PYTHON QUESTION BANK SOLUTIONS

1. How can you add a new key-value pair to a dictionary in Python?

In Python, dictionaries are mutable data structures that store key-value pairs. To add
a new key-value pair to a dictionary, you have a couple of options:
 Using the assignment operator ( =): You can directly assign a value to a new
key in the dictionary.
my_dict = {}
my_dict['new_key'] = 'new_value'

 Using the update() method: This method allows you to update the dictionary
with key-value pairs from another dictionary or an iterable of key-value pairs.
pythonCopy code
my_dict = {}
my_dict.update({'new_key': 'new_value'})
Both methods achieve the same result of adding a new key-value pair to the
dictionary.
2. How do you raise an exception in Python?
In Python, exceptions are used to handle errors and exceptional situations that may
occur during program execution. To raise an exception, you can use the raise
keyword followed by the type of exception you want to raise. Optionally, you can
include a message to provide more information about the exception. Here's the
general syntax:
pythonCopy code
raise ExceptionType( "Optional error message" )
For example, to raise a ValueError exception with a custom error message:
pythonCopy code
raise ValueError( "This is a custom error message." )
You can also raise built-in exception types like ValueError, TypeError, KeyError, etc., or
create custom exception classes by subclassing built-in exceptions.
3. What is the role of the cursor() method in Python's MySQL database
connectivity?
In Python, when you're working with MySQL databases using libraries like mysql-
connector-python or pymysql, the cursor() method is used to create a cursor object.
The cursor object allows you to execute SQL queries and fetch data from the
database.
After establishing a connection to the MySQL database, you typically create a cursor
object using the cursor() method. Once you have the cursor object, you can execute
SQL queries using methods like execute(), fetchone(), fetchall(), etc., and manage
transactions.
Here's a basic example of how you might use the cursor() method:
pythonCopy code
import mysql.connector

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 # Establish connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
host="localhost",
user="username",
password="password",
database="database_name"
)

# Create cursor object

cursor = connection.cursor()

What is the Django admin console used for in a Django project?

The Django admin console is a powerful feature provided by the Django web
framework. It's a built-in application that automatically generates a user-friendly
interface for managing the data models of your Django project.
The admin console allows administrators and authorized users to perform CRUD
(Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on the database records without writing
any custom views or forms. You can register your models with the admin console,
and Django automatically generates an interface based on your model definitions.
This interface makes it easy to perform administrative tasks such as adding, editing,
and deleting data from the database.
Additionally, the Django admin console provides features like customizable admin
interface, permissions and authentication system, filtering, searching, and sorting of
data, and support for inline editing of related objects.
4. What is the role of HTTP methods in RESTful APIs?
In the context of RESTful APIs, HTTP methods play a fundamental role in defining
the operations that can be performed on the resources exposed by the API. Each
HTTP method corresponds to a different action that can be performed on a
resource:
 GET: Retrieves data from the server. It is used to retrieve a representation of a
resource or a collection of resources.
 POST: Submits data to the server to create a new resource. It is used to create
a new resource on the server.
 PUT: Updates an existing resource on the server. It is used to replace or
update the entire resource with the request payload.
 DELETE: Deletes a resource on the server. It is used to remove a resource from
the server.
 PATCH: Performs a partial update to a resource. It is used to apply partial
modifications to a resource.
 OPTIONS: Retrieves information about the communication options available
for the target resource. It is used to retrieve metadata about the resource's
supported HTTP methods and other capabilities.
 HEAD: Retrieves metadata about the resource without the response body. It is
similar to GET but returns only the headers without the response body.
By using these HTTP methods appropriately, developers can design RESTful APIs
that adhere to the principles of statelessness, uniform interface, and resource-based

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 architecture, enabling clients to interact with the server in a standardized and
predictable manner.
6. Describe the purpose of the del keyword in Python.
In Python, the del keyword is used to delete objects. It can be used to delete
variables, items within lists or dictionaries, and slices of lists. The primary purpose of
del is to free up memory or remove references to objects that are no longer needed.
Here are a few examples of how del can be used:
pythonCopy code
x=5
del x # Deletes the variable x

