Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)

Department of Civil Engineering

Question Bank-1 (Unit-1)

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

1. Explain the salient features of hydrologic cycle with suitable sketch. (2011-12)
2. Explain with the help of a diagram the concept of hydrologic cycle. What are the
different components of hydrologic system? Describe in brief with suitable examples.
(2012-13, 17-18, 18-19)
3. Describe the concept of hydrologic cycle with the help of a neat sketch. What are the
different components of the hydrologic cycle? What do you mean by hydrologic
system? (2013-14)
4. Explain Hydrological system. (2015-16)
5. Discuss Water Budget.
6. Numerical Problem on Water Budget.

PRECIPITATION:

7. What is the effective rainfall? (2016-17)

8. What do you understand by precipitation? Explain various types of precipitation.
(2012-13)
9. Describe various methods of computing average rainfall over a basin. How will you
ascertain the missing raingauge data? (2012-13)
10. State the various methods of determination of the mean precipitation over a given
catchment area. (2014-15)
11. Write short notes on:
(i) Intensity-Duration Curve (2013-14)
(ii) Depth Area Duration (2014-15)
(iii) Probabilistic Maximum Precipitation Curve (2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14,
2014-15)
12. Determine the optimum number of rain gauges for the a basin with the following
data: Number of existing gauges=6, Allowable percentage error = 8%
The average rainfall at the existing gauges = 90, 100, 85, 65, 55 and 46 cm. (17-18)
13. A precipitation station X; was inoperative for some time during which a storm
occurred. The storm totals at three stations A, B and C surrounding X, were
respectively 6.60, 4.80 and 3.70 cm. The normal annual precipitation amounts at
stations X, A, B and C are respectively 65.6, 72.6, 51.8 and 38.2. Estimate the storm
precipitation for station X. (2011-12)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

14. A basin has the shape in the form of a regular pentagon with each side of the length of
2 km. The five rain-gauges located at the corners recorded the rainfall as 60, 81, 73,
59 and 45 mm respectively. Compute the average depth of rainfall over the basin by
arithmetic mean method and Theissen Polygon method. Sketch few isohytes also.
(2013-14)

EVAPORATION:

15. Write about the I.S.I. Evaporated Pan with the help of neat sketch. (2011-12)
16. Define evaporation. What are the factors affecting it? Describe the methods for
estimation of evaporation.

17. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OR CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER:

18. What is evapotranspiration? (2016-17, 21-22)

19. What do you understand by consumptive use of water? State and describe Blaney-
Criddle method for the estimation of consumptive use of water for a particular crop.
(2011-12)
20. What do you understand by consumptive use of water? What are the factors affecting
consumptive use of water? List the various direct methods of measurement of
consumptive use of water. (2012-13, 13-14)
21. Differentiate between PET and AET. (2015-16)

INFILTRATION:

22. Define infiltration and infiltration capacity. Describe the factors that affect the process
of infiltration. How will you measure the rate of infiltration? (2013-14, 17-18)
23. What do you understand by infiltration indices? How do you determine them? (2013-
14, 15-16, 17-18, 21-22)
24. Explain the process of infiltration. How the runoff is estimated by infiltration method?
Explain the infiltration indices. (2012-13)
25. The rainfall rates for successive 30- minute intervals up to given below. If the source
runoff is 3.6 cm, determine the ∅ and W indices: (2014-15)

Time (min) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Rainfall Intensity (cm/hr) 0 1.3 2.8 4.1 3.9 2.8 2.0 1.8 0.9
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

Question Bank-2 (Unit-2)

