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Please select the best match for each term.
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Barbara McClintock
C) Boyer and Cohen
D) Paul Berg
E) Kary Mullis
Answers: 6) E 7) D 8) C 9) A 10) B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2
13) Bacteria and Archaea are
A) eukaryotic.
B) prokaryotic.
C) archaeotic.
D) anucleotic.
E) proteozoic.
Answer: B
Skill: Factual recall
16) An ideal organism for a geneticist to use as a study organism would possess which of the
following characteristics?
A) A relatively short life cycle
B) A large degree of genetic variation among individuals
C) Matings that produce large numbers of offspring
D) A well-characterized genetic background, karyotype, etc.
E) All of these are desirable characteristics
Answer: E
Skill: Factual recall
17) The organism that Mendel used for his experiments was
A) E. coli.
B) the fruit fly.
C) maize.
D) yeast.
E) the pea plant.
Answer: E
Skill: Factual recall
3
18) A map unit (μ) is
A) the position of a gene on the chromosome.
B) the unit of genetic distance on a chromosome.
C) the unit of physical distance on a chromosome.
D) equivalent to a nucleotide.
E) equal to the number of recombinant progeny.
Answer: B
Skill: Factual recall
19) Which of the following is a nematode worm that has been used as a model organism in
genetics?
A) Drosophila melanogaster
B) Mus musculus
C) Arabidopsis thaliana
D) Caenorhabditis elegans
E) Homo sapiens
Answer: D
Skill: Factual recall
20) In eukaryotic cells, ________ are energy-producing organelles that contain DNA.
A) nuclei
B) lysosomes
C) chromosomes
D) nucleoli
E) mitochondria
Answer: E
Skill: Factual recall
21) The principles of heredity were first established through breeding experiments carried out in
________ by Gregor Mendel.
A) the late 1700s
B) the 1950s
C) the 1860s
D) the early 1900s
E) the mid-1600s
Answer: C
Skill: Factual recall
22) Tetrahymena is a
A) fungus.
B) protozoa.
C) green alga.
D) weed.
E) bacteria.
Answer: B
Skill: Factual recall
4
23) Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of
A) DNA alone.
B) DNA complexed with protein.
C) DNA complexed with RNA.
D) DNA complexed with fatty acids.
E) DNA complexed with protein and RNA.
Answer: B
Skill: Factual recall
25) The branch of genetics concerned with analyzing the structure and function of genes is
A) molecular genetics.
B) plant genetics.
C) transmission genetics.
D) population genetics.
E) applied genetics.
Answer: A
Skill: Factual recall
TRUE/FALSE
26) Genetics is central to biology because genes and their functions form the basis of all life
processes.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Factual recall
31) Bacteria and plants both have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Factual recall
33) Genetic maps show the relative location and arrangement of genes on chromosomes.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Factual recall
34) Archaea are prokaryotes that are often found in inhospitable conditions such as hot springs
and salt marshes.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Factual recall
SHORT ANSWER
6
38) How does the knowledge of complete genomes of different organisms help us in any way?
Answer: Since the function of most genes is conserved to a large degree among different
organisms, the knowledge of the genomes of different species helps us compare them, leading to
a better understanding of gene functions. This in turn will lead to a better understanding of
human genetic diseases and will allow us to develop better cures.
Skill: Factual recall
41) Are genetic maps based on the actual distance on chromosomes as measured by nucleotides?
Answer: No. Genetic maps are based on the frequency of recombination between genes. As
such, they show relative distances between genes but cannot specify actual distance in terms of
nucleotides.
Skill: Conceptual understanding
42) Which organelles besides the nucleus contain their own DNA?
Answer: The mitochondria in eukaryotes and the chloroplasts in plants contain DNA of their
own.
Skill: Factual recall
43) The nucleus separates the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. How is the information in
the DNA communicated to the cell?
