LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Definition:

Let f (t) be a real valued function defined for 0 ≤ t < ∞. Then the Laplace Transform of f (t)
∞
denoted by 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} is defined by 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} =∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 .... (1) provided the integral exists. s is a
parameter real or complex number, is called the transform parameter. Note that the value of the integral
on the right-hand side of (1) depends of s. Thus 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} is a function of s. This function is denoted by
F(s).
∞
Thus 𝑳{𝒇 (𝒕)} = ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇 (𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐅(𝐬)

Note:

1) The symbol L is called Laplace transform operator.

2) If 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = F(s) = 𝑓 ̅ (s) then 𝐿−1 {F(s)} = 𝐿−1 {𝑓 ̅ (s)} and is called the inverse Laplace
transform.

Basic Properties of Laplace Transforms :

1. Linearity Property

For any two function f (t) and g (t) and any two constants 𝒄𝟏 and 𝒄𝟐

𝑳{𝒄𝟏 f (t) ± 𝒄𝟐 g (t) } = 𝒄𝟏 𝑳{ 𝑳{ f (t) } ± 𝒄𝟐 𝑳{ g (t) }

Proof : Using the definition of Laplace transform, we get

∞
𝐿{𝑐1 f (t) + 𝑐2 g (t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 { 𝑐1 𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑐2 𝑔(𝑡)} dt
∞ ∞
= 𝑐1 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt + 𝑐2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑔(𝑡) dt

= 𝑐1 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} + 𝑐2 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)}

Similarly,

𝐿{𝑐1 𝑓(𝑡) - 𝑐2 𝑔(𝑡) } = 𝑐1 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} − 𝑐2 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)}

2. First shifting property

If 𝑳{𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝐅(𝒔) then 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝐅(𝒔 − 𝒂)

∞
Proof : From the definition F(s) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) 𝑑𝑡

∞ ∞
∴ F( 𝑠 − 𝑎 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 f (t) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 { 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 f (t) } 𝑑𝑡

= 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 f (t) }

Laplace transform of some standard functions

1. Transform of a constant function 𝑳(𝒂) where ‘a’ is constant

 ∞
∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑎
𝐿(𝑎) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 a 𝑑𝑡 (∵ 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑎) = a [ − 𝑠 ] = − 𝑠
(0 − 1) = 𝑠
0

𝒂 1
∴ 𝑳(𝒂) = where 𝑠 > 0. In particular, if a =1 then 𝐿(1) = 𝑠
𝒔
2. Transform of 𝒆𝒂𝒕 i.e., find 𝑳{ 𝒆𝒂𝒕 }
∞
∞ 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 1 1
𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑠
| = 0 – (− 𝑠−𝑎
) = 𝑠−𝑎 where 𝑠 > 𝑎
0

𝒂
∴ 𝑳(𝒂) = where 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝒔

3. Transform of 𝒕𝒏 i.e. find 𝑳{ 𝒕𝒏 }

∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 put 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠
𝑥 varies from 0 to ∞

∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝛤(𝑛+1)
Now 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫𝑥=0 𝑒 −𝑥 ( ) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝑛+1 𝑥=0 𝑠𝑛+1

𝒏 𝜞(𝒏+𝟏)
𝑳 {𝒕 } = where n is a constant.
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Note : We know that 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) exists if n is positive real number or n is a negative non integer. Hence
𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) can be evaluated even when n is not necessarily a positive integer .
𝑛!
We know that 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛! if n is a positive integer ∴ 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 if n is a positive integer.

The above result can also be evaluated without involvement of gamma functions
∞
∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫0 II I
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑛 −𝑠 0
| - ∫0 −𝑠
(𝑛𝑡 𝑛−1 ) 𝑑𝑡 (by parts)

𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
=0+
𝑠
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡 ∴ L {𝑡 𝑛 } = L {𝑡 𝑛−1 }
𝑠

𝑛−1 𝑛−2
Similarly 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−1 } = 𝑠
𝐿 {𝑡 𝑛−2 } ; 𝐿 {𝑡 𝑛−2 } = 𝑠
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−3 } etc

Using all these results, we have

𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 2 1 𝑛! 𝑛! 1 𝑛!
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠 .𝑠
. 𝑠 . .. .
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿 {𝑡 0 } = 𝑠𝑛 𝐿{1} = 𝑠𝑛 . 𝑠
= 𝑠𝑛+1

𝒏 𝒏! where n is positive integer

∴ 𝑳 {𝒕 } = 𝒏+𝟏
𝒔

4. Transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒕 i.e find 𝑳{ 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒕} (where ‘a’ is a constant)

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡} = 𝐿 { 2
} = 2 {𝐿 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )}

1 1 1 1
= 2 {𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠+𝑎 } ( ∵ 𝐿 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎 )
 1 𝑠+𝑎+𝑠−𝑎 1 2𝑠 𝑠
= 2 { (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠+𝑎) } = 2 . 𝑠2 −𝑎2 = 𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝒔
∴ 𝑳 { 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒕 } = where 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

5. Transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕 i.e., find 𝑳{ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕} (where ‘a’ is a constant)

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1
𝐿{ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡 } = 𝐿 { 2
} = 2 {𝐿 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )}

1 1 1 1
= {
2 𝑠−𝑎
−
𝑠+𝑎
} ( ∵ 𝐿 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎 )

1 𝑠+𝑎−𝑠+𝑎 1 2𝑎 𝑎
= 2 { (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠+𝑎) } = 2 . 𝑠2 −𝑎2 = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝒂
∴ 𝑳 { 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕 } = where 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

6. Transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕 i.e., find 𝑳{ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕}

∞ ∞ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , using ∫0 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡), we have

∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = [ (−𝑠)2 +𝑎2 (– 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡)]
0

1
=
𝑠2 +𝑎 2
[ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (– 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡)] ∞
0

1 𝑠
=𝑠2 +𝑎2 [ 0 − 𝑒 0 (– 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0)] = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝒔 where 𝑠 > 0
∴ 𝑳 { 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 } = 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔 +𝒂

7. Transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 i.e., find 𝑳{ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 }

∞ ∞ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 {𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , using ∫0 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡), we have
𝑎 +𝑏

∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 {𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} = [ (−𝑠)2 +𝑎2 (– 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡)]
0

1
= − 𝑠2 +𝑎2 [ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡)] ∞
0

1 𝑎
=− [ 0 − 𝑎] =
𝑠2 +𝑎 2 𝑠2 +𝑎 2
𝒂
∴ 𝑳 { 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 } = 𝟐 𝟐 where 𝑠 > 0
𝒔 +𝒂

we have already studied first shifting property

If 𝑳 { 𝒇 (𝒕) } = F(s) then 𝑳 {𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕) } = 𝐅( 𝒔 − 𝒂 )
BY using the above property, we obtain the following results
𝑛! 𝑠−𝑎
8. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 } = 9. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 } =
(𝑠−𝑎)𝑛+1 (𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2

𝑏 𝑠−𝑎
10. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 } = 11. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑡} =
(𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2 (𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝑏2

𝑏
12. 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑏𝑡} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2

For ready reference the results obtained above are tabulated

𝒇(𝒕) 𝑳{ 𝒇(𝒕) } = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝒇(𝒕) 𝑳{ 𝒇(𝒕) } = 𝑭(𝒔)

𝑎 𝑠
1. a s>0 5. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡 s>0
𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑎
2. 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1
s>a 6. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡 s>0
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑠
3. 𝑡𝑛 𝑛!
s>0 7 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 s>0
𝑠𝑛+1 𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑎
4. 𝑡𝑛 𝜞(𝑛+1) 8. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 s>0
𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠𝑛+1

The following illustrations are based on the above table of Laplace transforms
1 1 1
1) 𝐿 (1) = 𝑠 2) 𝐿 (𝑒 3𝑡 ) = 𝑠−3 3) 𝐿 (𝑒 −2𝑡 ) = 𝑠+2

5 3𝑠 6
4) 𝐿 (5𝑒 4𝑡 ) = 𝑠−4 5) 𝐿 (3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑡 ) = 𝑠2 −16 6) 𝐿 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3𝑡 ) = 𝑠2 −9