RUNOFF:
1. What is run-off? What are the various factors affecting run-off from a catchment area?
Describe the methods of computing run-off from a catchment area. (2011-12, 13-14,
14-15, 15-16, 16-17)
2. Describe the estimation of run-off by infiltration method. (2011-12)
HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS:
3. What is a hydrograph? Draw a single peaked hydrograph and explain its various
components. (2011-12)
4. What do you understand by unit-hydrograph? How it is described? Explain its use in
construction of flood hydrograph resulting from two or more periods of rainfall.
(2011-12)
5. What is the concept of Unit Hydrograph? Explain the various assumptions involved in
the theory of unit hydrograph. (2012-13)
6. What are the limitations of unit hydrograph?
7. What is S-hydrograph? How would you derive a S-hydrograph? Discuss the procedure
of derivation of the unit hydrograph from a S- hydrograph. (2017-18)
8. Write a short note on 'synthetic Unit Hydrograph. How will you derive the synthetic
unit hydrograph from a number of unit hydrograph? Illustrate the method with
suitable example in a tabular form. (2013-14, 16-17, 21-22)
9. Describe how Snyder’s synthetic unit hydrograph is derived. (2014-15)
10. In the following table the rainfall data at every 2-hours interval are given. Construct
the ordinate of unit Hydrograph. Assume the area of basin = 25 km 2. (2012-13)
Time
00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
(hrs)
Discharge
6 8 10 16 28 42 60 80 110 100 90 80 68 56 45 35 26 18 11 9 8 7 6
(cumec)

11. The Hourly distributions of a 2-hour Unit Hydrograph are given below. Derive 6
hours Unit Hydrograph ordinates. (2012-13)
Time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(hrs)
Discharge
0 1.0 2.7 5.0 8.0 9.8 9.0 7.5 6.3 5.0 4.0 2.9 2.1 1.3 0.5 0
(cumec)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

12. Following are the storms hydrograph ordinates (cumec) of a river drainage
catchment area of 425 km2 due to 6 hr isolated storm. Derive the ordinate of a 6 hr
unit hydrograph for the catchment. (2015-16)
Time (hr) -6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
Discharge 10 10 30 87.5 115 102 86 71 59
48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102
47 40 32 28 21 17 15 12 12 12

13. The ordinates of a 3 hour unit hydrograph are following: Develop a unit hydrograph
of 6 hour unit hydrograph. (2017-18)
Time (hr) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

Discharge
0.0 3.08 4.94 8.64 9.88 7.41 4.94 3.70 2.47 1.23 0.0
(cumec)

14. Find out the ordinates of a storm hydrograph resulting from a 3 hours storm with
rainfall of 3, 4.5 and 1.5 cm during subsequent 3 hours intervals. The ordinates of unit
hydrograph are given in table given below: (2011-12)

Hours 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 3 6 9 12
Ordinates of
Unit 0 90 200 350 450 350 260 190 130 80 45 20 0
Hydrograph

15. The ordinates of 3 – hours unit hydrograph of a catchment area are given below :
(2013-14)

Time hr 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
ordinate 0 10 20 16 12 8 4 0
16. Derive the flood hydrograph at the catchment outlet due to storm as given below :

Time of start of storm (hour) 0 3 6 9

Accumulated rainfall (mm) 0 39 47 76
Assume φ index of the catchment as 3mm/hour and constant base flow of 10.0 m 3/s.
17. The ordinate of a 4 hour unit hydrograph are given below. Using the principle of
superposition construct an S hydrograph and calculate the discharge at equilibrium
stage and the time of its occurrence from the beginning of direct runoff. (2017-18)
Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
cumec 0 4 12 6 3 1 0
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

18. Discuss the different types of irrigation in brief.

19. Describe different methods of irrigation in brief. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of irrigation? (2017-18)
20. Discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of the irrigation. (2014-15)
21. Distinguish between flow irrigation and lift irrigation. (2013-14, 16-17)
22. Distinguish between perennial and inundation canal. (2013-14, 16-17)
23. Define the term Field capacity, permanent wilting point, Readily available moisture,
irrigation frequency.
24. Define duty, delta, outlet factor, crop period, base period and kor depth.
25. Discuss the different types of irrigation efficiencies.
26. Explain various losses from a canal.
27. What do you understand by crop-rotation? What are its advantages? (12-13, 21-22)
28. What is meant by 'crop rotation'? What are the advantages of crop rotation? Describe
in brief with suitable examples. (2013-14, 2016-17)
29. Calculate number of days after which water has to be supplied to the soil in order to
ensure sufficient irrigation if (2015-16)
Field capacity of the soil = 28%
Permanent wilting point = 13%
Dry density of soil = 1.3 gm/cc
Effective depth of root zone = 70 cm
Daily consumptive use of water for given crop is 12 mm. Assume optimum soil
moisture as 80% of available moisture.