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
del my_list[2] # Deletes the item at index 2 (the third item)

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

del my_dict['b'] # Deletes the key-value pair with key 'b'
7. How do you open a file in Python using the open() function?
In Python, you can open a file using the open() function, which returns a file object
representing the file you want to work with. The basic syntax for opening a file is:
pythonCopy code
file_object = open ( 'filename' , 'mode' )
Here, 'filename' is the name of the file you want to open, and 'mode' specifies the
mode in which the file is opened (e.g., read mode, write mode, append mode, etc.).
For example, to open a file named "example.txt" in read mode:
pythonCopy code
file_object = open ( 'example.txt' , 'r' )
8. What is the role of views in Django and how are they mapped to URLs?
In Django, views are Python functions or classes that handle incoming requests and
return HTTP responses. They encapsulate the logic for processing requests and
generating responses. Views typically fetch data from the database, perform any
necessary processing, and then render a response, usually in the form of an HTML
page or JSON data.
Views in Django are mapped to URLs using the URLconf (URL configuration). The
URLconf is a mapping between URL patterns (expressed as regular expressions or
simple strings) and view functions or classes. When a request is made to a Django
application, Django's URL dispatcher examines the URL of the request and routes it
to the corresponding view based on the URLconf.
URL patterns are defined in the urls.py file of each Django app, where you specify a
URL pattern along with the corresponding view function or class that should be
invoked when that URL is accessed.
9. What is the primary purpose of resource representations in RESTful APIs?
In RESTful APIs, resource representations serve as the means for clients to interact
with resources. A resource representation is a representation of a resource's state at
a particular point in time, typically in a structured format such as JSON or XML.

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 The primary purpose of resource representations is to provide clients with a
standardized way to access and manipulate resources. They encapsulate the data
associated with a resource and include any metadata or hypermedia controls that
govern how the resource can be accessed or modified.
Resource representations enable clients to perform operations such as retrieving
resource data, creating new resources, updating existing resources, and deleting
resources, all while adhering to the principles of REST (Representational State
Transfer).
10. What do HTTP status codes indicate in RESTful API responses?
HTTP status codes are standardized codes that are used to indicate the outcome of
an HTTP request in a RESTful API response. They provide information about the
success or failure of the request and any actions that may need to be taken by the
client.
Some common HTTP status codes and their meanings include:
 2xx (Success): Indicates that the request was successful.
 3xx (Redirection): Indicates that further action needs to be taken to
complete the request.
 4xx (Client Error): Indicates that there was an error with the client's request.
 5xx (Server Error): Indicates that there was an error on the server's end while
processing the request.
For example, a 200 OK status code indicates that the request was successful, while a
404 Not Found status code indicates that the requested resource was not found on
the server. By examining the status code in the API response, clients can determine
the outcome of their requests and take appropriate action.
11. How can you check if a value exists in a set in Python?

In Python, you can check if a value exists in a set using the in keyword. Here's how:

pythonCopy code
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Check if a value exists in the set

if 3 in my_set:
print("Value exists in the set")
else:
print("Value does not exist in the set")

This will print "Value exists in the set" because the value 3 is present in the set my_set.

12. What is the purpose of abstraction in object-oriented programming?

Abstraction is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that
involves hiding the complex implementation details of a system and exposing only
the necessary functionality to the users. The purpose of abstraction is to simplify the
complexity of a system and make it easier to understand and use.