𝑠 2𝑠 4
7) 𝐿 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ) = 𝑠2 +9 8) 𝐿 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 ) = 𝑠2 +4 9) 𝐿 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 ) = 𝑠2 +16

1 3 1 3⁄
6 6! 𝜞 ⁄2 2
𝜞 2 √𝜋
10) 𝐿 (𝑡 ) = 11) 𝐿 (√𝑡 ) = L ( 𝑡 ) = 2 3 = 3 = 3
𝑠7 𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2 2 𝑠 ⁄2

3 . 2! 6
12) 𝐿 (3𝑡 2 ) = 𝑠3
= 𝑠3

WORKED EXAMPLES :

Example 1 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

i) 𝒕𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓 ii) 𝒆−𝟓𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒕 iii) 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕

𝟏 𝟑
iv) 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕 v) (𝟑𝒕 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟓𝒕 vi) (√𝒕 + )
√𝒕

𝟓 𝟓
vii) 𝒕−𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 viii) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒂𝒕 ix) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝒂𝒕

Solutions:

i) 𝑳{𝒕𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓} = 𝐿{𝑡 3 } + 4𝐿{𝑡 2 } – 3𝐿{𝑡} + 5𝐿{1}

3! 2! 1 1 6 8 3 5
= 𝑠4
+ 4 . 𝑠3 – 3 . 𝑠2 + 5 . 𝑠 = 𝑠4
+ 𝑠3
− 𝑠2
+ 𝑠
ii) 𝑳{𝒆−𝟓𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒕 } = 𝐿{𝑒 −5𝑡 } + 5𝐿{𝑒 −2𝑡 }

1 1 (𝑠+2) + 5(𝑠+5) 6𝑠 +27

= + 5. = =
𝑠+5 𝑠+2 (𝑠+5)(𝑠+2) 𝑠2 + 7𝑠 +10

iii) 𝑳{𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕 + 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕} = 3𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑡} + 4𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡}

𝑠 2 3𝑠 8
= 3. 𝑠2 −16
+4. 𝑠2 +4
= 𝑠2 −16
+ 𝑠2 +4

iv) 𝑳{𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕} = 5𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3𝑡} − 4𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡}

3 2 15 8
= 5. 𝑠2 −9
−4. 𝑠2 +25
= 𝑠2 −9
− 𝑠2 +25

v) 𝑳{(𝟑𝒕 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟓𝒕 } = 𝐿{(3𝑡 + 4)2 } + 𝐿{5𝑡 } = 𝐿{9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 + 16} + 𝐿{5𝑡 }

= 9𝐿{𝑡 2 } + 24𝐿{𝑡} + 16𝐿{1} + 𝐿{𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5𝑡 }

2! 1 1 1
= 9 . 𝑠3 + 24 . 𝑠2 + 16 . 𝑠 + 𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔5

18 24 16 1
= 𝑠3
+ 𝑠2 + 𝑠
+ 𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔5

𝟏 𝟑 3⁄ −3⁄ 1
vi) 𝑳 {(√𝒕 + ) } = 𝐿 {𝑡 2 + 𝑡 2 + 3 (√𝑡 + )}
√𝒕 √𝑡

3⁄ −3⁄ 1
= 𝐿 {𝑡 2} + 𝐿 {𝑡 2} + 3𝐿{√𝑡 } + 3 𝐿 { }
𝑡 √

𝛤(5⁄2) 𝛤(−1⁄2) 𝛤(3⁄2) 𝛤(1⁄2)

= 5 + −1 +3 3 +3 1
𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2
√𝜋 3√𝜋 𝛤( ⁄ ) 1
= 𝛤(1⁄2) = √𝜋 , 𝛤(3⁄2) = 2 , 𝛤(5⁄2) = 4 , 𝛤(−1⁄2) = −1⁄2
2
= −2√𝜋 Substituting these values, we get
𝟏 𝟑 3√𝜋 3√𝜋 3√𝜋 3 3 3
𝑳 {(√𝒕 + ) } = 5 - 2√𝜋√𝑠 + 3 + 1 = √𝜋 [4𝑠2 𝑠 − 2√𝑠 + 2𝑠 𝑠 + ]
√𝒕 4𝑠 ⁄2 2𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2 √ √ √𝑠

𝟓 𝟓 −5⁄ 5⁄ 𝛤(−3⁄2) 𝛤(7⁄2)

vii) 𝑳 {𝒕−𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 } = 𝐿 {𝑡 2} + 𝐿 {𝑡 2} = −3 + 7
𝑠 ⁄2 𝑠 ⁄2
𝛤(−1⁄2) 2 𝛤(1⁄ ) 4√𝜋
= 𝛤(−3⁄2) = 3 = − 3 −1⁄2 = 3
− ⁄2 2
5 3 1 15√𝜋
= 𝛤(7⁄2) = . . √𝜋 =
2 2 2 8
5 5
4√𝜋 15√𝜋 4 3⁄ 15
𝐿 {𝑡 −2 + 𝑡 2 } = −3⁄ + 3 = √𝜋 [ 3 𝑠 2 + 3⁄ ]
3𝑠 2 8𝑠 ⁄2 8𝑠 2

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑡 1
viii) 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒂𝒕} = 𝐿{ } = 2 [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑡)]
2
1 1 𝑠 1 𝑠2 + 4𝑎2 + 𝑠2 𝑠2 + 2𝑎2
= [
2 𝑠
+ 𝑠2 + 4𝑎 2
] = [
2 𝑠(𝑠2 + 4𝑎2 )
] = 𝑠(𝑠2 + 4𝑎 2 )
 1 1
ix) 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝒂𝒕} = 𝐿{ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑎𝑡 } = [3𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) – 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑎𝑡)]
4 4
1 𝑎 3𝑎 6𝑎 3
= 4
[3 . 2
𝑠 +𝑎 2 − 2
𝑠 + 9𝑎 2 ] = (𝑠 + 𝑎 )(𝑠2 + 9𝑎2 )
2 2

Example 2 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

i) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐 𝟒𝒕 ii) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒂𝒕 iii) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕

iv) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 v) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒕

2
𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝑒 −4𝑡 1
i) 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐 𝟒𝒕 } = 𝐿 [( 2
) ] = 4
[𝐿 (𝑒 8𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −8𝑡 ) + 2𝐿(1)]
1 1 1 2
= [
4 𝑠−8
+ 𝑠+8 + 𝑠 ]

2
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1
ii) 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒂𝒕 } = 𝐿 [( 2
) ] = 4
[𝐿 (𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 ) − 2𝐿(1)]
1 1 1 2
= [ + − ]
4 𝑠−2𝑎 𝑠+2𝑎 𝑠

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5𝑡+2𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5𝑡−2𝑡) 1

iii) 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 } = 𝐿 { 2
} = {4 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 7𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡) }
1 7 3
= [
2 𝑠2 + 49
+ 𝑠 2 + 9]

iv) 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 }

1 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = − {𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡} 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = − [𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡]
2 2
1
= − [(𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡)]
2
1
= − 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡]
1
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑡]
2
1
∴ 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 } = [𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑡)]
2

1 4 2 6
= [ + 2 − ]
2 𝑠2 + 16 𝑠 +4 𝑠2 + 36

v) 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒕 }

1 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 =2
{𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡} 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 = − 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡]
1 1 1
= 2 [2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0) + 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)]
1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡]
4
1
∴ 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 } = [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡) + 𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)]
4
1 𝑠 1 𝑠 𝑠
= [ 2
4 𝑠 + 36
+ 𝑠 + 𝑠2 + 16 + 𝑠2 + 4]

Example 3 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

i) 𝒆−𝒕 (𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕) ii) 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟒𝒕 iii)𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕

iv) 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 v)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒕 vi) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕

Solution :
 i) 𝑳{𝒆−𝒕 (𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕)} = 2 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡} − 3𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡} …… (1) using linearity
property
𝑠 𝑠+1
𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡) = ∴ 𝐿{𝑒−𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡} = using first shifting property
𝑠2 +25 (𝑠+1)2 +25
5 5
Similarly 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡) = ∴ 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡} =
𝑠2 +25 (𝑠+1)2 +25
Substituting these values in (1) we have
3 . (𝑠+1) 3. 5 2𝑠+2−15 2𝑠−13
𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡)} = (𝑠+1)2 +25
- (𝑠+1)2 +25 = (𝑠+1)2 +25
= (𝑠+1)2 +25
𝑠−𝑎
ii) 𝑳{𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟒𝒕} = we have . 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 } = (𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2
𝑠+2 𝑠+2
∴ 𝐿{𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑡} = =
(𝑠+2)2 −16 𝑠2 +4𝑠−12

