Chapter 4 chem review

Phases of matter:
1) Solid
• Most dense
• Particles are tightly packed
• Particles are arranged to form a definite shape and definite volume
• Particles do NOT move freely (constantly vibrating)
• Rigid
• Low temp and high pressure compact particles together
• Crystalline/geometric structure
2) Liquid
• Particles are dense, but free to move
• Particles are arranged to form a definite volume, but indefinite shape
• Particles can move past each other
• Not rigid
3) Gas:
• Particles are separated by large distances
• Particles have NO definite shape or volume
• Particles are constantly moving in random-straight line motion
• Not rigid
• Most disordered, more entropy than solid and liquid
• High temp and low pressure allow particles to move freely
4) Plasma:
• Super hot/ionized/charged gas (ex. lightning, stars)
Weird property of water: Solid H2O (ice) is less dense than liquid H2O (water). This is important
because it allows aquatic life to survive in cold temps when water freezes.
Density is a measure of compactness. D=m/v
How does matter change phase?

Endothermic reactions (heat is added or absorbed):
1) Melting (solid -> liquid)
2) Vaporization/boiling/evaporation (liquid -> gas)
3) Sublimation (solid -> gas), like dry ice
Exothermic reactions (heat is lost or released)
4) Freezing (liquid -> solid)
5) Condensation (gas -> liquid)
6) Deposition (gas -> solid) example: I2
Endothermic reactions are cooler than surroundings, so surrounding temp decreases. Exothermic
reactions are hotter than surroundings, so surrounding temp increases.
Phase diagram (x axis is temp, y axis is pressure). Triple point is the temp and pressure where all 3
phases exist in equilibrium. The lines separating 2 phases is the equilibrium point for both reactions
and the phase change point (line separating liquid and gas is boiling AND condensation point).
Entropy- a measure of disorder/randomness. A substance at absolute zero (K=0) has zero entropy
(particles stop vibrating). Solid has least entropy, than liquid, than gas.
Heat:
• A form of energy. Thermal energy
• Heat transfer is the reason behind temperature change
• Heat is exchangeable. It can flow from one body from another.
• Total amount of heat in a particular body cannot be measured.
• Heat flow between two bodies do not rely on amount of heat present in the bodies.
Temperature:
• Temperature is not an energy.
• Temperature variation can be the result of the gain or loss of heat. It changes.
• Temperature is not exchangeable. It does not flow.
• Temperature of a particular body can be measured.
• Temperature decides whether or not heat flow will occur between 2 bodies.
Heat is transferred from warmer objects to cooler objects. Heat will flow until objects reach thermal
equilibrium (temp in between both temps). Object that had higher temp loses heat and object that
had lower temp gains heat
How to calculate heat being absorbed/released- q=mCΔT when a change in temp is mentioned
• q=heat energy, J (joules of heat)
• m= mass, g (grams)
•Δ T= change in temp, C (Celsius) or K (Kelvin)
• C= Specific heat capacity - how many joules of heat are needed to raise 1g substance 1 degree C,
J/g*C. (Specific heat of water is on reference table)
Lower specific heat=better heat conductor=change in temp will be significant. The lower the
specific heat, the quicker something heats up because less energy is required to change its temp.
H2O has a high specific heat which means it will heat and cool slowly, ocean is still freezing at start of
summer. Metals are good heat conductors, have low specific heats.
amost for each

When doing a problem where heat is being gained and lost, plug the values into the formula
object and set them equal to each other.
Temperature- measure of average kinetic energy of particles. If temp increases, average kinetic
energy increases.
Kinetic energy- energy of motion (KE=1/2mv^2, v:velocity/speed)
Kelvin is the preferred temp scale because it has no negatives. Celsius scale corresponds to water
At standard pressure:
Boiling/condensation point of H2O- 100 degrees C
Melting/freezing point of H2O- 0 degrees C
Absolute zero (lowest theoretical temp where particles stop moving)- -273 C, 0K
Vapor pressure- pressure at which a substance begins to vaporize at a certain temp
Once water reaches its boiling point, its temperature remains constant so its KE remains constant.
During a phase change, PE is changing
KE- energy of motion. n EE

EnEEpEEtqmp
PE- potential or stored energy.

As one energy is increasing/decreasing, the other energy is constant. ingas
healaddded
During the middle intervals where there is no change in temp, we can’t use the q=mcΔT formula.
During melting/freezing: Q=mHf, Hf-heat of fusion (H2O’s is on reference table)
During boiling/condensing: Q=mHv, Hv- heat of vaporization (H2O’s is on reference table)
To turn joules into kilojoules, divide by 1000
Melting point always=freezing point. Boiling point always=condensation point. Heat added to
boil=heat lost to condense.

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Phases of matter:

Density is a measure of compactness. D=m/v

How does matter change phase?

amost for each

Vapor pressure- pressure at which a substance begins to vaporize at a certain temp

KE- energy of motion. n EE

PE- potential or stored energy.

To turn joules into kilojoules, divide by 1000

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