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 In OOP, abstraction is achieved using classes and objects. Classes define the abstract
data type, while objects are instances of those classes. By defining classes with well-
defined interfaces (methods), developers can hide the internal details of how those
methods are implemented. This allows users of the class to interact with objects
using a high-level interface without needing to understand the underlying
implementation.
Abstraction helps in managing complexity, improving code reusability, and
enhancing maintainability by encapsulating the implementation details and
providing a clear separation of concerns.
13. What is the purpose of Python libraries like pymysql and pymongo?
Python libraries like pymysql and pymongo provide convenient interfaces for working
with specific databases from Python code.
 pymysql: This library is a pure Python MySQL client library that enables
Python programs to access MySQL databases using the Python Database API
(PEP 249). It allows you to perform database operations such as connecting to
a MySQL database, executing SQL queries, fetching results, and managing
transactions.
 pymongo: This library is the official Python client for MongoDB, a popular
NoSQL database. pymongo allows Python programs to interact with MongoDB
databases, collections, and documents. It provides a high-level API for
performing CRUD operations, indexing, aggregation, and other MongoDB-
specific features.
These libraries simplify database interaction by providing a Pythonic interface for
working with databases, allowing developers to focus on application logic rather
than low-level database operations.
14. How do URLs contribute to RESTful API design?
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) play a crucial role in RESTful API design as they
identify resources and define the endpoints through which clients can interact with
those resources. Well-designed URLs provide a clear and predictable structure for
accessing and manipulating resources in the API.
In RESTful API design, URLs are used to:
 Identify resources: Each URL represents a specific resource or a collection of
resources within the API.
 Define endpoints: URLs define the endpoints through which clients can
perform CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) on resources.
 Express resource hierarchy: URLs can be structured hierarchically to represent
the relationships between resources, allowing for intuitive navigation and
manipulation of related data.
Additionally, RESTful APIs often use HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) in
conjunction with URLs to define the actions that can be performed on resources,
further contributing to the clarity and consistency of the API design.
15. What function is used to convert a string to lowercase in Python?

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 In Python, you can convert a string to lowercase using the lower() method. Here's
how:
pythonCopy code
my_string = "Hello World"
lowercase_string = my_string.lower()
print(lowercase_string) # Output: "hello world"
The lower() method returns a new string with all alphabetic characters converted to
lowercase, while leaving non-alphabetic characters unchanged. This method is
useful for case-insensitive comparisons and normalization of string data.
16. How is the super() function utilized in Python?

In Python, the super() function is used to call methods of a superclass (parent class) from a
subclass (child class). It provides a way for a subclass to invoke methods defined in its
superclass, allowing for method overriding and cooperative multiple inheritance.

The basic syntax for using super() inside a subclass method is:

pythonCopy code

class Subclass(Superclass):

def some_method(self, args):

super().some_method(args) # Call superclass method

# Additional subclass logic

By calling super() within a subclass method, you can access and invoke methods defined
in the superclass, allowing for code reuse and maintaining the hierarchical structure of
classes.

17. What data structures in Python are similar to lists but are immutable?

In Python, the tuple data structure is similar to lists but is immutable. Tuples are ordered
collections of elements enclosed within parentheses ( ). Once created, the elements of a
tuple cannot be modified, added, or removed. However, you can access individual
elements of a tuple using indexing or slicing, just like with lists.

Example of a tuple:

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my_tuple = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 )

Attempting to modify a tuple will result in a TypeError.

18. What is the term for the process of bundling data and methods together
within a class?

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The term for the process of bundling data and methods together within a class is called
encapsulation. Encapsulation is one of the fundamental principles of object-oriented
programming (OOP) and refers to the practice of combining data (attributes or properties)
and methods (functions or procedures) that operate on that data within a single unit, i.e., a
class.

Encapsulation provides several benefits, including data abstraction, information hiding,

and modularity, which help in organizing and managing complex systems by hiding the
internal implementation details and exposing only the necessary interfaces to interact with
objects.