Answer: The nuclear membrane has pores and is permeable to certain molecules. This allows
selected materials, like RNA and proteins, to move in and out of the nucleus.
Skill: Factual recall
7
45) For geneticists, why is it important that genetic variability exist in the population under
study?
Answer: Genetic variation in individuals of a population is important for studying the
inheritance pattern of those characteristics. If all the members of a population were identical for
the trait under study, their progeny would be as well, and it would be impossible to determine
how the trait was being passed on to the offspring.
Skill: Conceptual understanding
46) What characteristics does an organism have to possess to be a good genetic model?
Answer: To be a good genetic model, an organism has to have a well-known genetic history, a
short life cycle, produce many offspring, be easy to handle, and have genetic variability among
the individuals in a population.
Skill: Factual recall
47) Why are genetic databases so important to the study of modern genetics?
Answer: The available information about the genetics of a large number of organisms has
increased dramatically in the past few years. As a result, it has become impossible to study,
learn, and remember all of it. All this information needs to be stored in such a way that it may be
accessed and searched easily. This is done in computer databases that have assumed enormous
importance in the study of genetics.
Skill: Factual recall
8
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
when I was poor; but were I to become rich and successful, they
would receive me with open arms, and introduce my wife and myself
to circles as exclusive and as far beyond the stray third-rate noble
paupers who prey on your—your good-nature and—pardon me—
your ignorance as the moon is above the earth. I speak plainly.”
“You do, sir, and with a vengeance!” said Mr. West, a little
overawed by the other’s imperious manner, for Mr. Wynne had said
to himself, why should he be timid before this man, who at most was
a bourgeois, whose father—best not seek to inquire into his history—
whose forefathers had gone to their graves unwept, unhonoured,
and unsung, whilst he, Laurence Wynne, though he boasted of no
unearned increment, was descended from men who were princes at
the time of the Heptarchy!
“You value good birth, I see, Mr. West,” holding out his hand as if
to convey the fact that he had scored a point. “And you value
success. I am succeeding, and I shall succeed. I feel it. I know it—if
my health is spared. I have brains, a ready tongue, an indomitable
will; I shall go into Parliament; think what a vast field of possibilities
that opens out! Which of your other would-be sons-in-law aims at
political life? Look at Levanter, the reputation he would bring you.”
Laurence shuddered as he spoke. “Do not all honest men shun him?
What decent club would own him? Look at Montycute, what has he
to offer, but his ugly person, his title, and his debts? He and others
like him propose to barter their wretched names and, as they would
pretend, the entrée to society—not for your daughter’s personal
attractions, of which they think but little, but her fortune, of which
they think a great deal!”
“Young man, young man!” gasped Mr. West, inarticulately, “you
speak boldly—far too boldly.”
“I speak the sacred truth, and nothing but the truth,” said Wynne,
impetuously. “I offer myself, my talents, my career, my ancient
lineage, and unblemished name for your daughter. As to her fortune,
I do not want it; I am now an independent man. Give me your
answer, sir—yes or no.”
Many possibilities floated through Mr. West’s brain as he sat for
some moments in silence revolving this offer. Levanter and
Montycute were all that this impetuous young fellow had described.
He had good blood in his veins; he was handsome, clever, rising,
whilst they were like leeches, ready to live upon him, and giving
nothing in exchange but their barren names. This man’s career was
already talked of; he could vouch for one success, which had
agreeably affected his own pocket, and, with the proverbial gratitude,
he looked in the same direction for favours to come. He had an
eloquent tongue, a ready pen, and a fiery manner that carried all
before it. He would go into the House, he would (oh! castle-building
Mr. West) be one of the great men—Chancellor of the Exchequer—
some day. He shut his eyes—he saw it all. He saw his son-in-law
addressing the House, and every ear within its walls hanging on his
words. He saw himself, a distinguished visitor, and Madeline among
the peeresses.