CANAL ALIGNMENT / IRRIGATION

30. Write a short note on Canal Alignment. (2011-12)

31. Describe the various factors considered for alignment of a canal. What is Bandhara
irrigation system? (2013-14, 16-17, 21-22)
32. The base period, duty at the field and the area under the crop under a distributor
taking off from a reservoir are given in table below. Taking canal losses as 10% and
reservoir losses as 15%, compute the reservoir capacity. (2015-16)
Base Period Duty at the field Area under the crop
Crop
(days) (ha/cumec) (hectare)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

Bajra 120 2000 1500

Cotton 200 1400 1400
Rice 120 900 4000
Wheat 320 1800 6800
33. The base period, duties at the field and area to be irrigated for various crops under a
reservoir are given below. Find the capacity of the reservoir in hectares meter if the
conveyance loss and reservoir loss are 26% and 10% respectively (2016-17)
Base Period Duty at the field Area under the crop
Crop
(days) (ha/cumec) (hectare)
Wheat 120 1800 2400
Rice 110 1000 3010
Sugarcane 360 900 4890
Vegetables 130 750 1650
34. The base period, duties at the field and area to be irrigated for various crops under a
reservoir are given below:
Base Period Duty at field
Crop Area (hectares)
(days) (hectares/cumec)
Wheat 120 1800 2400
Rice 110 1000 3010
Sugercane 360 900 4890
Vegetables 130 750 1650
Find the capacity of reservoir in hectares meter if the conveyance loss and reservoir
loss are 26% and 10% respectively. (2013-14)
35. A field channel has CCA of 2000 ha. The intensity of irrigation for gram is 30% and for
wheat is 50%. Gram has kor-period of 18 days and kor-depth of 12 cm, while wheat
has a kor-period of 15 days and kor-depth of 15 cm. Calculate the discharge of the
field channel. (2012-13)
36. Water course has a culturable commanded area of 1200 hectares. The intensity of
irrigation for crop A is 40% and for B is 35% both the crops being Rabi crops. Crop A
has a kor period'of 20 days and crop B has kor period of 15 days. Calculate the
discharge of the water course if the kor depth for crop A is 10 cm and for B is 16 cm.
(2014-15, 16-17, 21-22)
37. Water course has a culturable commanded area of 1200 hectares. The intensity of
irrigation for crop is 40%. The crop has a kor period of 20 days. Calculate the
discharge of the water course if the kor depth for crop is 10 cm.
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

Question Bank-3 (Unit-3)

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

1. What do you understand by sediment transport?

2. Discuss in brief suspended load and bed load. How will you determine them?

IRRIGATION CHANNELS (Kennedy’s and Lacey’s Design of channels)

3. What are the drawbacks in kennedy’s theory?
4. Differentiate between Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory for design of alluvial channels.
Explain defects in Lacey’s theory. (2015-16)
5. Differentiate between silting and scouring of a channel.
6. What are the uses of Garrets Diagram?
7. Using Kennedy’s method of channel design; find the dimensions of an irrigation
channel to carry a discharge of 1.4 cumecs. Assume N = 0.0225, m = 1, and B/D = 5.7.
(11-12)
8. Design an irrigation channel on Kennedy’s theory, to carry a discharge of 45 cumecs.
Take N = 0.0225 and m = 1.05. The channel has a bed slope of 1 in 5000 (2014-15)
9. Design an irrigation channel to carry a discharge of 30 cumec by Kennedy’s theory.
Take B/D ratio as 8.0, N= 0.0225 and m = 1.0. (2017-18)
10. Design a channel section using Kennedy’s theory for a discharge of 45 cumec. Take
Kutter’s coefficient N=0.0225, CVR m=1.05, side slop = 0.5H:1V, and Bed slope = 1 in
5000. (2015-16)
11. Using Lacey’s theory, design an irrigation channel for the following data: (2021-22)
Discharge (Q) = 40 cumec
Lacey’s silt factor = 1.0
Side slope = 1H:2V
12. Using Lacey’s theory, design an irrigation channel for the following data: (2015-16)
Discharge (Q) = 50 cumec
Lacey’s silt factor = 1.1
Side slope = 0.5H:1V
13. What do you understand by regime channel? Explain the initial regime and final
regime of a channel. Using Lacey's theory design an irrigation channel for the
following data :
Discharge (Q) = 50 cumecs
Lacey silt factor (f) = 1.0
Trapezoidal section side slope = (0.5:1) (2013-14, 21-22)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

14. A channel section has to be designed for the following data: Dischrge (Q) = 30 cumecs,
Silt factor (f) = 1.00, Side slope = 1/2. Find also the horizontal slope. (2011-12, 14-
15)
15. Design an irrigation channel in alluvial soil according to Lacey’s silt theory, with the
given following data: (2012-13)
Full supply discharge = 15 cumecs
Lacey’s silt factor = 1.0
Channel side slope = 1/2 : 1

LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lining of a channel?