19. Which method is used to insert a document into a MongoDB collection using
PyMongo?
In PyMongo, the insert_one() method is used to insert a single document into a
MongoDB collection. This method takes a dictionary representing the document to
be inserted as an argument and inserts it into the specified collection.
Example of inserting a document using insert_one():
pythonCopy code
from pymongo import MongoClient

# Connect to MongoDB server

client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')

# Access database and collection

db = client['mydatabase']
collection = db['mycollection']

# Insert a document into the collection

document = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
result = collection.insert_one(document)

print("Inserted document ID:", result.inserted_id)

The insert_one() method returns an InsertOneResult object containing information

about the inserted document, including its unique identifier ( _id).
20. For what purpose does the Django admin console provide a user interface?
The Django admin console provides a user-friendly interface for managing the data
models (database tables) of a Django project. It is an automatic admin interface that
is generated based on the models defined in Django applications.
The purpose of the Django admin console is to allow administrators and authorized
users to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on the database
records without writing custom views or forms. It provides a pre-built administrative
interface for interacting with the data, including features such as:
 Viewing, adding, editing, and deleting database records.
 Customizable dashboard and navigation.
 Filter, search, and sort functionality for data.
 Automatic form generation based on model definitions.
 Role-based access control and permissions management.

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  Integration with Django's authentication system for user authentication and
authorization.
Overall, the Django admin console simplifies the administrative tasks associated
with managing database content in a Django project, making it easier for
developers and administrators to interact with the data.
21. Which Python library is commonly used for consuming RESTful APIs?

One commonly used Python library for consuming RESTful APIs is requests. The requests
library provides a simple and intuitive API for making HTTP requests and interacting with
RESTful APIs. It supports various HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc., and
provides features like handling request and response headers, session management, and
authentication.

Example of using requests to make a GET request to a RESTful API:

pythonCopy code
import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
print(data)

22. Which keyword is used to exit a loop prematurely in Python?

In Python, the break keyword is used to exit a loop prematurely. When break is
encountered within a loop (such as for or while), it immediately terminates the loop
and resumes execution at the next statement after the loop.
Example:
pythonCopy code
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
In this example, the loop will iterate from 0 to 4, and when i becomes 5, the break
statement is encountered, causing the loop to terminate prematurely.
23. In MySQL database connectivity with Python, which method is used to execute
SQL queries?
In MySQL database connectivity with Python, the execute() method is used to
execute SQL queries. This method is typically invoked on a cursor object obtained
from the connection to the MySQL database.
Example:
pythonCopy code
import mysql.connector

# Establish connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
host="localhost",
user="username",
password="password",

ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ
 database="database_name"
)

# Create cursor object

cursor = connection.cursor()

# Execute SQL query

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM table_name")

# Fetch results
results = cursor.fetchall()

# Process results
for row in results:
print(row)

# Close cursor and connection

cursor.close()
connection.close()

24. What administrative tasks can be performed using the Django admin console?
The Django admin console provides a user-friendly interface for performing various
administrative tasks in a Django project. Some of the common administrative tasks
that can be performed using the Django admin console include:
 Managing database records: CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
on database records/models.
 User authentication and authorization: Managing users, groups, and
permissions.
 Content management: Managing content such as articles, posts, pages, etc.
 Site configuration: Configuring site settings, including site name, domain, and
other site-specific settings.
 Application management: Managing installed Django applications, including
enabling/disabling application-specific features.
 Logging and monitoring: Viewing logs, monitoring system status, and
debugging.
 Customization: Customizing the admin interface, adding custom actions, and
extending functionality using custom admin views and templates.
25. Explain the difference between a set and a dictionary in Python.
In Python, both sets and dictionaries are data structures used for storing collections
of items, but they have some key differences:
 Set: A set is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is defined by
enclosing comma-separated values within curly braces {}. Sets are mutable
but cannot contain duplicate elements. Sets are primarily used for testing
membership and performing set operations such as union, intersection, and
difference.
Example: my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 Dictionary: A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It is
defined by enclosing comma-separated key-value pairs within curly braces {}.
Dictionaries are mutable and can contain any hashable types as keys and

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 arbitrary objects as values. Dictionaries are primarily used for mapping keys to
values and are useful for organizing and accessing data in an associative
manner.
Example: my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
In summary, the main differences between sets and dictionaries are their data
structure and usage. Sets are used for storing unique elements and performing set
operations, while dictionaries are used for mapping keys to values and organizing
data in an associative manner.
26. How do you handle a ZeroDivisionError exception in Python?

