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Acn Msbte CHP2

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26 views8 pages

Acn Msbte CHP2

Uploaded by

sr5824241
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chp 2 (10M)

1. Draw and explain IPv6 protocol format

1. Version: This 4 bits field defines the version number of IP. The value is 6 for
IPV6.
2. Priority: This 4 bits priority field defines the priority of packet with respect
to traffic congestion.
3. Flow Label: It is 24 bits field that is designed to provide special handling
for a particular flow of data.
4. Payload Length: The 16 bits payload length field defines the length of the
IP datagram excluding the base header.
5. Next Header: It is an 8 bits field defining the header that follows the base
header in datagram.
6. Hop Limit: This 8 bits field serves the same purpose as the TTL field in
IPV4.
7. Source Address: The source address field is a 128 bits internet address
that identifies the original.
8. Destination Address: It is 128 bits internet address that usually identifies
the final destination of datagram.
3. Find out the error, if any in the following IPv4 addresses.
a. 111.56.054.78
b. 222.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14
d. 11100101.23.14.67
4. State significance of following related to IPV6
• Auto configuration
• Renumbering

Ans. 1. Auto Configuration: Nodes can connect to a network and automatically generate
global IPv6 addresses without the need for manual configuration or help of a server, such
as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.

When a host in IPv6 joins a network, it can configure itself using the following process:

• Generate a link local address


• Test the uniqueness of a link local address
• Assign a link local address:
• Contact the router
• Provide direction to the node:
• Configure the global address:

2. Renumbering: To allow sites to change the service provider, renumbering of the address
prefix (n) was built into IPv6 addressing. Each site is given a prefix by the service provider to
which it is connected. If the site changes the provider, the address prefix needs to be
changed. A router to which the site is connected can advertise a new prefix and let the site
use the old prefix for a short time before disabling it. In other words, during the transition
period, a site has two prefixes. The main problem in using the renumbering mechanism is
the support of the DNS, which needs to propagate the new addressing associated with a
domain name.
1. *Explain different transition method of IPv4 to IPv6
Ans. Three Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 strategies are
1. Dual Stack
2. Tunnelling
3. Header Translation
1. DUAL STACK
In this kind of strategy a station has a dual stack of protocols run IPv4 and IPv6
simultaneously. To determine which version to use when sending a packet to a
destination, the source host queries the DNS. If the DNS returns an IPv4
address, the source host sends an IPv4 packet. If the DNS returns an IPv6
address, the source host sends an IPv6 packet. Fig. Dual Stack

2. Tunnelling
Tunnelling is a strategy used when two computers using IPv6 want to
communicate with each other and the packet must pass through a region that
uses IPv4.
• To pass through this region, the packet must have an IPv4 address. So the
IPv6 packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet when it enters the region.
• To make it clear that the IPv4 packet is carrying an IPv6 packet as data the
protocol value is set to 41.

Header Translation
In this case, the header format must be totally changed through header
translation. The header of the IPv6 packet is converted to an IPv4 header see
figure.
2. *Explain the addressing scheme in IPv4 and IPv6. When IPv6
Protocol is introduced, does the ARP protocol have to be Changed?
Explain in details.

Ans. An IPv4 Address:


✓ An IP address is a 32-bit address.
✓ The IP addresses are unique.
Address space rule
✓ The address space in a protocol That uses N-bits to define an Address is =
2N
✓ The address space of IPv4 is 2³² or4,294,967,296.
Address Space Notations:
3. Explain following address types of IPv6:
A. Unicast address
B. Multicast address
C. Anycast address
Ans. The three types of IPv6 addresses are: unicast, anycast, and multicast.
a) Unicast address: This type of information transfer is useful when there is a
participation of single sender and single recipient. So, in short you can term it
as a one-to-one transmission. This is the most common form of data transfer
over the networks

b) Multicast address: In multicasting, one/more senders and one/more


recipients participate in data transfer traffic. In this method traffic recline
between the boundaries of unicast (one-to-one) and broadcast (one-to-all).
Multicast lets server’s direct single copies of data streams that are then
simulated and routed to hosts that request it. IP multicast requires support of
some other protocols like IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
Multicast routing for its working. Also, in Classful IP addressing Class D is
reserved for multicast groups
c) Anycast address: Used to define group computers with addresses which
have the same prefix. It delivers the packets only one of the member of the
group which is closest or the most easily accessible. No special or separate
address block is assigned for any casting in IPV6. These are assigned for
blocks of unicast addresses.

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