17. Discuss the types of lining. Write the factors for selection of a particular type of lining.
18. Design a concrete lined channel to triangular section to carry a discharge of 45
cumecs at a slope of 1 in l0 km. The side slopes of the channel are 1.25 : 1 and
Manning's coefficient 'N' mav be taken as 0.018. (2013-14, 16-17, 21-22)
19. Design a concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 200 cumecs with bed slope of
1 in 4000. The slope is 2H: 1V and manning’s coefficient n=0.014. The limiting
velocity in the canal is 2m/sec. (2015-16)
20. Write short notes on L-section and X-section of a canal, Garret’s diagram, initial and
final regime of channel. (2015-16)
21. Describe the main features of the cross-section of an irrigation channel with suitable
sketches. (2012-13)
22. What do you understand by economics of canal lining?

WATER LOGGING

23. What do mean by water logging? How water logging becomes a problem? Describe
various methods adopted to prevent water logging. (2011-12)
24. What is the problem of water logging? What are the poor effects of water logging?
Describe some suitable remedial measures against water logging in brief. (2012-13,
21-22)
25. Explain 'water logging'. What are the various causes of water logging ? Describe the
adverse effects of water logging" What are the various methods adopted as anti-water
logging measures? (2013-14, 15-16, 16-17)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

Question Bank-4 (Unit-4)

Regulation and Control of Canal Systems

1. What are the basic principles of regulation of a canal system? Explain the various
method of regulation of canal system. (2017-18)
2. Describe 'canal regulation works'. What are the different types of canal regulation
works provided? What are the functions of a canal fall? (2013-14)
3. What are the different types of canal regulation works constructed for efficient
working and safety of an irrigation channel? Describe in brief with suitable
examples. (2012-13)
4. What are the various regulation works in canals? Explain about the location of falls
and various types of falls. (2015-16)
5. What do you understand by head regulator? State functions of a distributary head
regulator and a cross-regulator. (2011-12)
6. Sketch the layout of canal head works and describe its components. (2014-15)

Irrigation Outlets

7. What is an outlet? Write down the requirements that an outlet should fulfil.
Distinguish between non-modular, semi-modular and modular types of outlets with
suitable examples. (2012-13)
8. What is an outlet? What are the functions of an outlet? Distinguish between non-
modular, semi-modular and modular types of outlets with suitable examples.
(2013-14)
9. Differentiate between non-modular and semi-modular outlets. Explain the
Kenneddy's gauge outlet with its relevant uses. (2011-12)
10. Describe the working of Gibb’s module with neat sketches. (2014-15)
11. What is an Outlet? Explain various types of outlets with examples and sketches.
(2015- 16)
12. Explain semi-module, rigid module and their types. Describe a semi-module
consisting of a submerged pipe. (2017-18)

River Training

13. What are the various purposes for which river training work is required? What are
different types of river training works? (2017-18)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

14. Classify the river or alluvial plains and on the basis of their classification explain
'meandering'. Give the causes of meandering and write the basic factors controlling
the process of meandering. (2011-12)
15. What do you mean by river training? Give the classification of various types of
river- training work. What do you mean by high water training, low water training
and medium water training? (2012-13)
16. What is the concept of river training? What do you mean by river training for
discharge, river training for depth and river training for sediment? List the various
types of river training works and explain any one of them with suitable sketches.
(2013-14, 15-16, 16-17))
17. What do you mean by river training? Describe the method used for river training.
(2014-15, 16-17)
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

Question Bank-5 (Unit-5)

1. Numerical question from well hydraulics:

(i) Determination of discharge, permeability, transmissibility in confined and
unconfined aquifer.
(ii) Questions from ‘Interference among wells’.