To handle a ZeroDivisionError exception in Python, you can use a try-except block. This
allows you to catch the exception and handle it gracefully, preventing your program from
crashing. Here's an example:

pythonCopy code
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero!")

In this example, if the division operation 10 / 0 raises a ZeroDivisionError , the program will
execute the code within the except block and print an error message.

27. Explain the structure of a typical Django app.

A typical Django app follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern,

where:

 Model: Defines the data structure and interactions with the database. Models are
typically represented as Python classes that subclass django.db.models.Model .
 View: Handles the logic for processing incoming requests and returning appropriate
responses. Views are typically Python functions or classes that receive HTTP requests
and generate HTTP responses.
 Template: Contains HTML files with placeholders (template tags) for dynamically
rendering data. Templates are used by views to generate HTML responses.

Additionally, a Django app usually consists of the following directories and files:

 models.py: Contains model definitions.

 views.py: Contains view functions or classes.
 urls.py: Defines URL patterns and maps them to view functions or classes.
 templates/ : Directory for storing HTML templates.
 static/: Directory for storing static files such as CSS, JavaScript, and images.
28. What is Routing in Flask?

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Routing in Flask refers to the process of mapping URL paths to view functions or handlers.
It defines how incoming HTTP requests are dispatched to the appropriate view function
based on the requested URL. In Flask, routing is typically defined using the @app.route()
decorator, which associates a URL pattern with a view function.

Example of routing in Flask:

pythonCopy code
from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'Hello, World!'

@app.route('/about')
def about():
return 'About Us'

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

In this example, the / URL pattern is mapped to the index() function, and the /about URL
pattern is mapped to the about() function.

29. What is the primary purpose of resource representations in RESTful APIs?

The primary purpose of resource representations in RESTful APIs is to encapsulate the

state of resources and provide a standardized format for exchanging data between clients
and servers. Resource representations typically use formats such as JSON or XML to
represent resource data and metadata.

Resource representations serve several purposes, including:

 Data exchange: Resource representations allow clients to retrieve, create, update,

and delete resources by exchanging data with the server.
 State transfer: Resource representations transfer the current state of resources
between client and server, enabling stateless communication.
 Decoupling: Resource representations decouple clients from the internal data
structures of servers, allowing for flexible and evolvable APIs.
 Hypermedia controls: Resource representations may include hypermedia controls
(e.g., links, forms) that provide clients with navigational cues and affordances for
interacting with resources.
30. What is the purpose of the in keyword in Python? Provide an example.

In Python, the in keyword is used to test for membership in sequences, such as strings,
lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries. It returns True if the specified element is present in the
sequence, and False otherwise.

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Example:

pythonCopy code
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Check if an element exists in the list

if 3 in my_list:
print("3 is present in the list")
else:
print("3 is not present in the list")

In this example, the in keyword is used to check if the element 3 exists in the list my_list.
Since 3 is present in the list, the output will be "3 is present in the list".
31. Describe how you would handle a FileNotFoundError in Python.

To handle a FileNotFoundError in Python, you can use a try-except block. This allows you to
catch the exception and handle it gracefully, such as displaying an error message or taking
alternative actions. Here's an example:

pythonCopy code
try:
with open('nonexistent_file.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found or cannot be opened.")

In this example, if the file "nonexistent_file.txt" does not exist or cannot be opened, a
FileNotFoundError will be raised and caught by the except block, which prints an error
message.

