SAMUEL CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

Prepared by: MR. ANGELO S. REYES

RECALL: Exponential Functions
Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an
exponent equation, an exponential inequality, or none of these

𝑥−1 𝑥
1. 4 = 16 4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥 2
2. 3 < 9 5. 49 = 7

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3
 f
A L T MO Y
O S L R W N
A S T R O N OM Y f
A L T MO Y
O S L R W N
 f
E OO P G T
C R MG U W
COM P U T E R f
E OO P G T
C R MG U W
 f
E T H I A U
A R L E K Q
E A R T HQU A K E f
E T H I A U
A R L E K Q
 f
F WN I N Z
E I L AW C
F I N A N C E f
F WN I N Z
E I L AW C
MAGNITUDE
 STELLAR
MAGNITUDE
SCALE

CRYPTOGRAPHY
RICHTER
SCALE

STOCK PRICE
What will happen if there is no logarithm in
our lives?
 Describe Illustrate the law of logarithmic Solve problems involving
logarithmic function, and distinguish logarithmic functions,

functions (A) logarithmic function, equation, equations, and inequalities

and inequalities. (M) (M)
Definition of Logarithmic Function The Common Logarithm

Exponential to Logarithmic and vice versa Antilogarithm

Evaluating Logarithmic Function Change of Base

The Natural Logarithm

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"Just as logarithmic functions allow us to make sense of

exponential growth, remember that in life, you can rise to any
challenge and grow exponentially through persistence and
learning."
Unknown
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What is a Logarithmic Function?

A logarithmic function 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is the inverse of exponential

𝑥
function 𝑦 = 𝑏 , where 𝑏 ≠ 1 and 𝑏 ≠ 0. That is 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 if
𝑦
and only if 𝑥 = 𝑏 .
Note: 1. A logarithm is a value of the logarithmic function.
2. A logarithm is an exponent.
3. An exponential equation can be written in logarithmic form
 𝑥 00:00:00

𝑦=𝑏
↓ 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑥 = log𝑏 𝑦
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
 3
2 =8 log2 8 = 3
−2
1 1
4 = log4 = −2
16 16

0
𝑏 =1 log𝑏 1 = 0
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log 3 𝑥 = 4 4 𝑥 = 81
3 =𝑥
8 8 2
log 𝑥 =3 3 𝑥=
𝑥 =
27 27 3
log 2 𝑥 = 4 4 𝑥 = 16
2 =𝑥
1 1
log 𝑥 = −4 −4
𝑥 = 𝑥=3
81 81
1 1 1 1 1
log 𝑥 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥=
81 2 81 6561
log 2 𝑥 = 7
log 2 𝑥 = 4
1
log 𝑥 4 =
2
log 2 𝑥 = −2
3
Evaluate: log 3 243
1
Evaluate: log 5
125

Evaluate: log 1 8
2
1
Solve for b in the equation: log 𝑏 10 =
2
Evaluate: log 3 243
Let y = log 3 243
𝑦
3 = 243
𝑦=5
log 3 243 = 5
 1
Evaluate: log 5
1 125
Let y = log 5
125

𝑦
1
5 =
125
𝑦 = −3
1
log 5 = −3
125
Evaluate: log 1 8
2
Let y = log 1 8
𝑦 2
1
=8
2
𝑦 = −3
log 1 8 = −3
2
 1
Solve for b in the equation: log 𝑏 10 =
1 2
𝑏2 = 10
1 2
2
𝑏2 = 10
𝑏 = 100
1
Thus, 𝑏 = 100in the equation log 𝑏 10 =
2
Evaluate: log 25 5
1
Evaluate: log 2
8