Laurence Wynne, keen and acute, was convinced that some
grand idea was working in his companion’s mind, and struck while
the iron was hot.
“May I hope for your consent, sir?” he asked quickly.
“Well, yes, you may, if you can win her. You are welcome, as far as
I am concerned. Yes!” holding out his rather short, stubby hand, with
one big diamond blazing on his little finger. “It’s time she was settled,
and I’m afraid she will never be what she was, as regards her looks.
I did hanker after a ready-made title, but one can’t have everything! I
like you. You are tolerant of an old man’s whims; you don’t laugh at
me under my own roof, and think I don’t see it like some young cubs;
you are a gentleman, and I give you Maddie and welcome, now that I
have talked it over; but the hitch, you will find, will be the girl herself.
She is, as you may see, utterly broken down and altered, and in no
mind to listen to a love-tale; but, well or ill, I must tell you honestly
that I would not give much for your chance.”
“What would you say, sir,” said Laurence, now becoming a shade
paler, “if I were to tell you that I had won her already?”
Mr. West looked at him sharply.
“The deuce you have! And when?”
“More than three years ago.”
“What! before I came home? when she was at Harpers’? Were
you the half-starved fellow that I heard was hanging about? Oh,
never!”
“I don’t think I was half-starved, but I was most desperately in love
with her.”
“Oh, so it’s an old affair?”
“Yes, an old affair, as you say, Mr. West. And you have given me
Madeline if I can win her, have you not?—that is a promise?”
“Yes,” rather impatiently. “I never go back on a promise.”
“Well, now,” leaning forward and resting his head on his hand, and
speaking more deliberately, “I am going to tell you something that I
am certain will surprise, and I fear will incense you; but you will hear
me out to the end. We have been married for more than three
years!” He paused—not unnaturally nervous—awaiting the result of
this tardy announcement.
“Why! what—what—what the devil do you mean?” stammered Mr.
West, his little eyes nearly starting from their sockets. “What do you
mean, sir? I—I don’t believe you, so there!—don’t believe a word of
it!” breathing hard.
“If you will only listen to me patiently, you will believe me. I am
going to tell you many things that you ought to have been made
acquainted with long ago.”
Mr. West opened his mouth. No sound came. He was speechless.
And his son-in-law proceeded very steadily. “Four years ago you
were said to be bankrupt, if not dead. Mrs. Harper gave you no law
when your bills were not paid. You have never heard that Madeline,
from being the show-pupil and favourite, sank to be the shabby
school drudge—half-fed, half-clothed, and not paid for the work of
two governesses. This went on for a whole year. I saw her at a
breaking-up affair, when she played all night for her schoolfellows to
dance. I fell in love with her then. Miss Selina hated us both, and, to
satisfy her hate and malice, managed—one night in the holidays—to
leave us both behind at Riverside, late for the last train. We had all
been to the theatre. The affair was planned. We waited where we
were desired to wait, and lost the train. Next morning I called to
explain to Miss Harper; but Madeline’s character was gone—she
was turned out, dismissed without mercy. She had no friends, no
salary, no reference. I had, at least, bread-and-cheese—so I took her
to London and married her.”
He stopped and looked at Mr. West, who was livid, and who cried
out in a loud, strange voice—
“Go on, sir—go on—and get it over, before I go mad!”
“I was poor. We lived in lodgings; but we were very happy. After a
time poverty and sickness knocked at our door. I had typhoid fever. It
was an unhealthy season, and I nearly died. I have sometimes since
thought that it would have been well if I had died, and thus cut the
Gordian knot, and released Madeline. However, I hung on, a
miserable, expensive, useless invalid. In the middle of all this a child
was born.”
Mr. West started out of his chair; but subsequently resumed it.
“It was a boy——”
“A boy! Where is it?” demanded his listener, fiercely.
“You shall hear presently,” said his son-in-law, gravely. “Madeline
was the kindest of wives, nurses, mothers.”