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1 1
iii) 𝑳{𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕} = 𝐿 {𝑒 2𝑡 ( 2
)} = 2 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 } + 2 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡}
1 1 1 𝑠−2 𝑠
= ( )+ [ 2 ] (∵ 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡} = 𝑠2 + 4 )
2 𝑠−2 2 (𝑠 −4𝑠+8)
1 𝑠−2
= +
2(𝑠−2) 2(𝑠2 −4𝑠+8)

1
iv) 𝑳{𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕} = Let f (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = 2
{𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5𝑡 − 3𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5𝑡 + 3𝑡) }
1 1
f (t) = {𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8𝑡 } (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) )
2 2
1 𝑠 𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 1/2 {𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 8𝑡) } = 2 [𝑠2 + 4 − 𝑠2 + 64]
𝑠3 + 64𝑠− 𝑠3 −45 30𝑠
=
2(𝑠2 + 4)(𝑠2 + 64)
= {(𝑠2+ 4)(𝑠2+ 64)}
𝑠→(𝑠−3)
Hence 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡} 30(𝑠−3) 30(𝑠−3)
(using shifting property)
= [(𝑠−3)2 + 4][(𝑠−3)2 + 64]
= (𝑠2 −6𝑠+13)(𝑠2 −6𝑠+73)

1
v) 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒕} = Let f (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡 = 4
(3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑡)
1 2 6 3 𝑠 + 36− 𝑠2 −4
2 48
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡) = 4
[3 . 𝑠2 + 4 − 𝑠2 + 36
] = [
2 (𝑠2 + 4)(𝑠2 + 36)
] = (𝑠2 + 4)(𝑠2 + 36)

𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 1
Now 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡) = 𝐿 [ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡] = 2
[𝐿 (𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡)]

1 48 48
= [
2 {(𝑠−1)2 + 4} {(𝑠−1)2 + 36)}
+ {(𝑠+1)2 + 4} {(𝑠+1)2 + 36)}]

1 1
= 24 [(𝑠2 −2𝑠+5)(𝑠2 −2𝑠+37) + (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+37)
]

𝑎
vi) 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕} = Let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡, we know that 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡
𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} = 𝐿 [ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡] = 2
[𝐿 (𝑒 𝑠→𝑠−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
) + 𝐿 (𝑒 𝑠→𝑠+𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
)]

1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 1 1
= [
2 (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑎
+ (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑎
] = [
2 (𝑠2 +2𝑎 2 −2𝑎𝑠)
− (𝑠2 +2𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑠)]
𝑎 4𝑎𝑠 2𝑎 2 𝑠
= [
2 (𝑠2 +2𝑎2 )2 −4𝑎2 𝑠2 )
] = 𝑠2 +4𝑎4

𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 4
Example 4 : Find 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} if 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟓, 𝒕>4
∞ 4 ∞
Solution : 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫4 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
 4 ∞
4 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 4 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫4 5𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = - t 𝑠 0
| + ∫0 5
.1 𝑑𝑡 + 5 ( 𝑠
)
4

4 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠 1 𝑒 −4𝑠
= [−𝑡 𝑠
− 𝑠 2 ] - 5( 𝑠
) = {(−4 𝑠
− 𝑠2
)− (0 − 𝑠2
)} – {{0} − ( 𝑠
)}
0 4

𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠 1 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠 1 1

= −4 𝑠
− 𝑠2
+ 𝑠2 + 5 𝑠
= 𝑠
− 𝑠2
+ 𝑠2 = 𝑠2
{1 + 𝑒 −4𝑠 (s – 1)}

𝒕
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝒂
Example 5 : Find 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} if 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒂
𝟏 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒕 ≥ 𝒂
∞ 𝑎 𝑡 ∞
Solution : 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1𝑑𝑡
𝑎

4 ∞ 𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 𝑎𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
= {𝑡 | − ∫0 𝑑𝑡 } + ( ) = {− + ( ) } +
𝑎 −𝑠 0 −𝑠 −𝑠 𝑎 𝑎 𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠 0 𝑠

1 𝑎𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎

= 𝑎
{− 𝑠
− 𝑠2
(𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 − 1)} + 𝑠
= − 𝑎𝑠2
(𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 − 1) = 𝑎𝑠2

Example 6 : If 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝐅(𝒔) show that

𝟏 𝟏
i) 𝑳{(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒕) 𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝟐 [𝐅(𝒔 − 𝒂) + 𝐅(𝒔 + 𝒂)] ii) 𝑳{(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒕) 𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝟐 [𝐅(𝒔 − 𝒂) − 𝐅(𝒔 + 𝒂)]

1 1
Solution : We have 𝐿{(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿 {2 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) 𝑓(𝑡)} = 2
[𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} + {𝑒 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)}]

1
= [F(s − a) + F(s + a)] using shifting property.
2

1 1
Also 𝐿{(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿 {2 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) 𝑓(𝑡)} = 2
[𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} − {𝑒 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)}]

1
= [F(𝑠 − 𝑎) − F(𝑠 + 𝑎)] using shifting property.
2

Example 7 : Find i) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒃𝒕 } ii) 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒃𝒕 }

1
i) Since 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎
using example 6
1 1 1 𝑏
𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑏𝑡 } = 2 [(𝑠−𝑏)−𝑎 − (𝑠+𝑏)−𝑎] = (𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝑏2
1
ii) Since 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎
1 1 1 (𝑠−𝑎)
𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑡 } = 2 [(𝑠−𝑏)−𝑎 + (𝑠+𝑏)−𝑎] = (𝑠−𝑎)2 −𝑏2

Properties of Laplace transforms continued

𝟏 𝒔
3. Change of scale property : If 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) then 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒂𝒕)} = 𝒂 F(𝒂)
∞ ∞
Proof : By definition 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt = F(s) ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑎𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (at) dt
1
Put at = u so that dt = 𝑎 du t = 0 ⇒ u = 0, t = ∞ ⇒ u = ∞
𝑠𝑢
1 ∞ − 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑎𝑡) } = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎 f (u) du = F( )
𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑎

4. Second shifting or translation property

𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂) 𝑡 > 𝑎
If 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) and 𝒈(𝒕) = { then prove that 𝑳{ 𝒈 (𝒕)} = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 F(s)
𝟎 𝑡<𝑎
 ∞ 𝑎 ∞
Proof : By definition 𝐿{ 𝑔 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 g (t) dt = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 g (t) dt + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 g (t) dt
𝑎 ∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t – a) dt = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t – a) dt

Put t - a = u so that dt = du t = 0 ⇒ u = -a, t = ∞ ⇒ u = ∞

∞ ∞
𝐿{ 𝑔 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑢+𝑎) f (u) du = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 f (u) du

∞
i.e., 𝐿{ 𝑔 (𝑡) } = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 F(s) i.e., 𝐿{ 𝑔 (𝑡) } = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 F(s)

WORKED EXAMPLES :

Example 1 : Find 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕 }

𝑠
Solution : We have 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡} = 𝑠2 +1

𝑠
1 𝑠 1 5 𝑠
Applying change of scale property, we get 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 } = 5 F(5) = 5 𝑠 2
= 𝑠2 + 25
( ) +1
𝑎

𝑠 𝑠
Alter : We have 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = ∴ 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 } =
𝑠2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 + 52

EXERCISE

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions

I 1) 4𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 6 2) 2 + 3t + 4𝑡 2 3) 𝑡 4 + 2𝑡 2 + 1 4) 4𝑒 3𝑡 + 6𝑡 3

5) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 6) 3𝑡 3 + 4𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 7) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 5𝑡 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡

𝑒 𝑏𝑡 + 1
8) 3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 9) 3𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2𝑒 3𝑡 10) (𝑒 𝑡 + 1)2 11) 𝑏

12) t + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡 13) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑎𝑡 14) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏) 15) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑎𝑡

16) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 17) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 18) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 19) 𝑎𝑡

20) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 2𝑡 21) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 22) 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑡 23) 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 2𝑡

24) 𝑡 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 25) (𝑡 + 2)2 𝑒 2𝑡 26) 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡

II

2𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5 𝑡 0<𝑡<1 −1 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4
1) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 2) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 3) 𝑓(𝑡) = {
1 𝑡>5 0 𝑡>1 1 𝑡>4
0 0<𝑡<1
4) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡 1 < 𝑡 < 2 5) 𝑓(𝑡) = {
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
6) 𝑓(𝑡) = {
(𝑡 − 1)2 𝑡 > 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑡>𝜋 0 0<𝑡<1
0 𝑡>2
0 0<𝑡<2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
7) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 8) 𝑓(𝑡) = {𝑒 0 < 𝑡 < 5 9) 𝑓(𝑡) = {
4 𝑡>2 3 𝑡>5 0 𝑡>𝜋

III 1) Using 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

2𝑎𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑎 2
Show that 𝐿(𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 and 𝐿(𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡) = (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
ANSWERS
16 5 7 8 3 2 24 4 1
I 1) - + 2) + + 3) + +
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠5 𝑠3 𝑠

4 36 2𝑠 12 18 4 6 5𝑠
4) + 5) + 6) + + 2 +
𝑠−3 𝑠3 𝑠2 +4 𝑠2 +16 𝑠4 𝑠+2 𝑠 +9 𝑠2 +9

20 5𝑠 3𝑠 12 3 2
7) 𝑠2 −25
- 𝑠2 +16 8) 𝑠2 −16
+ 𝑠2 +9 9) 𝑠+2
+ 𝑠−3

1 2 1 1 2𝑠−𝑏 1 𝑎
10) 𝑠−2 + 𝑠−1 + 𝑠 11) 𝑏 ( 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) ) 12) 𝑠2 + 𝑠2 − 𝑎2

𝑠2 − 2𝑎2 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑠(𝑠2 + 7𝑎2 )

13) 𝑠(𝑠2 − 4𝑎2 ) 14) 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
15) (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑠2 + 9𝑎2 )

12𝑠 2(𝑠2 − 12) 1 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1

16) (𝑠2 + 12 )(𝑠2 + 52 ) 17) (𝑠2 + 62 )(𝑠2 + 22 ) 18) 4 [𝑠2 + 36 + 𝑠2 +16
+ 𝑠2 + 4 + 𝑠]

1 48 −4
19) 𝑠−log 𝑎 20) (𝑠2 + 4)(𝑠2 + 36) 21) (𝑠2 + 9)(𝑠2 + 1)

𝑠2 +2𝑠+19 48 6
22) (𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+37) 23) (𝑠2 +6𝑠+13)(𝑠2 +6𝑠+45) 24) (𝑠 + 3)2

2 4 4 1 𝑠−1
25) (𝑠−2)3 + (𝑠−2)2 + (𝑠−2) 26) 2(𝑠−1) - 2(𝑠2 −2𝑠+5)

2 9 1 2𝑒 −4𝑠 − 1
II 1) 𝑠2 (1 − 𝑒 −5𝑠 ) - 𝑠 𝑒 −5𝑠 (s > 0) 2) 𝑠2 {1 − 𝑒 −5𝑠 (1 + 𝑠)} 3) 𝑠

1 1− 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 2𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 2𝑒 −𝑠
4) 𝑠2 {𝑒 −𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (2𝑠 + 1)} 5) 𝑠2 +1
+ 𝑠2 +4
6) 𝑠3

4𝑒 −2𝑠 1−𝑒 −5(𝑠−1) 3𝑒 −5𝑠 2(1−𝑒 𝜋𝑠 )

7) 𝑠
8) 𝑠−1
+ 𝑠
9) 𝑠2 + 4

Laplace Transform of Derivatives :

Theorem 1 : If f (t) is a continuous function and 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s)

Then i) 𝑳{ 𝒇 ’ (𝒕)} = s F(s) – f (0) ii) 𝑳{ 𝒇 ” (𝒕)} = 𝒔𝟐 F(s) – s f (0) – f ’ (0)

∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ’ (𝑡)
Proof : i) By definition 𝐿{ 𝑓 ’ (𝑡) } = ∫0 I II
dt
∞
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) |∞
0 - ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
(-s) dt using integration by parts

∞
= [0 - 𝑓 (0)] + s∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) dt = - 𝑓 (0) + s F(s)

i.e., 𝐿{ 𝑓 ’ (𝑡)} = s F(s) – f (0) hence the result.

ii) 𝐿{ 𝑓 ” (𝑡)} = 𝐿[ 𝑓 ’ (𝑡)]’ = 𝑠 𝐿[ 𝑓 ’ (𝑡)] - f ’ (0) = s[s F(s) - f (0)] – f ’ (0) = 𝑠 2 F(s) – s f (0) – f ’ (0)

Extension : Extension of the above result to Laplace transform of the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 order derivative of 𝒇(𝒕)
i.e. , 𝑳{𝒇𝒏 (𝒕) } = 𝒔𝒏 F(s) - 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇 (𝟎) - 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇 ′(𝟎) . . . . 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎) provided 𝒇(𝒕) and all its derivatives
up to order (n -1) are of exponential order and that 𝒇𝒏 (𝒕) is continuous.

Theorem 2 : Multiplication by powers of t

 𝒅
If L{ f (t)} = F(s) Then prove that 𝑳{ 𝒕 𝒇 (𝒕)} = - {𝐅(𝒔)} = - F’(s)
𝒅𝒔

∞
Proof : By definition F(s) = 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt

𝑑 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑑 ∞
∴ F’(s) = ∫ 𝑒 f (t) dt = ∫0 {𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} dt = ∫0 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt
𝑑𝑠 0 𝑑𝑠

∞
= − ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {t f (t)} dt = - 𝐿{ 𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} = - F’(s)

𝒅𝟐
Extension : 𝑳[𝒕𝟐 𝒇 (𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒔𝟐 F(s) = (−𝟏)𝟐 F”(s)

∞
Proof : By theorem 2, we have F’(s) = - ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {t f (t)} dt

𝑑 ∞ ∞ 𝑑 ∞
F”(s) = - 𝑑𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {t f (t)} dt = ∫0 𝑑𝑠
(𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ) {t f (t)} dt = - ∫0 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {t f (t)} dt

∞
= (−1)2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 {𝑡 2 f (t)} dt = (−1)2 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑓 (𝑡)} ∴ 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑓 (𝑡)} = (−1)2 F”(s)

𝒅𝒏
In general 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 𝒇 (𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐅 𝒏(s) = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒅𝒔𝒏 F(s) where n is a positive integer.

WORKED EXAMPLES :

Example 1 : Find the Laplace transform of

i) 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 ii) 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕 iii) 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕 iv) 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 v) 𝒕𝟑 cosh t

vi) 𝒕𝟓 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐𝒕 vii) 𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕 viii) 𝒕𝟑 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 ix) 𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 x) 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕 + t 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕

𝑠
i) 𝑳{ 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 } ∶ 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 4 Therefore by using the theorem 2, we get,
𝑑 𝑠 (𝑠2 + 4) .1− 𝑠 .2𝑠 𝑠2 + 4− 2𝑠2 𝑠2 − 4
𝐿[𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡] = - 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 + 4 ] = -[ (𝑠2 + 4)2
] = -[ (𝑠2 + 4)2
] = (𝑠2 + 4)2

𝑠
ii) 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕 } : We have 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 } = (−1)2 𝑑𝑠2 [ 𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ] = { (
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑎 2
)}

𝑑 (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ) .1− 𝑠 .2𝑠 𝑑 𝑎 2 −𝑠2

= 𝑑𝑠
[ (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )2 ] = [
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )2
]

2
{(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 ) (−2𝑠)}−{(𝑎2 −𝑠2 ) 2(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 ).2𝑠} (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )[−(𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ) 2𝑠−4𝑠 (𝑎 2 −𝑠2 )]
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )4
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )4