Evaluate: log 1 27
3

Solve for b in the equation: log 𝑏 125 = 3

 log𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log𝑎 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑥
log 2 7 log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log 𝑎 𝑏
𝑏=2 log10 7
𝑥=7 log 2 7 =
𝑎 = 10 log10 2
log 2 7 = 2.807355
 log𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log𝑎 𝑏
log 9 27
log 64 4
log 343 7
Definition: If the logarithm has a base 𝑒, it is
called natural logarithm. When it is written, we
use the notation ln . Thus, ln 𝑥 means log 𝑒 𝑥

log 𝑒 𝑒 = ln 𝑒 = 1
log 𝑒 1 = ln 1 = 0
4
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑒 = 4 ln 𝑒 = 4
Change each of the following to its logarithmic
form:
0 ln 1 = 0 (𝑥−1) ln 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑒 =1 𝑒 =𝑧
2 2
2𝑥 +4 2
𝑒 =𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 2 𝑒 =9 ln 9 = 2𝑥 + 4
3 −0.7
1 1
𝑒 =𝑦 ln 𝑦 = 3 𝑒 = ln = −0.7
2 2
Change each of the following to its exponential form:
2
ln 𝑥 − 4 = 2 𝑥−4 =𝑒
2 2 −1
ln 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 = −1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒
1
ln 5𝑥 − 7 = 1/4 5𝑥 − 7 = 𝑒4
2
ln 3𝑥 − 5 = 2/3 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝑒3
0
ln 1 = 0 𝑒 =1
1 −0.7
ln = −0.7 𝑒 = 1/2
2
 1
1. ln 4 2. ln 3. ln 4.5
4
ln 2𝑥 − 3 = 3
2
ln(2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1) = 5
𝑥
ln 𝑒 = 𝑥
2𝑥+6
ln 𝑒 =𝑥−8
3
5𝑥 − 7
ln =0
2𝑥 − 1
Definition: If a logarithm has a base 10, it is called
common logarithm. The base is no longer indicated
when writing a common log. Thus, log 𝑥 means log10 𝑥.
We have the following important facts:
log10 10 = log 10 = 1
log10 1 = log 1 = 0
5
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 = 5log 10 = 5
−1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.1 = log 10 = −1
−3
𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.001 = log 10 = −3
 Press log 75 in scientific calculator
𝑺𝑯𝑰𝑭𝑻 (−) 𝟕 𝟓 ) =
1.875061263
𝟏 . 875061263

Characteristics Mantissa
The inverse of the logarithm of a number,
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 log 𝑁 = 𝑁
Find x if log 𝑥 = 3.52
𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 𝟓
𝟑 . 𝟐 =
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.52 = 3311.31
Hence, log 3311.31 = 3.52
SAMUEL CHRISTIAN COLLEGE
MR. ANGELO S. REYES
MS. LIANNE T. DEJERO
MR. LEANDRO ALBERTO
Decode the message below by solving the following, put
the letter of the problem to the correct answer below.
(𝐺) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥: log 8 𝑥 = 3
(𝐼) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥: log 𝑥 6561 = 4
𝑁 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 log 7 9 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑛 1
𝑌 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 log 5 5 5

9 3/2 1.13 512 0

 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟓 =
𝒍𝒏 𝒆 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟎.𝟓 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝟕 = 𝟗

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟑𝟒 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟓

𝟐 𝟐 =
log 2 (3𝑥) =

𝑙𝑛(5𝑎) =
 𝑥
log15 =
11
𝑥
log 3 =
5
 3
log 4 9 =
8
log 𝑥 15 =
𝑥
log 𝑒 5 =
log 4 8𝑥
3𝑥
log 4
25
log 𝑐 4 2

3
log 2 7
log10 5 + log10 20𝑥
log 2 48 − 2log 2 4𝑥
1 1
log 9 + log 64
2 2
3log 4 𝑥 + 2 log 4 𝑦
Expand the following expression in
terms of the logarithmic factors.

log(𝑎𝑏) 2 Express the following as a single

2 logarithm term.
𝑒
log( ) log 8 + log 3 − log 6
4
3 3 1
log 3 ( ) log 𝑏 𝑥 + 1 − log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2
 ACTIVITY.
Study the following given:
A. log 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝟐 = 𝟑
B. lnx > 9
C. log 𝟎.𝟓 𝐱 = 𝐲
How A, B, and C are similar, and how
they are different?
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
A logarithmic function is a function defined by

𝒇 𝒙 = log 𝒃 𝒙
𝒚
If and only if, 𝒙 = 𝒃
for all positive real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑏, and 𝑏≠1.