“Madeline—my Madeline?” said her father, in a tone of querulous
incredulity and shrill irritation.
“We had no money—none. I had kept aloof from many
acquaintances since I married, and my relations dropped me with
one consent. We pawned all we had, save the clothes on our backs.
We were almost starving. In those days Madeline was a model of
courage, cheerfulness, endurance, and devotion. When I recall those
days, I can forgive her much.”
“Forgive her! Madeline pawning clothes! Madeline starving!” cried
her father, so loudly that a sleepy cabin-steward looked in.
Mr. Wynne signed to him to go away, and continued, “Ay, she was.
We could barely keep the wolf out. Then came your letter to the
Harpers, and they advertised for Madeline. She saw the message,
and pawned her wedding-ring to go to them. And they, never
dreaming that she was married, received her with rapture as Miss
West. She had no tell-tale ring, and Mrs. Harper heard that she had
been in a shop in London, in the mantle department. In an evil
moment Madeline saw your letter wherein you spoke very strongly
against a poor love affair, and possible marriage. So, in desperation,
and to get money and bread for her child and for me, she deceived
you. Later on, when the influence of wealth and power and luxury ate
their way into her soul, she still deceived you—and forgot us. I must
speak the truth.”
Mr. West nodded.
“She put off the dreaded day of telling you all, and I was out of
patience. She would not allow me to break the news. You remember
one evening that I called in Belgrave Square, and we went to look at
a picture together? It was then that I made my last appeal.”
“She gave you up, then?” he asked abruptly.
“She did.”
“And the child?” eagerly. “My grandson, my heir!”
“You remember the great ball you gave last June?”
“Of course—of course,” irritably. “It will not be forgotten in a hurry.”
“He died that night,” said Mr. Wynne, slowly.
“Eh! what did you say? Nonsense!”
“He died of diphtheria. Madeline came too late to see him alive. It
was from the child she caught the infection. Yes, I believe she kissed
him. He was a lovely boy—with such a bright little face and fair hair.
We kept him at a Hampshire farmhouse. Many a time I told Madeline
that the very sight of him would soften you towards us; but she would
not listen. She made promises and broke them. She feared you too
much.”
“Feared me!”
“Since his death, I have had nothing to say to her; but I heard that
she was very ill in London; and I used to find how she was going on
from various people, including yourself, as you may remember. I
thought my heart was steeled against her, but I find it is not. I am
ready to make friends. I heard accidentally that she was in a most
critical state—that day I saw you at the club—and I threw up all my
briefs and business and took a passage.”
“And so she is your business in Sydney?”
“She—she is most woefully changed. When I first saw her under
the lamp, I—I—I—cannot tell you——” He paused, and drew in a
long, slow breath, which said much.
“Poor girl! No wonder she looks as if she had seen great troubles.
I wonder she is alive. Well, I’ll not add to them! She treated me
badly; but she has treated you worse. And afraid of me! Why, every
one knows that my bark is worse than my bite—in fact, I have no
bite. And you stuck to her when she had no friends! Oh what a
treacherous old serpent was that Harper—harridan. Steady payment
for nine years. And to treat my daughter so! And I actually gave that
sour old maid a present for her kindness to Maddie. They did not
know you were married to her?”
“No; scarcely any one know.”
“And what’s to be done! How is it to be declared, this marriage.
How is the world to be told that Madeline has been humbugging
them for the last two years as Miss West?”
“The wedding can easily be put in the paper as having taken place
in London, with no date. It will only be a nine-days wonder. We can
send it from the first place we touch at.”
“Ah, you are a clever fellow, Wynne. Hallo! the lights are going out,
and we shall be in darkness.”
“But you are no longer in darkness respecting me.”
“Well, I feel in a regular fog. And so you’re my son-in-law!”
“Yes; there is no doubt about that.”
“It’s odd that I always cottoned to you.”
