Integration

Pure Mathematics - 2
 Revision of Differentiation
Differentiation

𝑑𝑦 Application differentiation
To find differentiation
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
To find
𝑑𝑥
Function increasing, >0
𝑑𝑥
1. Algebraic Function
2. Exponential Function
3. Logarithmic Function 𝑑𝑦
4. Trigonometric Function
Function decreasing, <0
𝑑𝑥

Equation of Tangent 𝑑𝑦
Stationary Point, =0
Equation of Normal 𝑑𝑥
Nature of Stationary Point

Nature of Stationary Point

Maximum
𝑑2 𝑦
Minimum
<0 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
>0
𝑑𝑥 2
 To find integration
Infinite Integral
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = +𝑐 where, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑛+1 1
‫ 𝑥𝑎 ׬‬+ 𝑏 = × +𝑐 where, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1 𝑎
Definite Integral
𝑏
𝑏 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
‫ 𝑥 𝑎׬‬dx = =𝐼 𝑏 −𝐼 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑏
𝑏 𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 1
‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = × =𝐼 𝑏 −𝐼 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑎
 Integration Overview
Integration

𝑏
Indefinite Integral ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ Definite Integral ‫𝑛 𝑥 𝑎׬‬

To Find the Equation of Curve To Find the Area and Volume of

𝑑𝑦 given Curve
where already given by
𝑑𝑥
= ⋯ . 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = ….

Area and Volume between one

line and one curve
General Equation
Area and volume between two
Particular Equation curve
Different Between Differentiation and
Integration
Differentiation Integration

• 𝑦 •
𝑑3 𝑦
‫ 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬3
𝑑𝑦
• 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
• ‫ 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬2
𝑑2 𝑦
• 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 • ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬
𝑑3 𝑦
• • 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
 Some Example of Integration
𝑑𝑦
1. Find the equation of curve 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥. Given that the curve
passes through at point 1,2 .
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Taking ‫𝑡𝑜𝑏 ׬‬ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

න 𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 3 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝑦= 32 +𝑐
𝑥2
The general equation of curve is 𝑦 = 32 +𝑐
Now, the curves passes through at point 1,2
then
𝑥2
𝑦 = 3 +𝑐
2
1
2 = 3 +𝑐
2
1
c=
2
𝑥2 1
The particular equation is 𝑦 = 3 +
2 2
 Area between two curves
Area of above curves – Area of below curves

𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Volume of Revolution

For X – axis For Y – axis

𝑏 2
• 𝜋 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝑎׬‬ •
𝑑 2
𝜋 ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑐׬‬
 Integration of Trigonometry Function‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬
‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
1
‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 × + 𝑐
𝑎
1
‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Example
1
‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 × + 𝑐
3
1
‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬ 2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos(2 − 3𝑥) × + 𝑐
−3
𝜋 𝜋 1
‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬ 2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + × + 𝑐
3 4 2
 Integration of Trigonometry Function ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬
‫ 𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬+ 𝑐
1
‫ × 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬+ 𝑐
𝑎
1
‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Examples
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
 ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 1 +𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ×2+𝑐
2 2 2
2
1
 ‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −2𝑥 × +𝑐
−2
1
 ‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 − 2 × + 𝑐
3
 Integration of Trigonometry ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
2 1
‫ × 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬+ 𝑐
𝑎
2 1
‫ 𝑥𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Example
2 1
 ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 × + 𝑐
2
2 1
 ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 − 3𝑥 × +𝑐
−3
2 𝜋 𝜋 1
 ‫𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬ 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + × +𝑐
2 2 1
 Further Integration of Trigonometry
Function
1. ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= ‫ ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2
1
= ‫׬‬ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ‫׬‬ 1𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑥− +𝑐
2 2
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ‪ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2‬׬ ‪2.‬‬ ‫‪𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1‬‬
‫‪𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 2‬׬‬ ‫= 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑐‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫׬‬ ‫‪𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 1‬׬ ‪𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑥‪1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑐‪+𝑥 +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
 ‫𝑥‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‪2‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫= 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐‬ ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1‬‬
‫‪= න‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫……………… =‬
‫𝑥‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥‪2‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2‬׬‬ ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠‪𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐‪1−‬‬ ‫𝑥‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐‪1−‬‬
‫׬ =‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫= 𝑛𝑖𝑠‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫……………… =‬
 𝜋
5. Find the exact value of ‫׬‬0 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
4

Solution
𝜋
4
න 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 5 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 4 4

𝜋 0 0 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0 − − 0
4 4
5𝜋
= 5−
4
6. a. Use the expansions of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 𝑥 and
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑥 to show that, 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 ≡ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
1
b. Hence show that ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
4 .
4
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
b. Use Part 𝒂
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 4
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 4 4
= න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
= 4 − 4
2 2 0 4 0
1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 0
2 2 4 4 4
1 1
= −0 − 0−0
2 2
1
=
4
7. Find ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=
2
1
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2
4
1
= 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥
4
1 1 1
1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
4 2 2
 3 1 1
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
8 2 8
4
3 1 1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 𝑐
8 4 32