Unit: 3

Number System
3.1 Introduction to Number System
Decimal number takes up ten values i.e. from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. On the other hand
binary number takes only two values i.e. zeros and ones.

3.1.1 Description of Number System

(a) Binary Number System

Its base is ‗2‘ and digits used are 0 & 1.
(b) Octal Number System
Its base is ‗8‘ and digits used are 0 to 7.
(c) Hexa Decimal Number System
Its base is ‗16‘ and digits used are 0 to 9 with letters A to F.

Computer Memory
4.0 What is Computer Memory?
Memory can be internal or external. It stores the data and instructions. It has memory cells
with different identifying number.
Memory stores the instructions to be proceed, under processed and already processed.

4.1 Why is computer memory so important?

Computer memory is essential because without it, devices instructions cannot be processed. It
manages the task and maintains your computer. You can also employ specific sorts of data to
save information for later use.

4.2 What is a memory cell?

The tiniest data storage unit is a memory cell. Another name for it is a binary memory cell.
One piece of data can be stored in a memory cell.
Although the computing industry uses various memory cell types, NVRAM (Non-Volatile
Random Access Memory) cells are the most often employed in SSDs and other storage devices.
Non-volatile cells retain the value they were given whilst in use, even after you turn them off.
A single memory cell:
A dynamic cell comprises a transistor and a capacitor.
A static RAM contains around five transistors.
4.2.1 Where are memory cells found?
Memory cells of any kind, whether RAM or ROM, can be found in almost every part of the
computer.
Many little segments make up the memory. For instance, a memory unit holds 64 × 1024 =
65536 memory locations if the machine has 64k words. These places have addresses ranging
from 0 to 65535.
There are mainly two types of memory.
 Internal Memory: Primary and cache memory
 External memory: Examples include Magnetic disks, optical disks, etc.

4.2.2 Characteristics of Memory Cell

Characteristics of the memory hierarchy are as follows:
The amount of storage capacity grows.
Storage becomes less expensive per bit.
The CPU's ability to access memory quickly reduces.
The CPU's access time increases.

4.3 Storage
Bytes measure a computer's storage capacity. The smallest data unit that can be stored is a
byte consisting of 8 bits (also known as binary digits).
Binary numbers, such as 1 or 0, represent bits.
A keyboard letter, number, or symbol equals one byte (a binary term).
More storage is required to keep the work safe.
Typically, Kilobytes (kB), Megabytes (MB), and Gigabytes (GB) are used to describe a
computer's storage capacity (or, on really big systems, Terabytes!).

4.0 Types of Memory

4.0.1 Internal
Where smaller bits of information are stored is called as internal memory. It is considered as
primary memory. Chips comprise internal memory. RAM and ROM are the two primary types
into which internal memory is separated.

4.0.2 Random Access Memory

Internal memory of CPU is called as RAM. It is temporary in nature.
 RAM is also referred to as "volatile memory". When the device is turned off this memory is
lost. The work done is saved in RAM..
The size of RAM has grown as operating systems and computer programs have become more
complicated. Nowadays, most PCs come with 256MB or 512MB of RAM.
RAM is of two types
Static RAM
Dynamic RAM
4.3.1 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Another type of primary internal memory is read-only memory (ROM), although unlike RAM,
ROM is non-volatile and retains data over time. 'Non-volatile memory' is another name for this
kind of memory.
A ROM chip is placed on the motherboard of a computer. The BIOS is another name for this
program.
Computer Hardware
5.0 Computer Hardware Components (Internal)
Inputs are stored and processed by these internal components. They are composed off:
Motherboard: It is a circuit board which is a hub for all other hardware components. It is
mostly present inside the central processing unit (CPU) and is very important hardware.
CPU: It is responsible for processing and executing digital instructions from multi level
programs. The CPU's clock frequency impacts the computer's overall performance and
results of data processing.
RAM: RAM is an interim memory that provides programs on-the-spot access to data.
Because RAM is eruptive memory and any stored data vanishes when the machine is
closed.
Hard disk: This storage device, which functions a bit like a filing container, stores all applications
and data. If a comparison is made in between floppy disk and hard disk in context to speedy data
access, hard disk will result out as quicker option

Programming Languages
To do any task with the data supplied by the user, a computer needs instructions. A program is
a combination of commands that are supplied to a device to carry out particular activities. The
actions that are outlined by the software should be carried out by the computer. A program
controls how a computer interprets and utilizes data.
6.0 Computer language Hierarchy
 High Level
Language

Assembly
Language

Machine
Language

Computer
Hardware
Figure 1: Hierarchy of Computer Languages
Few of the popular programming languages are mentioned below:
C and C++
Python, Java, SCALA
R, Ruby, Go, Swift, JavaScript

6.1 Programming Languages Characteristics

Features of an Ideal Programming Language are:
 Easy to learn
 Can be read by humans
 Can be translated into machine code
 Well organized.
6.2 Benefits of Programming language
 Enhanced Productivity: Programming languages provides developers a combination of
inputs that enable them to write code more rapidly and effectively.
 Portability/Flexibility: High-level programming languages are portable, meaning they
may be used to create programs that run across a wide range of platforms and operating
systems.
 Readability: Effective programming languages can help both the original author and
other developers understand and read code more easily.
6.3 Algorithm
Algorithms are used to describe a program's logic. It provides a step-by-step breakdown to
solve a problem. It is the set of instructions which is carried out in the right order to produce
the desired results.
An instruction set has following qualities:
 Every instruction needs to be clear and concise.
 Every instruction should be carried out in a set amount of time.

6.4 Flow Chart

An algorithm is depicted visually in a flowchart. In order to graphically organize the processes
required to address an issue using a computer, programmers frequently use it as a
program planning tool.

6.4.1 Symbol for flowcharts

In a flowchart, only a few symbols are required to represent the required steps in a process.

Terminal Symbol: denotes the start, stop, and halt points in the logic flow of a program. It
is a flowchart's first and last symbol.
Input/Output Symbol: they represent all input/output functions in a program.
Processing Symbols: represent instructions for computation and data transport. This
symbol also designates the logical operations that transfer data from one area of the main
memory to another (assignment statement).
Decision Symbol: denotes a decision point, or a place where a line can split off and go in
one of two or more different directions.
Software
A computer system‘s two main parts are software and the other is hardware. Software is a
collective term for a group of computer programs. It instructs a computer what to do. It tells
hardware what to do.
Let‘s begin by understanding the difference between a program and software.
Program Vs Software

SOFTWARE PROGRAM

The collection of all programs that are A collection of computer code

run either concurrently or sequentially lines that process input and
to complete a certain task is known as carry out commands to
software. The outcome of multiple generate output is called a
programs combined is this. program.

Software is an assemblage of scripts, instructions, and procedures that tell computers what
to do. System software and application software make up the majority of it.

7.0 Types of Software

 7.0 System Software
System software is the interface between system and application softwares. They are developed
by using low-level programming languages. They provide running path for application software.
7.0.1 Main functions of System Software
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 File Management
 Security
 Error Detection

7.0.2 Features of System Software

 A low-level language is meant to create system software.
 The system software has a minimized file size.
 Comprehending system software is difficult.
 Hardware components are present close to system software.

7.0.3 Types of System Software

Operating System: It acts as an interpreter between software and hardware. For example
when print command is given Operating System takes the instruction to printer for printing
the document.
 Language Processor: human-readable language is converted into machine language by
language processor. It converts computer programs into commands that are understandable
by machines.

7.0.4 Application Software Functions

 Information and Data Management
 Document Management
 Images and Videos Creation
Processing of Collaborative communication

7.1 Difference between System Software and Application Software