Q1.

A piece of steel is heated until it has all melted.

(a) Calculate the change in thermal energy when the temperature of the piece of steel is
increased by 50 °C.

mass of steel = 4.0 kg

specific heat capacity of steel = 420 J/kg °C

Use the equation:

change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

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Change in thermal energy = ____________________ J

(2)

(b) The internal energy of the steel increases as the steel is heated.

What is meant by ‘internal energy of the steel’?

Tick (✓) one box.

The change in energy of the steel particles as the steel

melts.

The energy added to the steel particles as they are

heated.

The total kinetic energy and potential energy of the

steel particles.
(1)

(c) Solid steel cannot be poured.

Which statement about the particles in a solid gives the reason why?

Tick (✓) one box.

The number of particles always stays the

same.

The particles are close together.

The particles are in fixed positions.

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 The particles have a fixed size.

(1)

(d) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

decreases stays the same increases

As the piece of solid steel melts, the mass of the steel ____________________.
(1)

(e) Which diagram shows how the arrangement of particles changes when a solid melts
and becomes a liquid?

Tick (✓) one box.

(1)

(f) The density of steel decreases as it melts.

How does the spacing of the particles change as the steel melts?

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(1)

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(g) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

chemical permanent physical

Melting is an example of a ____________________ change.

(1)

(h) Steel is a mixture of iron and a small amount of carbon.

The table below shows the mass of carbon in 1.0 kg of different types of steel.

Type of steel Mass of carbon in 1.0 kg of steel

Low carbon 2.0 g

Medium carbon 4.5 g

High carbon 7.0 g

A 4.0 kg piece of steel contains 18 grams of carbon.

Determine which type of steel the 4.0 kg piece is made from.

You should include a calculation in your answer.

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Type of steel ____________________

(3)

(i) The 4.0 kg piece of solid steel was heated until it reached its melting point.

The additional energy required to melt the piece of steel was 280 000 J.

Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the steel.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

Specific latent heat of fusion of steel = ____________________ J/kg

(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Q2.
Wind power and solar power are both renewable energy resources used to generate
electricity for the National Grid.

(a) Which of the following is also a renewable energy resource?

Tick (✓) one box.

Geothermal

Natural gas

Nuclear fuel

(1)

(b) The energy transferred by the National Grid in one second was 36 gigajoules (GJ).

Which of the following is the same as 36 gigajoules?

Tick (✓) one box.

36 × 103 J

36 × 106 J

36 × 109 J

36 × 1012 J

(1)

(c) Figure 1 shows how the mean power output from solar and wind energy resources
in the UK varied between 2014 and 2019.

Figure 1

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Figure 2 shows how the power output from solar and wind energy resources varies
in a typical year.

Figure 2

Explain the changes in power output from solar and wind energy resources between
2014 and 2019.

You should include an explanation of the change in power output during a typical
year.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(6)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
Figure 1 shows a child’s toy.

A child pushes down on the toy to compress the spring. The spring then launches the toy
into the air.

Figure 1

(a) A student measured the maximum height reached by the toy.

The student placed a vertical metre rule near the toy, and observed the height
reached by the toy.

The student repeated the experiment, observing from a different position.

Figure 2 shows the toy at its maximum height and the two positions of the student.

Figure 2

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 Observing the toy from position B instead of position A affected the measurement
of the maximum height reached by the toy.

Explain how.

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(2)

(b) The greatest height reached by the toy was 64 cm.

The gravitational potential energy of the toy at this height was 0.049 J.

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Calculate the mass of the toy.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

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 Mass of toy (2 significant figures) = ____________________ kg
(5)

(c) When the spring launches the toy into the air, the temperature of the air increases.

Explain why the child’s toy on its own is not a closed system.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.
The figure below shows a device that uses a mug of hot coffee to turn a wheel.

(a) The hot coffee increases the temperature of the air in the chamber.

Explain how the pressure in the chamber changes.

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(3)

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(b) For the device to work, the air in the chamber must increase in temperature quickly.

Explain why the bottom of the air chamber is made of metal rather than plastic.

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(2)

(c) The mass of air in the chamber is constant.

What property of air allows a small change in internal energy to cause a large
temperature change to the air in the chamber?

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(1)

(d) The changes in pressure in the air chamber cause the wheel to turn.

Suggest one way to increase the speed at which the wheel turns.

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(1)

(e) The temperature of the coffee decreases as the device is used.

The initial temperature of the coffee was 76 °C.

The internal energy of the coffee decreased by 15 kJ.

density of coffee = 1.1 × 103 kg/m3

volume of coffee = 1.9 × 10–4 m3

specific heat capacity of coffee = 4200 J/kg °C

Calculate the final temperature of the coffee.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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Final temperature of the coffee = ____________________ °C

(6)
(Total 13 marks)

Q5.
Figure 1 shows a swimmer wearing a wetsuit.

The wetsuit helps to keep the swimmer warm.

Figure 1

A swimmer wearing a wetsuit © OSTILL / iStock

A student wrapped a thermometer in a piece of wetsuit material and placed the

thermometer in water containing ice.

Figure 2 shows the apparatus.

Figure 2

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(a) After 30 seconds in the water the temperature of the thermometer had decreased by
7.5 °C

Calculate the average decrease in temperature each second.

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Average decrease in temperature each second = _______________ °C

(2)

The student recorded the temperature of the thermometer after 30 seconds for four
materials. Each piece of material was the same size and thickness.

In each test the starting temperature of the thermometer was 21.0 °C

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Material W X Y Z

Temperature in °C 13.5 8.0 16.0 12.0

(b) Complete Figure 3 using the data in Table 1.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• draw the bars for materials Y and Z.

Figure 3

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 (2)

(c) Which material is the best thermal insulator?

Give a reason for your answer.

Tick (✓) one box.

W X Y Z

Reason ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

(d) The student tested a new material with a greater thermal conductivity than
material Z.

The piece of new material was the same size and thickness as the piece of
material Z.

What was the temperature of the thermometer after 30 seconds?

Tick (✓) one box.

Less than 12.0 °C

Exactly 12.0 °C

Greater than 12.0 °C

(1)

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(e) During the investigation 0.0150 kg of the ice melted. The temperature of the water
and ice did not change.

specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 334 000 J/kg

Calculate the energy needed to melt the ice.

Use the equation:

energy to melt the ice = mass × specific latent heat

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Energy needed to melt the ice = _______________ J

(2)

The student wanted to determine the density of a wetsuit material.

The student measured the length of one side of a cube of wetsuit material with:

• a micrometer
• a ruler.

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Length in cm
Equipment
Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3

Micrometer 0.581 0.557 0.576

Ruler 0.6 0.6 0.6

(f) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

calibration precision reproducibility resolution

The results show that compared to the ruler the micrometer has a higher

____________________.
(1)

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer parts (g) and (h).

(g) Write down the equation that links density (ρ), mass (m) and volume (V).

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(1)

(h) The student calculated the volume of the cube of wetsuit material to be 0.186 cm3

The density of the cube was 0.300 g/cm3

Calculate the mass of the cube.

Give your answer in grams.

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Mass = _______________ g
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Q6.
A trampoline is made from a sheet of material held in place by stretched springs.

The figure below shows a child on a trampoline.

(a) Position A shows the child’s maximum height above the trampoline.

Position B shows the lowest position reached by the child when landing on the
trampoline.

Describe the changes to the stores of energy of the:

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 • child
• springs
• surroundings

as the child moves from position A to position B.

Child ______________________________________________________________

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Springs ____________________________________________________________

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Surroundings _______________________________________________________

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(4)

(b) When the child is at position A, each trampoline spring is stretched by 0.056 m

The elastic potential energy of each spring is 4.9 J

When the child is at position B, the elastic potential energy of each spring increases
to 8.1 J

Calculate the extension of each spring when the child is at position B.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

Extension = _______________ m
(5)

(c) As the child bounces on the trampoline the child does work.

What is the work done by the child equal to?

Tick (✓) one box.

The average force applied by the child

The maximum force applied by the child

The total energy store of the child

The total energy transferred by the child

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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