
of the control volume),

u1 = (V – U)
u2 = (V – U)cosθ
For the left side of this equation we have

V1 = (V – U)

97



98
99
100
 Example 4.12

A small rocket, with an initial mass of 400 kg, is to be

launched vertically. Upon ignition the rocket consumes
fuel at the rate of 5 kg/s and ejects gas at atmospheric
pressure with a speed of 3500 m/s relative to the rocket.
Determine the initial acceleration of the rocket and the
rocket speed after 10 s, if air resistance is neglected.
Given: Small rocket accelerates vertically from rest.
Initial mass, Mo = 400 kg.
Air resistance may be neglected.
Rate of fuel consumption, m ⋅ = 5 kg/s.
e
Exhaust velocity, Ve = 3500 m/s, relative to rocket,
leaving at atmospheric pressure.
101
 Mo = 400 kg

Find: (a) Initial acceleration of the rocket.

(b) Rocket velocity after 10 s.
Solution: Choose a control volume as shown by
dashed lines. Because the control volume is
accelerating, define inertial coordinate
system XY and coordinate system xy attached
to the CV.
Apply the y component of the momentum
equation. m⋅ e = 5 kg/s

102
Assumptions: me = 5 kg/s Mo = 400 kg
1 Atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces of the CV;
since air resistance is neglected, Fsy = 0.
2 Gravity is the only body force; g is constant.
3 Flow leaving the rocket is uniform, and Ve is constant.

Under these assumptions the y component of the momentum

equation reduces to

(1)

103
The mass of the CV will be a function of time because mass
is leaving the CV at the rate of . To determine Mcv as a
function of time, we use the conservation of mass equation

The minus sign indicates that the mass of the CV is decreasing

with time.
104
 Since the mass of the CV is only a function of time, we can
write

To find the mass of the CV at any time, t, we integrate

105
The acceleration, arfy , of the CV is that seen by an observer
in the XY coordinate system. Thus arfy is not a function of the
coordinates xyz, and

106
 This is the time rate of change of the y momentum of the
fluid in the control volume measured relative to the control
volume. Even though the y momentum of the fluid inside the
CV, measured relative to the CV, is a large number, it does
not change appreciably with time. To see this, we must
recognize the following:
1 The unburned fuel and the rocket structure have zero
momentum relative to the rocket.
2 The velocity of the gas at the nozzle exit remains constant
with time as does the velocity at various points in the
nozzle.
Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that

107
The velocity vxyz (relative to the control volume) is - Ve (it is in the
negative y direction), and is a constant, so was taken outside the
integral. The remaining integral is simply the mass flow rate
at the exit (positive because flow is out of the control volume),

 (2)
108
(2)

109
110
 Home Works
4.108, 4.113, 4.125

111
 4.7 The Angular-Momentum
Principle
Basic Law, and Transport Theorem

total torque exerted on the system by its

surroundings
Angular momentum exerted of the system

112
 The Angular-Momentum Principle
All the torques that act on the control volume.

The rate of change of The net rate of flux of

angular montum within angular montum from
the control volume. the control volume.

113
 Example 4.13

Given: Small lawn sprinkler as shown.

114
 A small lawn sprinkler is shown in the sketch at right. At an
inlet gage pressure of 20 kPa, the total volume flow rate of
water through the sprinkler is 7.5 liters per minute and it
rotates at 30 rpm. The diameter of each jet is 4 mm. Calculate
the jet speed relative to each sprinkler nozzle. Evaluate the
friction torque at the sprinkler pivot.
Find: (a) Jet speed relative to each nozzle.
(b) Friction torque at pivot.

Solution: Apply continuity and

angular momentum equations
using fixed control volume
enclosing sprinkler arms.

115
Continuity

Angular Momentum

116
 Q=AV 2 jets

Consider terms in the angular momentum equation separately.

Since atmospheric pressure acts on the entire control surface,
and the pressure force at the inlet causes no moment about O,
The moments of the body (i.e., gravity) forces in the
two arms are equal and opposite and hence the second term on
the left side of the equation is zero. The only external torque
acting on the CV is friction in the pivot. It opposes the motion,
so
(2)
117
118
 We assume that the length, L, of the tip AB is small compared with
the length, R, of the horizontal arm OA. Consequently we neglect the
angular momentum of the fluid in the tips compared with the angular
momentum in the horizontal arms. 119
120
121
 (3)

Identical results are obtained for the other horizontal tube in

the control volume. We have confirmed our insight that the
angular momentum within the control volume does not
change with time.

122
Consider the nozzle at the end of branch OAB. For L << R, we
have

123
The flux integral evaluated for flow crossing the control surface at
location B is then

124
 125
This expression indicates that when the sprinkler runs at
constant speed the friction torque at the sprinkler pivot just
balances the torque generated by the angular momentum of
the two jets.
From the data given,

126
 4.8 The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Basic Law, and Transport Theorem

127
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Work Involves
1. Shaft Work
2. Work by Shear Stresses at the Control Surface
3. Other Work

128
 Example 4.14

Air at 101 kPa, 21oC, enters a compressor with negligible

velocity and is discharged at 344 kPa, 38oC through a pipe with
0.09 m2 area. The flow rate is 9 kg/s. The power input to the
compressor is 447 kW. Determine the rate of heat transfer.

Given: Air enters a compressor at (1) and leaves at (2) with

conditions as shown. The air flow rate is 9 kg/s and the
power input to the compressor is 447 kW.
Find: Rate of heat transfer.
129
 Steady flow

Continuity

Energy Steady flow

130
131
Inlet kinetic energy is negligible

132


133
134
 Example 4.15

A tank of 0.1 m3 volume is connected to a high-pressure air

line; both line and tank are initially at a uniform temperature of
20oC. The initial tank gage pressure is 100 kPa. The absolute
line pressure is 20 MPa; the line is large enough so that its
temperature and pressure may be assumed constant.
The tank temperature is monitored by a fast-response
thermocouple. At the instant after the valve is opened, the tank
temperature rises at the rate of 0.05oC/s. Determine the
instantaneous flow rate of air into the tank if heat transfer is
neglected.

135
136
137
This expresses the fact that the gain in energy in the tank is
due to influx of fluid energy (in the form of enthalpy
h = u + pv) from the line. We are interested in the initial
instant, when T is uniform at 20oC, so utank = uline = u, the
internal energy at T; also, pvline = RTline = RT, and

(1)
138
 (1)

Continuity

 


139
140
 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
S : entropy

&

141