32. Explain the structure of a typical Django app.

In Django, a typical app follows the Model-View-Template (MVT) architectural pattern,

where:

 Model: Defines the data structure and interacts with the database. Models are
typically represented as Python classes that subclass django.db.models.Model .
 View: Handles the business logic and request processing. Views receive HTTP
requests, perform necessary operations (e.g., fetching data from the database), and
return HTTP responses.
 Template: Contains HTML files with placeholders (template tags) for dynamically
rendering data. Templates are used by views to generate HTML responses.

Additionally, a Django app typically consists of the following directories and files:

 models.py: Contains model definitions.

 views.py: Contains view functions or classes.

ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ
  urls.py: Defines URL patterns and maps them to view functions or classes.
 templates/ : Directory for storing HTML templates.
 static/: Directory for storing static files such as CSS, JavaScript, and images.
33. Explain the role of HTTP methods GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE in RESTful APIs.

In RESTful APIs, HTTP methods play specific roles in performing CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, Delete) operations on resources:

 GET: Retrieves data from the server. It is used to retrieve representations of

resources.
 POST: Submits data to the server to create a new resource. It is used to create new
resources on the server.
 PUT: Updates an existing resource on the server. It is used to replace or update the
entire resource with the request payload.
 DELETE: Deletes a resource on the server. It is used to remove a resource from the
server.

These HTTP methods provide a standardized way for clients to interact with resources in a
RESTful manner.

34. How do you establish a connection to a MySQL database in Python using the
pymysql library?

To establish a connection to a MySQL database in Python using the pymysql library, you
can use the connect() function provided by pymysql. Here's an example:

pythonCopy code
import pymysql

# Establish connection to MySQL database

connection = pymysql.connect(host='localhost',
user='username',
password='password',
database='database_name',
cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)

This code connects to a MySQL database running on localhost with the specified
username, password, and database name.

35. Explain the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy of a list in
Python.

In Python, a shallow copy and a deep copy are different ways of copying a list:

 Shallow copy: A shallow copy creates a new list object, but the elements
themselves are not duplicated. Instead, the new list contains references to the
original elements. If the original list contains mutable objects (e.g., lists or

ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ
 dictionaries), changes made to those objects will be reflected in both the original
and shallow-copied lists.
 Deep copy: A deep copy creates a completely new list object with copies of the
original elements. It recursively copies all nested objects within the list, so changes
made to the copied objects do not affect the original objects, and vice versa.

Example demonstrating the difference:

pythonCopy code
import copy

original_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

shallow_copy = copy.copy(original_list)
deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(original_list)

original_list[0][0] = 100

print(original_list) # Output: [[100, 2], [3, 4]]

print(shallow_copy) # Output: [[100, 2], [3, 4]]
print(deep_copy) # Output: [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

In this example, modifying the nested list in the original_list affects the shallow_copy but
not the deep_copy.
:

36. How do you implement method overriding in Python?

Method overriding in Python allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a

method that is already defined in its superclass. To implement method overriding, you
define a method with the same name and signature in the subclass, effectively replacing
the implementation inherited from the superclass.

Here's an example demonstrating method overriding:

pythonCopy code
class Parent:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Parent")

class Child(Parent):
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Child")

# Creating instances
parent = Parent()
child = Child()

# Method calls
parent.greet() # Output: Hello from Parent
child.greet() # Output: Hello from Child

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In this example, the Child class overrides the greet() method inherited from the Parent
class with its own implementation.

37. How do you define and register models in a Django project?

In Django, models are defined as Python classes that subclass django.db.models.Model . To

define and register models in a Django project, follow these steps:

1. Create a new Python file in your app directory (e.g., models.py).

2. Define your models as Python classes within this file, specifying fields and optional
metadata.
3. Import the models in the admin.py file of your app and register them using
admin.site.register() .