(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2)[−2𝑠3 −2𝑠𝑎 2 − 4𝑠𝑎 2 +4𝑠3 ] 2𝑠3 −6𝑠𝑎 2 2𝑠(𝑠2 −3𝑎2 )

= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )4
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )3
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2)3

4
iii) 𝑳{𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕} : we have 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 42
𝑑 4 (𝑠2 + 16) 0− 4 .2𝑠 8𝑠
𝐿[𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡] = - 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 + 16 ] = -[ (𝑠2 + 16)2
] = (𝑠2 + 16)2
𝑎
iv) 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 } : 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
 𝑑2 𝑎 𝑑 𝑑 𝑎
∴ 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 } = (−1)2 𝑑𝑠2 [ 𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ] = { (
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑎 2
)}

𝑑 (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ) 0 − 𝑎 .2𝑠 𝑑 2𝑎𝑠

=
𝑑𝑠
[ (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )2
] = 𝑑𝑠
[− (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )2 ]

2
{(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 ) (−2𝑎)}−{−2𝑎𝑠 . 2(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 ).2𝑠} (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )[(𝑠2 + 𝑎2 ) (−2𝑎)−8𝑎𝑠2 ]
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )4
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )4

−2𝑎𝑠2 −2𝑎3 + 8𝑎𝑠2 6𝑎𝑠2 −2𝑎3 2𝑎(3𝑠2 −𝑎 2 )

= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )3
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )3
= (𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )3

𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 1
v) 𝑳{𝒕𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒕} : 𝐿 {𝑡 3 ( 2
)} = 2 [L(t 3 e t ) + L(t 3 e−t )] …… (1)
1 𝑑3 1 6
Consider (𝑡 3 𝑒 𝑡 ) , we have 𝐿(𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑠−1 ∴ 𝐿(𝑡 3 𝑒 𝑡 ) = (−1)3 𝑑𝑠3 [ 𝑠−1 ] = (𝑠−1)4
𝑑3 1 6
Also 𝐿(𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡 ) = (−1)3 𝑑𝑠3 [ 𝑠+1 ] = (𝑠+1)4
1 6 6 1 1
Substituting these values in (1) 𝐿{𝑡 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑡} = [
2 (𝑠−1)4
+ (𝑠+1)4
] = 3 [(𝑠−1)4 + (𝑠+1)4
]
Another method :
𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 1 𝐿(𝑡 ) 1 3 𝐿(𝑡 3 )
f (t) = 𝑡 3 ( ) = [𝑡 3 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡 ] = 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = [𝑠→𝑠−1 + 𝑠→𝑠+1
]
2 2 2
3! 6 1 6 6 1 1
But 𝐿(𝑡 ) = 4 = 4 ∴ 𝐿{𝑡 3
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑡} = [ + ] =3 [(𝑠−1)4 + (𝑠+1)4 ]
𝑠 𝑠 2 (𝑠−1)4 (𝑠+1)4

vi) 𝑳{𝒕𝟓 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐𝒕}

1 1
f (t) = 𝑡 5 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2𝑡 = 𝑡 5 𝑒 4𝑡 . 2 (𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) = 2 (𝑒 6𝑡 𝑡 5 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 5 )
1
𝐿(𝑡 ) 5 𝐿(𝑡 5 ) 5! 120
𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = [𝑠→𝑠−6
2
+ 𝑠→𝑠−2
] , But 𝐿(𝑡 5 ) = 𝑠6 = 𝑠6
1 120 120 1 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = [ + (𝑠−2)6 ] = 60 [(𝑠−6)6 + (𝑠−2)6 ]
2 (𝑠−6)6

Note : Prefer to work by this method only. Other method is laborious.

vii) 𝑳{𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕}

f (t) = 𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 5𝑡
5 5 5
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 25 ∴ 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡) = (𝑠+2)2 + 25 = 𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29
𝑑 5 {𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29}0−5{2𝑠+4}
Hence 𝐿(𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡) = - 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29 ] = - [ (𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29)2
]
5{2𝑠+4}
= (𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29)2

3! 6 6
viii) 𝑳{𝒕𝟑 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 } : Here f (t) = 𝑡 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 , 𝐿(𝑡 3 ) = = ∴ 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 ] =
𝑠4 𝑠4 (𝑠+3)4

ix) 𝑳{𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕} : Here f (t) = 𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡

 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = ∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = = 2
𝑠2 + 𝑎2 2
(𝑠 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 2 𝑠 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎2

𝑑 𝑎 {𝑠2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎2 }0−𝑎 .{2𝑠−2𝑎}

Hence 𝐿(𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) = - 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎2 ] = - [ (𝑠2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎2 )2
]

2𝑎(𝑠−𝑎)
= (𝑠2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎2 )2

x) 𝑳{𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕 + 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡} ……. (1)
4
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 16 by using shifting property,
4 𝑠
We get 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡) = (𝑠+1)2 + 16 , also 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 4
𝑑 𝑠 {𝑠2 +4}1−𝑠 .2𝑠
∴ 𝐿(𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) = − [
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 +4
] = − [ (𝑠2 +4)2 ]
𝑠2 −4
𝐿(𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) = (𝑠2 +4)2
, substituting these results in (1), we get
4 𝑠2 −4
𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡} = (𝑠+1)2 + 16 + (𝑠2 +4)2

∞ ∞ 𝟑
Example 2 : (i) Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒕𝟑 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (ii) Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎

∞
(iii) Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒕 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solutions :
∞ 1
(i). We have ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 3 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿(𝑡 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) , 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) =
𝑠2 + 1
𝑑3 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝐿(𝑡 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) = (−1)3 [ ] = - 𝑑𝑠 . 𝑑𝑠 {𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 1)}
𝑑𝑠3 𝑠2 +1
2
𝑑 𝑑 −2𝑠 𝑑 (𝑠2 + 1) 2−2𝑠 .2(𝑠2 + 1)2𝑠
= -
𝑑𝑠
. {
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 1)2
} =
𝑑𝑠
{ (𝑠2 + 1)4
}
2
𝑑 2(𝑠2 + 1) [𝑠2 + 1−4𝑠2 ] 𝑑 1−3𝑠2
= - 𝑑𝑠 { (𝑠2 + 1)4
} = 2𝑑𝑠 {(𝑠2 + 1)3 }
3 2
(𝑠2 + 1) (−6𝑠)−(1−3𝑠2 )3(𝑠2 + 1) .2𝑠 24𝑠(𝑠2 −1)
= 2{ (𝑠2 + 1)6
} = (𝑠2 + 1)4

∞ 24𝑠(𝑠2 −1) ∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 3 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑠2 + 1)4
, put s = 1, we get ∫0 𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0

∞
(ii). We first note that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿(𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
1 𝑑 1 (𝑠2 +1)0− 1 .2𝑠 2𝑠
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 1 , we get 𝐿(𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) = - 𝑑𝑠 [ 𝑠2 +1 ] = - [ (𝑠2 + 1)2
] = (𝑠2 + 1)2
∞ −2𝑠 ∞ 6 3
Thus ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑠2 + 1)2
, put s = 3, we get ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 100 = 50

∞ 𝑠
(iii). Note that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿(𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) , 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) =
𝑠2 + 4
𝑑 𝑠 (𝑠2 +4).1− 𝑠 .2𝑠 𝑠2 −4
𝐿(𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) = - 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 + 4] = - [ (𝑠2 + 4)2
] = (𝑠2 + 4)2
 ∞ 𝑠2 −4 ∞ 5
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑠2 + 4)2
, put s = 3 ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 169

Example 3 : By using the Laplace transform of cos at find the Laplace transform of sin at
𝑠
Solution : Let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 then 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑠2 + 𝑎2 , 𝑓 ’(𝑡) = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡

1 1 1 𝑠 𝑎
∴ 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} = − 𝑎 𝐿{𝑓 ′(𝑡)} = − [𝑠 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑓(0)] = − [𝑠 . − 1] = 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2

Example 4 : Obtain the Laplce transform of t sin at by using the rule for the Laplace transform of
the second derivative.