2. Define the following term (Or write short notes on):

(i) Zones of under GW (12-13)
(ii) Aquifer (11-12,12-13, 14-15)
(iii) Aqiclude (12-13, 14-15)
(iv) Aquifuge (12-13, 14-15)
(v) Aquitard (14-15)
(vi) Dupit’s theory (17-18)
(vii) Interference among wells (11-12)
(viii) Well losses (12, 15, 16, 18)
(ix) Specific capacity (11-12, 14-15)
(x) Well efficiency (11-12, 14-15)
(xi) Storage coefficient
(xii) Coefficient of permeability Porosity (14-15)
(xiii) Specific Yield (11-12)
(xiv) Specific retention
(xv) Types of open wells (13-14)
(xvi) Types of tube wells (2017-18)
(xvii) Well shrouding (13-14, 15-16)
(xviii) Well development (13-14, 15-16)
(xix) Infiltration Galleries (13-14)

3. Define the following terms in brief: Aquifer, Well loss, Specific capacity, Specific yield,
Efficiency of a well and Interference among wells. Give the expression when it shows
the interference between two wells. (2011-12)
4. Describe various zones of under-ground water. Explain the terms: aquifer, aquiclude,
and aquifuge. (2012-13)
5. Explain the method determining the coefficient transmissibility of a confined aquifer
by pumping out test. How can this method be extended for unconfined aquifer?
(2012-13)
6. Describe an expression for the yield of tube-wells for the case of an un-confined
aquifer. (2013-14)
7. An aquifer of 20 m average thickness is overlain by an impermeable layer of 30 m
thickness. A test well of 0.5 m diameter and two observation wells at a distance of 10
 Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah (Mathura)
Department of Civil Engineering

m and 60 m from the test well are drilled through the aquifer. After pumping at the
rate of 0.1 m3/sec for a long time, the following drawdowns are stabilized in these
wells: First observation well, 4 m; Second observation well, 3 m. Determine the
coefficient of permeability. (2011-12)
8. An artesian tube-well has a diameter of 20 cm. The thickness of aquifer is 30 cm and
its permeability is 38 m/day. Find its yield under a draw-down of 4 m at the well face.
Use radius of influence as recommended by Sichardt. (2012-13)
9. Two tube-wells, each of 20 cm diameter are spaced at 100 m distance. Both the wells
penetrate fully a confined aquifer of 12 m thickness. Calculate the discharge if only
one-well is discharging under a depression head of 3 m. What will be the percentage
of decrease in the discharge of the well if both the wells are discharging under the
depression head of 3 m? Take radius of influence for each well equal to 250 m and
coefficient of permeability of aquifer as 50 m/day. (2012-13)
10. A 30 cm well fully penetrates an un-confined aquifer of 25 m depth. When a discharge
of 2100 liters/minute was being pumped for a long time, observation wells at radial
distances of 30 m and 90 m indicated draw down of 5 m and 4 m respectively.
Estimate the coefficient of permeability and transmissibility of the aquifer. (2013-14)
11. Two tube-wells, each of 20 cm diameter are spaced at 100 m distance. Both the wells
penetrate fully a confined aquifer of 12 m thickness. Calculate the discharge if only
one-well is discharging under a depression head of 3 m. What will be the percentage
of decrease in the discharge of the well if both the wells are discharging under the
depression head of 3 m? Take radius of influence for each well equal to 250 m and
coefficient of permeability of aquifer as 60 m/day. (2015-16)
12. Describe in brief the advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation over canal
irrigation. (2012-13)
13. Briefly describe the relative merits and demerits of well irrigation over canal
irrigation. What are the factors that govern the selection of suitable site for a tube
well? (2013-14, 15-16)
14. What are the differences between open wells and tube wells by which you can
categorise the tube wells? Also write any one of the method of developing a tube well.
(2011-12)
15. Distinguish clearly between a shallow well and a deep well. How does a deep well
differ from a tube well in confined aquifer? (2012-13)
16. What are different types of pumps used for tube wells? What are their limitations and
relative advantages and disadvantages? (2017-18)
17. Differentiate between open wells and tube well. What are the advantages of tube well
over open well? (2017-18)
12. Derive the basic equation of unsteady flow. What are the various assumptions? What
are advantages of non-equilibrium equation over the steady flow equation? (17-18)