“You will not be harsh with Madeline, will you?”
“Do you take me for a Choctaw Indian, sir? I’ll say nothing at
present. Board ship is no place for scenes. She’s very shaky still,
though better.”
“Yes, I think she is a shade better now she is on deck all day.”
“It was an awful pity about the little boy, Wynne, and——”
Here the electric light suddenly went out, and Mr. West had to
grope his way as best he could to his own cabin. He lay awake for
hours, listening to the seas washing against the side of his berth,
thinking—thinking of what he had been told that night, thinking of
Madeline and Wynne in a new light, and thinking most of all of the
little fair-haired grandchild that he had never seen.
CHAPTER XLIII.
HEARTS ARE TRUMPS.
“Dear Madam,
“I hope, in remembrance of old times, you will excuse my writing;
but I am very hard set just at present, and would feel obliged if you
could spare me a small matter of twenty pounds, Kane being out of
employment since Easter Monday. I hope Mr. Wynne and your dear
baby are well. The baby must be a fine big fellow by this time—two
last winter—and a great amusement. Has your pa ever found out the
trick as you played—how, when he thought you was snug at school,
you were a whole year living in London in this house?
“I hope you won’t disappoint me regarding the money, as having
your own interests to consider as well as I have mine.
“Yours affectionately,
“Eliza Kane.”
The postmark on the envelope was dated two days before they
had left Brighton. And this was what Mrs. Leach meant by her hints
and looks. This stolen letter was to be her trump card.
The next morning, when Madeline left her cabin, she was met by
Laurence. He was, as usual, waiting, hanging about the passage
and companion-ladder. At last a tall, slight figure in black appeared,
a figure that walked with a firmer and more active step, and that no
longer crawled listlessly from cabin to deck. It was Madeline, with a
faint colour in her face, she accosted him eagerly.
“Oh, Laurence!” she began, “I have something to tell you. Come
into the music-room; it is sure to be empty.”
And then, in a few hurried sentences, she unfolded her discovery
and placed Mrs. Kane’s nice little letter in his hands.
“Of course, now I shall speak. Of course, I seem a miserably
mean, cowardly creature! It is only when forced by circumstances
that I open my lips at last. Mrs. Leach has long guessed that I had a
secret and a past—but, strive as she would, she could never find out
anything definite.”
“This is very definite,” said Laurence, dryly.
“It is, indeed. I could not understand her intense scorn for me
latterly. Laurence, I meant to have told my father immediately after—
after last June, but I was ill; and then, as I used to lie thinking,
thinking, I said to myself, I may as well carry the secret to the grave,
for now the child is gone, and Laurence is gone, what is the use of
speaking?”
“But you see that Laurence is not gone!” he exclaimed
expressively; “and we will let bygones be bygones instead. I am
before both you and Mrs. Leach. I told your father last night. He took
it, on the whole, surprisingly well! I have not seen him this morning,
though. He won’t allude to it at present. Board ship is no place for
scenes, he says; and I am entirely of his opinion; so, my dear, you
need not look so ghastly. Now, come along on deck. We shall soon
sight Tarifa. Ah! here is Mr. West at last.”
The music-room was pretty full as the little man came slowly
towards the pair, who sat apart on a couch at the end of it. He looked
unusually solemn, and he had discarded his ordinary blue bird’s-eye
tie for a black one. He avoided his daughter’s glance, and fixed his
attention on her mourning-gown, as he said—
“Well, how are you to-day, Madeline, my love?”
“I feel better—much better.”
“That is good news! Then come on deck and see the Spanish
coast?”
He sat next to her—their steamer chairs placed closely side by
side—in silence for a long time, smoking, and apparently buried in
thought; then, as he suddenly noticed Wynne’s signet-ring on her
wedding finger, he leant forward, took her fragile hand in his—it
trembled, for he held it long and contemplated it intently—and at last
released it with surprising gentleness.