Solution : The rule for the Laplace transform of the second derivative is

𝐿{ 𝑓 ” (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} – 𝑠 𝑓 (0) – 𝑓 ’(0) . . . . . . (1) , take 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡

Then 𝑓 ’(𝑡) = 𝑡 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 . 1 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡

𝑓 ” (𝑡) = 𝑎 {𝑡 (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 } + 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 = − 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡

using these in (1), we get 𝐿{− 𝑎2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠 2 𝐿{𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} – s(0) – 0

− 𝑎2 𝐿{𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} + 2𝑎 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠 2 𝐿{𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡}

2𝑎𝑠
2𝑎 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡} = (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝐿{𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} ∴ 𝐿{𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡} =
(𝑠2 + 𝑎 2 )2

Laplace transform of Integrals

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
Theorem 3 : If 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) Then 𝑳 { } = ∫𝒔 𝐅(𝒔) 𝒅𝒔 (Provided the integral exists)
𝒕

Proof : By definition of Laplace transform, we have

∞
F(s) = 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt , integrating both sides w.r.t.s from s to ∞ , we get
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
∫𝑠 F(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 } 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡) {∫𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠 } dt = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡) [{ −𝑡 𝑠
} ] 𝑑𝑡

∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= ∫0 [𝑓 (𝑡)] 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 because → 0 as s → ∞
𝑡

𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡) ∞
= 𝐿 { 𝑡
} ∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫𝑠 F(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠

𝒕 𝐅(𝐬)
Theorem 4 : If 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) Then 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 ] = 𝒔

𝑡
Proof : Let F (t) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ∴ F’ (𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑡) and F (0) = 0

∞ ∞ F (𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
Now by definition 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt . Hence 𝐿{ 𝐹 (𝑡) } = ∫0 I II
dt
 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
On integrating by parts, we get 𝐿{ 𝐹 (𝑡) } = [F(𝑡) −𝑠 0
] - ∫0 −𝑠
F’ (t) dt

1 ∞ F(s)
= (0 – 0) + 𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt = 𝑠

𝑡 F(s)
Thus 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ] = 𝑠

WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

𝟏− 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒃𝒕

i) 𝒕
ii) 𝒕
iii) 𝒕
iv) 𝒕

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕

iv) 𝒕
v) 𝒕
vi) 𝒕

𝟏− 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
Solutions: i) 𝑳 { 𝒕
} ; Let f (t) = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(1) – 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )

1 1 𝑓(𝑡) ∞
i.e., F (s) = 𝑠 - 𝑠 + 𝑎 , we have 𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫𝑠 F(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠

1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ∞ 1 1
∴𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 ( − ) 𝑑𝑠 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 𝑎)]∞
𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 𝑠+𝑎

𝑠 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑎)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑎) - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑎)
𝑠 𝑠→∞

𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑎) = - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑎) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠
)

1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑠+𝑎
∴𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠
)

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝑎
ii) 𝑳 { 𝒕
} ; Let f (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡) i.e., F (s) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑓(𝑡)
We have 𝐿 [ 𝑡
] =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 ∞ 𝑎 1 𝑠 ∞
∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑠 = a . 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎|
𝑠
−1 𝑠 𝜋 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∞- 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = - 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1
𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕
iii) 𝑳 [ 𝒕
] ; Let f (t) = cos 𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡) – 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡) i.e., F (s) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 - 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠
∴𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +𝑏2
) 𝑑𝑠
1
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑎 2)
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 )]∞
𝑠
∞
1 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 1 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 𝑠2 +𝑎 2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚
2 𝑠→∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ]
𝑠
 𝑎2
1 1+ 2 𝑠2 +𝑎 2
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏𝑠 2 ) −
2 𝑠→∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ]
1+
𝑠2

1 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 1 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 𝑠2 +𝑏2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ] = - 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +𝑏2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝒆−𝒂𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒃𝒕
iv) 𝑳 [ 𝒕
] ; Let f (t) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
1 1
∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) – 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ) = 𝑠+𝑎
- 𝑠 + 𝑏 = F (s)
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ∞ 1 1 𝑠+𝑎 ∞
𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏
) 𝑑𝑠 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 𝑎) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 𝑏)]∞
𝑠 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠+𝑏 )]
𝑠
𝑎
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 1+ 𝑠+𝑎
𝑠
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑏 )- 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠+𝑏 )
𝑠→∞ 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠→∞ 1+
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑏
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠+𝑏 ) = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑠+𝑎 )

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒕 1
v) 𝑳 [ 𝒕
] ; Let f (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡 ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡) i.e., F (s) = 𝑠2 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡 ∞ 1 1 𝑠−1 ∞
𝐿 [ 𝑡 ] = ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 + 1]
𝑠2 − 1 2 𝑠
1
1 1− 1 𝑠−1 1 1 𝑠−1 𝑠+1
𝑠
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ 1 ] - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √
𝑠→∞ 2 1−
𝑠
2 𝑠+1 2 2 𝑠+1 𝑠− 1

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒕 1−cos 2𝑡
vi) 𝑳 [ 𝒕
] ; Let f (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 = ( 2
)
1 1 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 2 [ 𝐿(1) – 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)] = 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠2 + 4 ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1 ∞ 1 𝑠 1 1 ∞
𝐿 [ 𝑡
] = ∫ (𝑠
2 𝑠
− 𝑠2 + 4
) 𝑑𝑠 = 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 4)]
𝑠

1 𝑠 ∞ 1 𝑠 1 𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] - 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 √𝑠2 +4 𝑠 𝑠→∞ 4
𝑠√1+ 2 √𝑠2 +4
𝑠

1 𝑠 1 √𝑠2 +4
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 √𝑠2 +4 2 𝑠

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒕
vii) 𝑳 [ 𝒕
] ; Let f (t) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−4𝑡) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡
f (t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−4𝑡) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡 ∴ 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡) – 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝑡)
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑠2 +16 - 𝑠2 +36 = F (s)
𝑓(𝑡) ∞ 𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 (𝑠2 +16 − ) 𝑑𝑠 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 16) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 36)]∞
𝑠
𝑡 𝑠2 +36 2
∞
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 1 𝑠2 +16 1 𝑠2 +16 𝑠2 +16
𝐿 [ 𝑡
]= 2
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36] = [𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36 −
2 𝑠→∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36]
𝑠
16
1 1+ 2 𝑠2 +16
𝑠
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 36 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36]
2 𝑠→∞ 1+ 2
𝑠

1 𝑠2 +16 1 𝑠2 +16 𝑠2 +36

= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36] = - 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠2 +36 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠2 +16
Example 2 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following
𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕
i) ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ii) ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕
𝒕

𝑠+1 𝑠+1
Solution : i) we have 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)= =
(𝑠+1)2 +1 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2

𝑡 F(𝑠)
Using theorem 4. 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ] =
𝑠

𝑡 1 1 𝑠+1
𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠
𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] = 𝑠
. 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 𝑠2 +𝑏2

ii) We have 𝐿 [ ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √ Refer Example 1 (iii)
𝑡 𝑠2 +𝑎 2

𝑡 F(𝑠) 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 1 𝑠2 +𝑏2

using 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ] = , 𝐿 [∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √
𝑠 𝑡 𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2

EXERCISE

I. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

1) t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 2) 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 3) 𝑡 2 (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 4) 4) t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 3𝑡

5) t 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 6) 𝑡 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 7) 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 8) 𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑡

9) (𝑡 2 − 3t + 2)𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 10) 𝑡 2 𝑒 −4𝑡 11) t(3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) 12) 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡

II. Prove the following

∞ ∞ 4 ∞ 1
1) ∫0 𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 2) ∫0 𝑡 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 125 3) ∫0 𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 8

∞ 3 ∞ −3
4) ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 50 5) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2

III. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡
1) 𝑡
2) 𝑡
3) 𝑡
4) 𝑡

𝑒 2𝑡 − 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑡 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡

4) 𝑡
5) 𝑡
7) 𝑡
8) 𝑡

IV. Find the Laplace transforms of the following

𝑡 𝑡
1) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2) ∫0 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝜋 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡
3) Prove that ∫0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 4 4) Prove that ∫0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = log 3

V. 1) Prove the following

i) 𝐿{ 𝑓 ’(𝑡)} = s F(s) – f (0) ii) 𝐿{ 𝑓 ” (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 F(s) – s f (0) – f ’(0)

 2) If 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = F(s) then prove that