Example:

pythonCopy code
# models.py
from django.db import models

class MyModel(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
age = models.IntegerField()

# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import MyModel

admin.site.register(MyModel)

38. What are the basic CRUD operations, and how are they performed in PyMongo
for MongoDB?

CRUD operations stand for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. In PyMongo for MongoDB:

 Create: To create a new document, you use the insert_one() method to insert a
single document or insert_many() to insert multiple documents into a collection.
 Read: To read/query documents, you use the find() method to retrieve documents
based on specified criteria. You can also use methods like find_one() to retrieve a
single document.
 Update: To update existing documents, you use the update_one() method to update
a single document or update_many() to update multiple documents.
 Delete: To delete documents, you use the delete_one() method to delete a single
document or delete_many() to delete multiple documents from a collection.

Example:

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from pymongo import MongoClient

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# Connect to MongoDB
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')

# Access database and collection

db = client['mydatabase']
collection = db['mycollection']

# Create
result = collection.insert_one({"name": "John", "age": 30})

# Read
document = collection.find_one({"name": "John"})

# Update
result = collection.update_one({"name": "John"}, {"$set": {"age": 35}})

# Delete
result = collection.delete_one({"name": "John"})

39. Describe how you would handle a FileNotFoundError in Python.

Handling a FileNotFoundError in Python involves using a try-except block to catch the

exception. Within the try block, you attempt to perform file-related operations that may
raise a FileNotFoundError . If the exception occurs, the code within the except block is
executed to handle the error gracefully. Here's an example:

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try:
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found or cannot be opened.")

In this example, if the file "file.txt" does not exist or cannot be opened, a FileNotFoundError
will be raised, and the error message "File not found or cannot be opened." will be
printed.

40. Discuss the role of templates in Django and how they are rendered.

Templates in Django are used to generate dynamic HTML content by combining static
HTML markup with template tags and filters. Templates serve as the presentation layer in
Django's Model-View-Template (MVT) architecture, separating the design and layout from
the business logic and data retrieval.

Templates are rendered by Django's template engine, which replaces template tags and
filters with actual values and logic based on the context provided. This rendering process
happens on the server-side before sending the HTML response to the client.

Example template:

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<!-- my_template.html -->

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<html>
<head>
<title>{{ title }}</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{ greeting }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for item in items %}
<li>{{ item }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</body>
</html>

In this example, {{ title }}, {{ greeting }} , and {% for item in items %} are template tags
that will be replaced with actual values when the template is rendered. The context
containing these values is typically provided by a view function or class.

41. A program that generates a random password of a specified length:

Here's a Python program that generates a random password of a specified length using
the random module and string constants:

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import random
import string

def generate_password(length):
characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation
password = ''.join(random.choice(characters) for _ in range(length))
return password

# Example usage
password_length = 12 # Specify the desired length of the password
generated_password = generate_password(password_length)
print("Generated Password:", generated_password)

This program defines a function generate_password(length) that generates a password of

the specified length by randomly selecting characters from letters, digits, and punctuation
marks.

42. Describe the process of creating a new app within a Django project:

In Django, creating a new app within a project involves the following steps:

1. Navigate to the project directory: Open a terminal or command prompt and

navigate to the directory containing your Django project.

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 2. Run the startapp command: Use the startapp management command to create a
new Django app. Replace myapp with the desired name of your app:
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python manage.py startapp myapp
3. Configure the app: After running the startapp command, Django creates a
directory structure for the new app. You can define models, views, templates, and
other components within this directory.
4. Add the app to INSTALLED_APPS: Open the settings.py file of your project and
add the new app to the INSTALLED_APPS list:
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INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
'myapp',
]
5. Define URL patterns (optional): If your app requires its own URL patterns, you can
define them in the urls.py file within your app directory. Alternatively, you can
include the app's URLs in the project's main urls.py file using the include() function.
6. Define views and templates: Define view functions or classes and create HTML
templates for your app as needed.
7. Run migrations (if applicable): If your app includes models, run the makemigrations
and migrate commands to create and apply database migrations:
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python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

8. Start the development server: Run the Django development server to test your
new app:
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python manage.py runserver

Your new app is now created and integrated into your Django project, ready for further
development.

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