“Madeline,” he said, “I know you’ve had enough trouble. I’m not
going to say one word; but I’m greatly cut up about what happened—
last summer;” and Madeline drew her veil over her face to hide her
streaming tears.
After they had crossed the notorious Gulf of Lyons, Mrs. Leach
appeared, with languid airs, expecting attention, solicitude, and
sympathy. Alas! for expectations. What a change was here! Mr. West
was entirely engrossed with Madeline, and was positively curt and
gruff (he had heard the history of the letter in the bag); and when at
last she found an opportunity of talking to him privately, and began
with little preamble about “dear Maddie—such a marvellous sailor—
so much better—getting away from some dreadful hold on her—and
influence—seems to have transformed her into a new creature!” Mr.
West looked at the speaker keenly. The sea-breeze is searching,
and the southern sun pitiless. Ten days’ sickness had transformed
Mrs. Leach into an old creature! She was fifty-five or more, with her
sunken cheeks, and all those hard lines about her mouth and eyes.
What did they signify?
“Do I see Mr. Wynne on board?” she asked, with a tragic air
—“over by the boats? How strange, how audacious!”
“Do you think so? He is Madeline’s husband, and a great friend of
mine.”
Mrs. Leach gasped! The wind had been taken out of her sails.
“Then you know all about it?”
“Yes, I know all about it,” said Mr. West collectedly.
“You have not known it for long—not when we sailed?”
“No, not quite as long as you have, Mrs. Leach”—looking at her
expressively.
“What do you mean?”
“I mean, for one thing, that I obtained my information through a
legitimate channel; that, as you are such a victim to the sea, it will be
only humane to land you at Naples. It would be cruel to take you on
to Melbourne; and Madeline has a companion entirely to her taste in
Laurence Wynne.”
“And oh what a tale for London!” she exclaimed with a ghastly
sneer. “I am feeling the motion a good deal—perhaps you will be
kind enough to assist me to get below? I find I must lie down.”
To tell the truth, she had been completely bowled over—thanks to
a strong breeze and a strong opponent.
Mrs. Leach landed at Naples and enjoyed an exceedingly pleasant
winter in Rome—due to a handsome cheque which she had received
from Mr. West, nominally as a return for her kind interest in his
daughter, and really as a golden padlock for her lips.
Mr. West, once in Sydney, contrived to pull a good many chestnuts
out of the fire, and returned to England as wealthy as ever,
purchased the old estate of the Wynnes, and restored the half-ruined
house in a style in keeping with its ancient name.
Madeline and her husband spend a great deal of their time at
Rivals Wynne, though their headquarters are in London, and some
day the old home will descend to the old race. The children are
beautiful; another little Harry is the picture of the one that is lost, but
not forgotten, as fresh white wreaths upon a certain grave can testify.
Mr. Clay, the rector, has seen Mrs. Wynne placing them there with
her own hands. She made no secret of it now.
“It is the grave,” she explained, “of our eldest little boy. I will bring
his brother and sister here by-and-by.”
The rector, when he takes strangers round the churchyard, and
points out the most noticeable tombstones, halts for a good while
before a certain marble cross, and relates the story of a mysterious
young couple who visited the grave separately, but who now come
together, with other children in their train.
Mr. Laurence Wynne continues to “rise.” He is in Parliament, and a
man of such note that Mr. West no longer casts a thought on
Madeline’s lost coronet. Lord Montycute has married a rich widow
twenty years older than himself. Lord Tony is happily settled, and
Lady Tony and Madeline are fast friends. Lady Rachel is little
Madeline’s godmother. She is a pretty child, sufficiently spoiled by
her father, but ruined by her doting grandpapa. She is an imperious
little person, but obedient and docile with her mother. It is only poor
grandpapa whose miserably scanty locks she puts into curl papers,
whom she drives about in a pair of long red reins, and whom she
rules with a rod of iron.
THE END.
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