𝑑 𝑑2
i) 𝐿{𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)} = - F(s) ii) 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑓 (𝑡)} = (−1)2 F(s)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠2

𝑓(𝑡) ∞
iii) 𝐿 { } = ∫𝑠 F(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑡 F(s)
iv) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ] = 𝑠

ANSWERS

2(3𝑠2 + 4) 6𝑠(𝑠2 + 16𝑠2 + 96) 2 8 2𝑠(𝑠2 − 12)

I 1) 2) (𝑠2 3) (𝑠+2)3 + −
𝑠2 (𝑠2 + 4)2 + 16)2 (𝑠2 + 4)2 𝑠3 (𝑠2 + 4)3

1 1 𝑠2 − 36 2𝑎(𝑠−𝑎) 6
4) 2 [𝑠2 − (𝑠2 + 36)2
] 5) (𝑠2 − 2𝑎𝑠+2𝑎2 )2 6) (𝑠+2)2

2𝑠3 − 6𝑠 4(3𝑠2 + 4) 6𝑠4 − 18𝑠3 + 126𝑠2 − 162𝑠 + 432

7) (𝑠2 + 1)3 8) (𝑠2 − 4)3
9) (𝑠2 + 9)3

2 8+12𝑠−2𝑠2 2𝑠(𝑠2 − 12)

10) (𝑠+4)3 11) (𝑠2 + 4)2
12) (𝑠2 + 4)3

𝑠2 +𝑏2 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 1 12𝑠
III 1) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠2 − 𝑎2 2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √ 𝑠2
3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠2 −32

𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1 𝑠−1 𝑠+𝑎
5) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 6) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 - 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 8) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑠−2 𝑏 𝑎 2 𝑠+1 𝑎

1 2 6 4 8(𝑠+1)
IV 1) 4𝑠 [𝑠2 + 4 − 𝑠2 + 36
+ 𝑠2 + 16] 2) 𝑠(𝑠2 + 2𝑠+17)

Laplace Transform of Periodic functions :

A function f (t) is said to be a periodic function of period T > 0 if f (t + nT) = f (t) where n = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .
For example, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 are periodic functions of period 2𝜋, because

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 .

𝟏 𝒕
Theorem : If f (t) is a periodic function of period T, then 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝟏− 𝒆−𝒔𝑻 ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕) 𝐝𝐭

∞ ∞
Proof : We have by the definition 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f (t) dt = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 f (u) du

𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 f (u) du + ∫𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 𝑓 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 f (u) du + . . . .

(𝑛+1)𝑇 −𝑠𝑢
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ∫𝑇 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 …….. (1) . Now put u = t + nT ∴ du = dt

If u = nT then t + nT = nT ⇒ t = 0 , u = (n+ 1)T then t + nT = nT + T ⇒ t = T

Further 𝑓 (𝑢) = 𝑓 (𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇 ) = 𝑓 (𝑡) by the periodic property

𝑇
Using these (1) becomes 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∑∞
𝑛=0 ∫𝑡=0 𝑒
−𝑠(𝑡+𝑛𝑇)
𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡) } = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑒
−𝑠𝑛𝑇
∫𝑡=0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ……. (2)
 But ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑒
−𝑠𝑛𝑇 ∑∞ (𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )𝑛
= 𝑛=0 = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 + (𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )2 + . . . .

Putting r = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 the series involved is a geometric series of the form 1 + r + 𝑟 2 + . . . .

1 1
Whose sum to infinity to be where r < 1 , thus ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑒
−𝑠𝑛𝑇
= ……. (3)
1− 𝑟 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇

1 𝑡
Using (3) in (2) we obtain 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 0
dt

Example 1 : f (t) = 𝒕𝟐 , 0 < t < 2 and f (t + 2) = f (t) for t > 2 find L{ f (t)}

Solution : f (t) is a periodic function of period 2. ∴ T = 2

1 𝑡 1 𝑡
We have 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 0
dt i.e., 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 2
1− 𝑒 −2𝑠 0
dt

Applying Bernoulli’s rule of integration by parts

2
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 1− 𝑒 −2𝑠 {[𝑡 2 −𝑠
− (2𝑡) 𝑠2
+ 2 −𝑠3 ] }
0

1 1 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 2
=
1− 𝑒 −2𝑠
{(− 𝑠 4𝑒 −2𝑠 − 4
𝑠2
−2
𝑠3
)− (0 − 0 − 3 )}
𝑠

2 2
= {−2𝑠 2 𝑒 −2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 + 1} = {1 − (2𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 −2𝑠 }
𝑠3 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠 ) 𝑠3 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠 )

𝒂
𝑬, 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝟐
Example 2 : Given 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒂 where f (t + a) = f (t) show that
−𝑬, <𝑡<𝑎
𝟐

L{ f (t)} = 𝑬⁄𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉(𝒂𝒔⁄𝟒)

Solution : The given function is a periodic function of period T = a. We have

1 𝑇 1 𝑎
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 0
𝑓(𝑡) dt

𝑎⁄ 𝑎
1 𝑎⁄ 𝑎 𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= {∫ 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸
1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 0
dt + ∫𝑎⁄ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (−𝐸) dt} =
1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
{[ −𝑠 ] + [
𝑠 𝑎⁄
] }
2 0 2

𝐸 𝑎⁄ 𝐸 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠
−
= 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
{− [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]0 2 + [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]𝑎𝑎⁄ } = 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
{−𝑒 2 + 1 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 − 2 }
2

𝑎𝑠 2
−
𝐸 𝑎𝑠 𝐸(1− 𝑒 2 )
−
= 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) (1 − 2𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) = 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )

𝑎𝑠 2 𝑎𝑠
− −
𝐸(1− 𝑒 2 ) 𝐸(1− 𝑒 2 )
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = −
𝑎𝑠
−
𝑎𝑠 = −
𝑎𝑠
𝑠(1− 𝑒 2 )(1+ 𝑒 2 ) 𝑠(1+ 𝑒 2 )

𝑎𝑠
Multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 𝑒 4 , we get
𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠
−
𝐸(𝑒 4 − 𝑒 4 ) 𝐸 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑠⁄4)
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝑎𝑠
−
𝑎𝑠 = 𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑠⁄4)
= 𝐸⁄𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑠⁄4)
𝑠(𝑒 4 +𝑒 4)
 𝟐𝝅
Example 3 : A periodic function of period is defined by
𝒘

𝝅
𝑬𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒘𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒘
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 where E and w are positive constants. Show that
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒘

𝑬𝒘
𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = (𝒔𝟐 𝝅𝒔
+ 𝒘𝟐 )(𝟏− 𝒆− ⁄𝒘 )

2𝜋
Solution : The given function is periodic with period T =
𝑤

2𝜋
1 𝜋 1
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt = 2𝜋 ∫0𝑤 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt
−𝑆( )
1− 𝑒 𝑤

𝜋 𝜋
1 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡−𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 ⁄𝑤
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝐸𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑒 ]
= 𝑤
− − 𝑠2 + 𝑤 2 0
1− 𝑒 𝑤 1− 𝑒 𝑤

𝑠𝜋 𝑠𝜋
𝐸 𝑤(𝑒 − ⁄𝑤 + 1) 𝐸𝑤(𝑒 − ⁄𝑤 + 1) 𝐸𝑤
= 2𝜋𝑠 . = 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠 = 𝜋𝑠
−
1− 𝑒 𝑤
𝑠2 + 𝑤 2 (1− 𝑒 − ⁄𝑤 )(1+ 𝑒 − ⁄𝑤 )(𝑠2 + 𝑤 2 ) (1− 𝑒 − ⁄𝑤 )(𝑠2 + 𝑤 2 )

Example 4 : Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function

𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤𝒕≤𝒂
𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂 = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒕 , 𝒂 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂 ,
𝟏 𝒂𝒔
i) Sketch the graph of 𝒇(𝒕) as a periodic function ii) Show that 𝑳{ 𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 ( 𝟐 )

Solution : i) Let f (t) = y . Now y = t is a straight line passing through the origin making an angle with the
t-axis. y = 2a – t or y + t = 2a is a straight line passing through the points (2a , o) and (0 , 2a). the
graph is as follows :

This is known as triangular wave function.