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 Logarithm of a Number

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵 = 𝒙
𝒙
If and only if, 𝒃 =𝑵

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 Property of Equality for
Logarithmic Equations

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵
If and only if, 𝑴 = 𝑵

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 2
Solve: log10 𝑥 + 36 = log10 100
Solve: log 5 𝑥 + 1 − log 5 𝑥 − 1 = 2
Solve: 2 log 𝑥 = log 2 + log(3𝑥 − 4)
Solve: log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 + 15 = 2
Solve: ln 𝑥 + ln 2 = 1
Solve: log 2 2𝑥 + 1 < 3
Solve: log 4 9 < 2 log 4 𝑥
Solve: log 2 𝑥 + log 2 𝑥 + 2 ≤ log 2 (𝑥 + 6)
log10 3𝑥 + 5 = 2
2𝑥
3 = 20
log 𝑥 + 36 > log 100
2
log 𝑥 + 3 + log 2𝑥 − log 𝑥 = 3 log 2
 Why are logarithmic functions important and how they help us solve
math problems?
The reason that the logarithmic function is important in this world because it
measures the magnitude in every lives for example in earthquake, we didn’t
know how high or low the magnitude until it is discover the measuring device
to measure the magnitude through Richter scale. The principle behind that is
logarithmic function. Without that principle we cannot unravel the mysteries of
this earth if we cannot discover, analyze, and to think critically.
Where can we apply the concepts of
logarithms?
 Solves situational Relates logarithmic functions in Creates problems involving
problems involving real-life situations. (M) logarithmic functions,
logarithmic functions, functions, and inequalities.
equations, and (T)
inequalities. (M)
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Unknown
Explore the problem carefully and choose a variable for an unknown quantity.
Make a list of the given elements/parameters and plan the solution. Write
equations (thought processes) that describe the relationships.
Equate the given and solve other relations, determine the required
quantities, and answer the questions in the problem.
Lastly, check the solution using other approaches and examine the
appropriateness of the answers.
The Richter scale 𝑟 used in measuring the magnitude of an
earthquake, is defined by the formula:
𝐼 where 𝐼 is the intensity of an earthquake and 𝐼0 is the
𝑟 = log
𝐼0 standard intensity.
What is the magnitude on the Richter scale of an
earthquake which is 1,000 times as intense as the
standard one?
The Richter scale 𝑟 used in measuring the magnitude of an
earthquake, is defined by the formula:
𝐼 where 𝐼 is the intensity of an earthquake and 𝐼0 is the
𝑟 = log
𝐼0 standard intensity.
How many times as intense as the standard one is
an earthquake with magnitude 5 on the Richter
scale?
The intensity of a sound, 𝑑, in decibels or commonly known as
loudness is given by the formula
𝐼 𝐼 – intensity of the sound being measured
𝑟 = 10 log 𝐼0 – intensity of a standard sound or the sound that
𝐼0 can be barely heard.
Find the rating of a normal voice which is 12,000 times as intense
as the standard one.
 𝐼
The intensity of a sound, 𝑑, 𝑑 = 10 log
𝐼0
𝐼 – intensity of the sound being measured
𝐼0 – intensity of a standard sound or the sound that can be barely heard.
A normal human hearing can be damaged or lost due to prolonged exposure to
sound with intensity above 85 decibels. Will a person who is exposed to a
prolonged firecracker launch with average intensity of 2.5 × 1013 times as intense
as the standard will experience harm or a damaged hearing?
Where can we apply the concepts of
logarithms?