\-\'t' ~6'1 ~V-i~s \, .

, A l
P>wJi,u,J v\... viu:n
~ I
r.
1 {. Sf • /

I ·- .,............ ~-- ~~
~

t~ ~~. . ) ~
~~ ~• r . t • - •' ~- ... ~\," . : ,.•• 41, r
·

~.. .".•·.- ·: )~..: .·. • ·"·,. ,;

L~
: ·"'
~~-
~
'

~ .
..
'1_< )'\•~- :,:- . . . .

'
,
u - t

~ IM : T O D E TE
R M IN E TH E DE
IN
NS IT Y O F •fl-IE
G A TR A V
M AT ER fA L O F TH
E LL IN G- M IC R O
'
SC O
E
PE .
B E US .
C A P IL LA FN TU e, s tn nd . op
trn ve ll jn g m ic ro sc _y
: C c:ipill a ry tu be ,
A P PA R ~T U..~
1 ~h
e
ys
de
ic
ns
al ba
ity of
_
la nc
:th
e et c. . .
e m at er i a l ot 'th
~ ca pi lla iy tu~e -is
FORM~ : Th
gi ve n by
:>
_ _M..;... .- - kg /.m

•
rr (R1-r1}L
l<g
w he re M :::-; M as s or th _o capi lln ry tu be ,
tu be . m
of th e ca pi lla ry
R = Ex te rn al ra di us
radiu~·- ◊f
th o ca pi lla ry tu
bo ', m .
1

r == 1~\ e rn a l
lln ry .tu be .' m
L == Le ng th of th~·co pi

F iG U R E :

/\ D C: o:
Eo~'\-'.- R',
F ~ ' \ . R, ,

:0 G ..
R, . J

H- - . - - ~ I

R1 ~ R, R4
Vcrl icil.l Tr nvcsse
i
I · Ho'rizo nta l Tr.iversc
.
I on a
. lla ry tu be is .p la
ce d ho riZpn ta lly
e gi ve n ca pi o tra ve lll ng
P R O C E D U R E _:
Th of -w ax . .. Th
ke pt in po sit ion by m oa ns th at th e im ag eoi
st an d •a nd is o <f
. o pl lra _ry tu be su ch
cu_ s se d on th m ic ro sc e fs
op
m ic ro sc op e ls .fo t_u be is ·c le ar ly se en . Th e
io n of th e ~ e.cr os ~-
th e c" r.' os s- se ct r:lica l ~r os ~w r~ ~ Is ·ta ng en tia l to. m g R ,s
t_ th~ ,v~ e rs ad
ad )~~~~-?.i i~ h tha p1 lla ry tu be al th e
·p om t A "a nd th
gs A 2 ; R 3 an d' R_.
se cm lfl ;cffi! tm$ ca
m ,il ar ly th e re ad in
ontal scale. Si l h o ho 1i:w nt af
ta k~~ o h .!h~elJ10 rizth e point'.:i B, C a nd D s r 0 ta !·,c1n ul' l tic al tra ve rs e ..
co rr es po nd in
g 10 st e~ fq rv er
I: ng m ic ro sc op e is th en _ad ju in ts .E ,F ,_ G
~ - ,,, sc al e . Th
e tra ve lli
Fl co n- es po rid in g to th ~ po
gs R )1 2 ,A 3 an d 4
e· re ad in gs ~re
la bu la ,J te
f an d th e re ad in rti ca l sc al e . Th is-
n on th e ve lla_ry tu b~
'i ;a nd H ar e ta ke di us pf th e ~api
rnean ·e xt er na l an d in t~ rn al ra · · •
.~ . ~n d _tt) e ·

""ih "--:-- -
. • •
l' ·
ca lc µl ~t ed .
i
d by coinc_ i di ng j~ _.
ry tu ~a is ~e as ur e_

l. -
K· .· th ·e .c~ pi lla
:h·~ l': ng th L ~f W lf 0S With th
e en ds of :he t• tr
po in t ~' :n te rsec
t,o n of t~B cr os s
....: .
~ ,-- -

f
·,____-

i , ~. • ,

I
 Ir,
F
f

: ; i\.-, of \bu cn pilh.wy \tib() is clo torminocfl1s lng n phynl co l qo'Jo-n

co.
cnlcu ln tocJ
clnn si\y o l lho mn\or iol' of the cop lllrtry tube is tHon
, J th e forrnu tn · ·
)
E

;E RVAT IO NS
·,- --
:

·ast coun t of the \ravel lin g mic ro scop0 :

\lue of on e main sc al e di~isi on = ---·-:~---------- cm

). of verni er scal. ,isio ns = ----·-~-~-~-------

Vtilue of 1 M.S.D. cm
...;..; ;;.=- - --------------- -
C . = . -:-:---:----...er
.., otal numb ofV.S .D.
l '

> dot ormln e. oxtor nnl ·rnalu s A. nncl lntor.n nl .rodlu s r:

. . .
..
TM Exter nal· tnrorn·ai Exter nal lnterr tal
,sitic n P.Eiad lng~ diam eter diame ter Radiu s Radh.'.Js
f TM in c'r n · 0:-: R '.'-~R·1 C)=~:,-:- R 2 .. R = 0/2 r= d/2
i; \ cm ,in cm in cm In cm

R ,. =
..
·izon tal R 2 =. .
ivers e RJ = ..
A'\ =
·•
R, =
.1 rtkal
:i.v erso
I\ = .............. . .. ..
., A3 =
A .. = ..
j
-~ rrtie.:n= ..•..•. cm
• · . R =·------x1 o-~m .r =""7-x 10· 2 rn ·
j ·o doterf '!)lne- l0'ng1h L_.of:_ t~o t~be· _:

I' \ . Reading atone · . f:l eading at the :L~ngth of

f"ria ! N o. · end of the tube . : other end o·f thF;) tube
1i 1 'a'. i~ cm · . th o tube ~ ~a-· 6
i 'b' incm in ·cfit
.

I
I
I
/
..

' ' I ..
---- -

Mean longt h L = ----- -::- cm ·

L = -·~~--'-~---~ 10·2 m
···· · -: · .. ... __.,,..!. ~~ , ... 'i. . ' ··.7···· . . .
,. . ,••·"·· . .. ... •·.
---·-
• " ' "' . . . ,.., ," # H -', ' • ' •
. ·. •, ;. \. , .. I • • •• ••,
 '7

··· • • • •••· q 1T1

I • M ,., ---· - ·· · x 1<

Y' 1<0

B...E...SJ.!il :iho den sity of Iha mnt orio l \

ol tho givo n cnp illnr y lt~bu
:=••• • ••• - •••\( £)/m l
..

uvD 7 -1 C2- - MS. f-.. l~P fLl _)

. <:!.-"".)

i
t l lD .
l

£1... ....

I
\

' ,_l.I 'I .

\ ~ ..

I
,'

,
i
..:
-i
,. . . . - - -- - -
- - - - - - -..
.......... 11111111111■

'
~ ...,~..~
- - - ? -c· ,1~ -..c ◄-
A.lM : To DET,E R MlNE T HE UNKN OWN FR'EaOE'NcY·.
' ""''"'""._,~1!1¥
,:i,l
. ., ,'" -,;#
4UM
oF A
1: U NING FORl < U S IN G /\ V O LUME· A E S~NA TO R
. · j.
APPA RAJU ~ : A spi ra \o r bo\\lu, \unin9 forks. b~akar, measu rin~J
jar,
rubb e r pad 0\c ., ·
EQRM ULA : The unkno wn lreque ncy.of the h.ining' fork Is given by
. .--- -- .
n = (nlV) ..... n Hor\z

I ,. vx
. w h e re n -= . Frequ ency 61 known tuning forks, Hz.
0

V = . Volurn ~~ r cav\\y /~ate r of the reson ator

corres pondin g lo tunin9 .fork of \<!lOWn f reque _
n cy, m3 .
Volum e of air cavi\y /wato r of th~• resonG 1tor ·
corre spond ing to tuning fprk of unkn own
f requan cy, m:>._ · ' · . •· . ·
f\GUR E:

.. .. ..... ,.~........... .: .... .... :.....~ .. . ·:·····: · ... ................

·EB.QC EDUR E ~ The appara tus is s.et .up as :3hown in

the fi~ure.
The as.p irator qottle is.filled with·w ater upto: the .neck• . A
tuning fork .
of known freque ncy is excite.d by strikin g i\ gently on a
rubbe r pad.
The ·excite d tuning torr< is held near the mouth o.f .the aspira
lor bottle .
At the same tims, by opening the pinch cock. ~tar
is allow·e d to
flow out gradu ally into a bec)ke r until' resonar:-ice. occur
s a·nd a
maxim um sound is heard . T-he volum e _'V' of water. co\lee
\ed in the
beake r is m~asu r~d u~ing ~ measu ring jar.·. This volum
e of water
. gives the volt:1me of ·the ~ir in the b~llle whi~h reson ates
with the
luring .fork. Water is poured back to the aspira tor bottle
up\o the
.ne.ck. Th~ abov~ proce qu·re is repea ted ~gain.and the m~an
V<)lue
·of _volµ,:ne 'V' is foundJ The experi iJlent ls_repe;a tedwith '
other \uning
for~s,o t known freque n~y and in each case niv .calcu lated,
· is
25

I l
l
 -

'
,,.,

Tl'l C\ ~oxp~'rll-\"f,O h \ .-1~ \t)()ff?por'f5n'n '(Jct~,witt, ,tho· funltr[ J.~fOrk\ whon o ,

ff~'Q\.H:Jncy1S'-1to t{o·tit\tor,nltf'tH:l / t:Hl tii'i\:fn'.tio.r).voroo ormtrv6rum'o of
·
\wale r collec \od in this cnso V . The unknown fr6)q uoncy of the
-•
bo
tunin g fork is \hon cnlc t1lnt0\i usinr r tho.fo rmu la
X
.

n• =
•
OBS ERVA TIO N ~:
I - - ,_
Frequ ency of Volum e of-wa ter.
the tunin g fork colle cted 'V' _:.k; . v ' n2 V V
'n' in H ertz in .m J ~ l \:'- ',. ; I j tn 1-
I
-

'
T rial 1' Tria~ 2 Mea:n _\ .-
J
~

'
~
(

-.
~
\
---- .'
-
I
n = ~ ;=
•,
.,._.. _I
" '
(n V)moim --
2
-------------

~:.. _____ l:-lert~ .

RE S U LT :-Freq u~nc y o f.t h~ give~ tuoi'ng fork= ---
. ~~ i . {' vV )~ ~ 'h0- ~ ~ • ~ ¥d · H:y

. ... '

' .,. I '• • •

• •' • . --- .
" 1 , ' I • •', •: ,, ' :•

lI •
' -
(
. , ll -,

I _
,,

~ IM : ,o o'E Tl:RMll'II~ T HI: Frl EOUJ:N C'( or-

/\LTERN/\TING CURFIEN'f UY USING SONOM l:Tl:f-1
AP PARAT!J_~ : Sono~olor, r.~top•down trnrwforrnor, rhoontat, lvlO
-~ ·rw~

bar mo£Jn9ls, wolghlo (,)le.,' . . . . ·

EQRMU.L6 : Tho froquonr:y ~f /\C r,upply fc olvo,; by
·
n ;<
· __J_ [
2-Tin Tfr] moan:. Hortz
..
whoro T ~enoion in tho wir<J, Nowtona.
m. = M~~G por unil fonolh of tho wiro, ~g/m . .
= · Length of tl)o vibratlno soomont, m.
FIGURE:

.]"l ~;~~c·;::.,.:,,-----,
· · :; , ~: 1,:w.l,a ,,.•:1 ~ H_h •
·-
0
- , ·: ) • • • ~-1
- ,Nf\_
.. I ., .
.. .
><'. .;.,.:·
, l:;s-- / '~-- --- --- -·:;_ s.- - -
r-·-x-~~~-:-.
. ---· -·----
. - --·----'-··--
'c . ~.~
.] .
.: . ' . .
. . .
·
. .
T=_we l'f
.
PROCEDURE : The electrica'I ~onnaclions made as sh~"'?n in are
the figure. The two bar magnet~ are placed between th~ fix.a d bridge
,\ a:-i:! the 1:10·1ablc bridga Con ti10 sonomoltJr sµch that theiii'· opposjlt.=,
poles fac~ each oth~r. To _s ;tart W!I~. a suitaqle load is'aitach_ e d lo the
welght.hang!,'3r.and,the positlon.,ot the.movable bridge Is adjusted till
th.~ segment P:,C vibrates vyit!1 mm<lmu_m -amplltudQ . .Tt\o.:ler.igth of
the vibrating segrT!eni·AC Is measurod usll')g ~ me.tor scale: Knowing .
. · tho-mass of1he load (lncludlng tt;ie weight hangeir) t).le tension In tho ·
wireifs calculated. The experimen\ Is (opeated for dlfferent··tension
.'}'' by addin·g· clittera~t mas~es in tho weight ha'nger a~d in each
caso the lermth,o f_the ylb rating seg~_ en~is meijsured. The .reading~
are tabulated and the ma~n-va,lue ofif/l lscatculate·d. Th·e mass per
"'unit.length bf the sonofT!otor wlro. ls found out·by finding the mass of'
: a known length of th~_wir.a. Tlio frequoncy,of AC supp_ l y i::, calculnted
using the f9rmula, ·. · .
• . [:.-Jr·] . ·
.. ..., n· = _J_.:_ - .. ,
·2fm . 1· monn·.
I
~

j 39

il
 & cl ~ev."" -. 0-ui~r- \9 '(l ~ __
\J <N_ L f - i,,,, JJ-{ I
:
'
'i

t
{-f

L-> .
.
. "I" alo ng the
g".. J:r "·ato ng the y-a xis and
A gra p h i s dra wn by plo ttin Kn ow ing the
igh t line (-Ir/I) Is cal cul ate d.
x -ax is. T h e slo pe of the stra of ,:>.Q sup ply ls·c alc ula ted usi ng
v alu e the slo pe, the fre qu·er:icy
of
the form ula ,
· n =_ · -1- x slo pe .
2-Jm
OB SE RV AT ION S: .

Length of the :..FfA,in ·

Mas s in the l'ension
T =Mxg • Vibrating Segment · .fr Newton/m I • i
No. Wei ght. Hangar . .
in Newtons ·1· in m. -- i
"M" in kg. - ~ - - - - ~-. --; -- - -
--- r--
1---- 1- =~ Gl ;:~ '-= ~~
. 5?.-~ 10~_-!LQ1s· --~-Ol(ol-1
Sl~.( -..5 ~~ -U -1t ~) I -~. 1533 j
1·
i

,:
2

JE .~~~;it!~
Ltl Li

·
J. ~Ob½ . {£ .ox-i.;,~; .. \,< o5 ~5 t~__J ..
6 . ,.
.· . Mear.1 { ✓Tll)::; ~~~-1.'--1:~-- N/m

Ma ss o f t h e w ire . .
'..~~-1"~
= ___ .Q_ gr:ns -~ -. . --~--.!2.1.!ct!. __ x 1()-3
kg. \

Le~glh of th e .wire . = ~-~:..t~

.:_____ ems = .-/......h:rb_____ x t 0:2·m.
fn o f tl:1e wir e, m = Ma ss· of .the wir e
of tt)e wir e
· l Ma ss/ u nit le n g,._...... ~en gth
i
·• ·
0 , t...1- )( ~ - :s .
.
. 'l
.. .. Q .L{] X l:J' .,1 · • .
y.

l.,,O •"><'.w l = -~-: ---- - ---- ---- l<g/m '

,,
B ES U~T : T h o fre que ncy '9'f tho/\C sup ply_by
(i) • F orm ula .'m ~ tnd d =-- -~ ----;-- Hz . ·
(ii) G ra phic al m e tho d = :.___________ H z .··

:' .
40 .

.. •
. 0 I
..
'

-
 ~

ALM: T O DETERMINE THE THICKNESS OF A PAP.EA STRIP BY

PRODUCING INTERFERENCE PATrERN.
APPAB,ATU S : Two optically plane glass pl atos,. reilocting glasc
plate lixed 10 o stand, sodtutn va pour l~P, travollfng
· · o·, smnftploco· of p apor, ·road',ng lonsotc ·•
mlcroscop . . .
FORMUL8: Tha thickn~ss of tho pap.er is glvo.n by

·t=.lL
. 2p rn

1
.where :\. = ..W a:1etength of sodlµm light = 589[3 X 10· m 10

= .Distance between t_h e paper and the point of

: ~ontact of the'two glass-plates, m.
= . Average fringe ·wldth, m.
\ ' ..
'"FIGURE ·;
Il
i
I
Q .-
~<fM_ .

: . . ~- .
..

~ ~c.,y> u-.....0:A..\ r.
. ,. . . . ... ... . F.:=-- .
c~-~-~~ I
.
.. . . i

i .
PROCEDURE: The given piece of pap~rwho~e thickness lsto1be
de•erminac.i is piacec.J between ihe two glass plates sciilia'l'a thin tJlm
Is
of air formed In the form of a wedge t;:>etween the-plates. This is
kept below an- inclined. glass plate. The 'travelling microscope is ·placed -
such that its objecti_ve is dlcectly above the optic;.al~ U~t'gla.ss:plales. ·
· Th~ Inclined .glass plate is tilted such tf)at' the field of vlow. ls· brightly_
illuminated by monochromatic lighlfrom a sodlum v.apourlamp. 1ho
· focus of the tr~velling microscope i~ adjusted such that a series of
aliernate d ark and bright fringe s is cl~arly ~een .i.n the fiel d of view ~f
the microscope'. With the. help of'tha ta·n gentirll screw. the cross•
,,, wirErof the-microscope Is made to coincic:fe With any one of th~ dark
fringe .taken as th~ nlllfringe a91d tho mi.crefocope reading Is take)rr.'
Again by means of the tangentia~ screw, the-cross-wire is made to
coincide ";'Ith every alternate qark rringe upto th.a (n+ 18)'ll-l fringe and
~ the corresponding rnicroscopo reading~ are noted: The roadings
I 09 .

l
~
1
 f_

tho tn but nr c o lum n nncJ 1ho

ovo mo o frin •g o
a re tn b u ln t od ns s how n in
wid th is c nlc ula ted .
plo c~ p l pop or on~ .tho 111'.'lo of
con toc t of
Th o d i~ tan ce bet wo en th~ hol p of o mo ter 9Ca l~.
th e tw o gla ss pl~te~ I~. mo·asu red wit h tho glv on
ium ligh t . the tbfc kno ss of tho
Kn ow ing the w ave len g th of sod . · · 0

ng th o ~oln tlon
pap er p i ec e i s c~l cul ato d usi
I r::: _l!__
2p
OBSE RV ATIONS :
Lea s t c oun ~ o f th e trav ellin
g m icro sco pe :
isio n =
cm ·.
Va lu e of one ma in sco le div
No. of v ern ier sc~ le dlv ls_ions = ----------------- ...
,..
LC _ VaJua ol 1 M.S.D. · = ---------------- cm
• • - Tota l nutnbor of V.S.D.
~h "P" :··.
To do tor ml no frln go wld . Fringe Width.
TM .Ren.dings Width of 10
Fring e TM Readings · Fringe ~ = (R,-R,)/10
R, in cm No. ' R1 incrn FringcsR 1- ~
No. incm incm

n n+1 0

n+2 n+1 2

n+1 4
n +4

n+6 ·. n+1 6
. . l······ .. •·· •· ··. ··········•····· · .
8 ..,____ _......,..._ __, '-
i
L;'.'.,...n_+_B_ n_
_1__ _ _ _ _1-,
1_ _.___ _ _:-'-:-..___ _ _ _
+ -:'-
Ave rag e ·~rlng'o ·wid th, P =·- ·-
x 1O ;; m

· gla ss
ond the poi nt of '?~niijct" 6,f the . .
.Dis tan ~e bet we en the pap er. . . ·. . .
t- . . .
. pla te, I = --- . .:--~.m ·
. ,.
ive!'.' pop er. == .-
·-·- ·--: m .
B~ (,! U: : · The tn1¢k[1ess ~~ the _g

r .7iX "'° J\A..i e..

·-\~~.f) - --..:.--..., . 5) c)O -
. \ 11

l')+ , __ .h.. f) , b5 r
~+-.t
. ' j
() 4-- . ,......
-- -· _ ,,._: '.-- .. , , '. ;

. : '• .. ·. , ; , ·'

_ _ri.::_:~J ~,
f\,¼-1
'0...\-l.{,
- , ' i '4
( • I