1 𝑇
ii) We have T = 2a and 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt

1 2𝑎 1 𝑎 2𝑎
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 1− 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) dt = {∫ 𝑡
1− 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt + ∫𝑎 (2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt }

Applying Bernoulli’s rule to each of the integrals

𝑎 2𝑎
1 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = −2𝑎𝑠 {[ − (1) 2 ] + [(2𝑎 − 𝑡) − (−1) 2 ] }
1− 𝑒 −𝑠 −𝑠 0 𝑠 −𝑠 𝑎
 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
{− 𝑠 (𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 0) − 𝑠2 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 1) − 𝑠 (0 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) + 𝑠2
(𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )}

1
= {− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 }
𝑠2 (1− 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 )

1 (1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= { 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 − 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 } =
𝑠2 (1− 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ) 𝑠2 (1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )

𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠
−
(1− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 ) 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠 (1+ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
2 = 𝑎𝑠
−
𝑎𝑠 ( Multiply both numerator and denominator by𝑒 2 )
𝑠2 (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 )

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑎𝑠⁄2) 1 𝑎𝑠
Thus 𝐿{ 𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝑠2 .2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑎𝑠⁄
= 𝑠2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( 2 )
2)

Example 5 : Find the Laplace transform of the function defined by

𝟏, 𝟎<𝑡<𝑇
𝒇(𝒕) = { and f (t) is periodic with period 2T
−𝟏 , 𝑻 < 𝑡 < 2𝑻

Solution : The graph of the function is shown below :

1 𝑇
We have 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 0
𝑓(𝑡) dt

1 2𝑇 1 𝑇 2𝑇
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
1− 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 0
dt = [∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
1− 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 0
+ ∫0 −𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt]

𝑇 2𝑇
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1− 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 [( −𝑠 ) + ( 𝑠 0
) ]
0

1
= [−(𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 1) + (𝑒 −2𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )]
𝑠(1− 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 )

1
= [1 − 2𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑡 ]
𝑠(1− 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 )

2
(1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ) 1 1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 1 𝑠𝑇 1− 𝑒 −2𝑥
= = . = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( ) (∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = )
𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )(1+ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ) 𝑠 1+ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝑠 2 1+ 𝑒 −2𝑥

EXERCISE

Find the Laplace transforms of the following periodic functions :

3𝑡 , 0<𝑡<2 𝑎, 0≤𝑡≤𝑎
1) 𝑓(𝑡) = { period 4 2) 𝑓(𝑡) = { period 2a
6 , 2< 𝑡<4 −𝑎 , 𝑎 < 𝑡 ≤ 2𝑎

1, 0<𝑡<𝜋 0, 0<𝑡 <𝜋

3) 𝑓(𝑡) = { period 2𝜋 4) 𝑓(𝑡) = { period 2𝜋
−1 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑡 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋

5) Show that the Laplace transform of the periodic function defined by

 𝐾𝑡 −𝐾𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝐾
f (t) = ; 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇 ; f (t + T) = f (t) is +
𝑇 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ) 𝑠2 𝑇

𝜋
0 0<𝑡<𝑤 2𝜋
6) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝜋 2𝜋 and f (𝑡 + 𝑤
)= f (t)
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑤
< 𝑡< 𝑤

ANSWERS

3(1− 𝑒 −2𝑠 − 2𝑠𝑒 −4𝑠 ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑠 1

1) 2) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( 2 ) 3) {2𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 − 1}
𝑠2 (1− 𝑒 −4𝑠 ) 𝑠 𝑠(1− 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 )

1 𝜋 1 𝑤
4) [ 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
1− 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝑠
(𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 − 1) + 2 (𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 − 1)2 ] 6) 𝑠𝑇
𝑠 (𝑤 2 + 𝑠2 )(𝑒 ⁄𝑤 − 1)

Laplace Transform of the Heaviside function (or unit step function)

In many Engineering application, we deal with the important discontinuous function H (t – a) or u (t – a)

defined as follows :

H(𝑡 – 𝑎) 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎

𝑜𝑟 = { where ‘a’ is a non-negative constant.
𝑢(𝑡 – 𝑎) 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑎

This function is known as the Heaviside function or the unit step function named after the British
electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside (1850 – 1925). The graph of the function is shown below :

From the graph of H (t – a), the value of this function suddenly jumps (steps up) from the value zero to
the value 1 as t → a from the left retains the value 1
For all t > a.
This is why H (t – a) is called the unit step function.
In particular when a = 0, we get
H(𝑡 – 𝑎) 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑜𝑟 = {
𝑢(𝑡 – 𝑎) 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑎

Properties associated with the unit step function

𝒆−𝒂𝒔
1) 𝑳[𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 𝒔
∞ 𝑎 ∞
Proof : L[𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) dt = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) dt + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) dt
∞
𝑎 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0 dt + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 dt = 0 + [ −𝑠 ] = 0- 𝑠
= 𝑠
𝑎
 𝒆−𝒂𝒔
∴ L[𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 1
𝒔 Note : If a = 0 then 𝐿[𝑢(𝑡)] =
𝑠

2) 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂) 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 F(s) where 𝑳[𝒇 (𝒕)] = F(s)

This property known as Heaviside shift property (or theorem) is of importance in the applications of
Laplace transforms.
∞
Proof : We have 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞ ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) . 0 dt + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) . 1 dt = 0 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) dt
Put t – a = v ∴ dt = dv if t = a , v = 0 , t = ∞, v = ∞
∞ ∞
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫𝑣=0 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑎+𝑣) 𝑓(𝑣) dv = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫𝑣=0 𝑒 −𝑣𝑠 𝑓(𝑣) dv = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 F(s)

Thus L[𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂) 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 F(s)

The following two results will be useful in working problems connected with unit step function to
find their Laplace transforms.

𝒇 (𝒕), 𝑡≤𝑎
3) If 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝟏 Then 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕) + [𝒇𝟐 (𝒕) - 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕)] 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)
𝒇𝟐 (𝒕), 𝑡>𝑎
Solution : By using the definition of 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎), we have
𝑓 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑎
{𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = { 2 Adding 𝑓1 (𝑡) both sides, this becomes
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑎
𝑓1 (𝑡) + {𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = { 1
𝑓1 (𝑡) + 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 𝑎
={ 2 = 𝑓(𝑡) by using the definition of the given 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + {𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎 )

𝒇𝟏 (𝒕), 𝑡≤𝑎
4) If 𝒇(𝒕) = {𝒇𝟐 (𝒕), 𝒂 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 Then 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕)+[𝒇𝟐 (𝒕) − 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕)]𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂 )+[𝒇𝟑 (𝒕) − 𝒇𝟐 (𝒕)]𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒃)
𝒇𝟑 (𝒕), 𝒕>𝑏
0, 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 0, 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
Solution : RHS = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)] { + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)] {
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎 1, 𝑡 > 𝑏

0, 𝑡≤𝑎 0, 𝑡≤𝑏
= 𝑓1 (𝑡) + { + {
𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑎 𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑏

𝑓 (𝑡), 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 0, 𝑡≤𝑏
={ 1 + {
𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑎 𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑏

𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡≤𝑎 𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡≤𝑎

= {𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑎 , 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 = {𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑎 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑡) = LHS
𝑓3 (𝑡), 𝑡>𝑏 𝑓3 (𝑡), 𝑡>𝑏
WORKING PROCEDURE
Type 1 : To find L[𝐅(𝒕)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂 )] where F(t) is a polynomial in t
Step 1 : Let F(t) = f (t - a) ⇒ F(t + a) = f (t)
Step 2 : Replace t by t + a to obtain f (t)
Step 3 : Find 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = F(s)
Step 4 : 𝐿[𝐹(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎 )] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 F(s) by property (2)

Type 2 : Given f (t) as a discontinuous function to find 𝑳[𝒇 (𝒕)] by expressing f (t) in terms of unit
step function.
Step 1 : Express f (t) in terms of unit step function by directly making use of the result (3) or (4) as the
case may be.
Step 2 :Find 𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] as in Type 1.

WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions
(i) 𝒆𝒕−𝟏 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏) (ii) 𝒕𝟐 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟑) (iii) [𝒆𝒕−𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕 − 