9/7/2024

Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 1
Functions

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 Section 1.3
Trigonometric Functions

Exercises
Examples
8 , 10

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Angles

Angles measured in degrees and radians.

Degrees 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠) 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 2

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Angles in standard position in the 𝒙 𝒚-plane

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The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions

For an acute angle 𝜃 the six trigonometric

Functions are defined as ratios of lengths of sides
of a right triangle as follows:

𝑜𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝
1. sin 𝜃 = 4. csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗 ℎ𝑦𝑝
2. cos 𝜃 = 5. sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
3. tan 𝜃 = 6. cot 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝

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The exact values of these trigonometric ratios for some

angles can be read from the triangles in the following figure :

𝜋 1
1. sin = 𝜋
6 2 𝝅 1. sin =
3
𝟑
𝜋 𝜋
2. cos = 1 2. cos =
6 3

𝜋 3. tan 3 =
𝜋
3. tan =
6

𝜋 1 Recall that
1. sin =
4 2 𝝅 𝒄
𝟒 Pythagoras' Theorem 𝒃
𝜋
2. cos = 1 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
4
𝜋 𝒂
3. tan = 1
4
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 Remark

The sign of the trigonometric functions for angles in each of

the four quadrants can be remembered by the quote :

“All Students Take Calculus”

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Values of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 and 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 for selected values of 𝜽

Degrees 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
6 4 3 2 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 2 3 1 0 −1 0
2 2 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 3 2 1 0 −1 0 1
2 2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 0 3 1 3 0 0
3
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Periodicity and Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic if there is a positive number 𝑝

such that 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) = 𝑓(𝑥) for every value of 𝑥. The smallest
such value of 𝑝 is the period of 𝑓.

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1 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 −𝟏 ≤ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ≤ 𝟏

Period of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅 Odd function

Domain = (−∞, ∞) Symmetric about origin
Range = [−𝟏, 𝟏] Not 1-1

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2 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 −1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1

Period of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Domain = (−∞, ∞) Symmetric about y-axis

Range = [−𝟏, 𝟏] Not 1-1

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3 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
Vertical
asymptote

Period = 𝝅
𝝅 Odd function
Domain = ℝ − 𝒙: 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 ,𝒏 ∈ ℤ
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 Symmetric about origin
𝒙≠ , − , 𝟑 , −𝟑 , 𝟓 , −𝟓 ,…
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Not 1-1
Range = (−∞, ∞)

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All Trigonometric Functions are odd functions except
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𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 and 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 are even functions. Slide - 14
Periods of Trigonometric Functions

Period 2𝛑 sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

sec(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = s𝑒𝑐 𝜃

c𝑠𝑐(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = c𝑠𝑐 𝜃

Period 𝛑 tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

c𝑜𝑡(𝜋 + 𝜃) = co𝑡 𝜃

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Trigonometric Identities

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏

𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽

𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝜽
The reference triangle for a
general angle 𝜃.
Double-Angle Formulas

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

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Trigonometric Identities

1 1
1 csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 3 sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃

sin 𝜃 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = 4 sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

2 sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
5 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1+ cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

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In Exercises 8 and 10. Find the other trigonometric functions.

Exercises 8 Exercises 10

𝜋 5 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥𝜖[0, ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − , 𝑥𝜖[ , 𝜋]
2 13 2

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 HOMEWORK

7, 9, 12

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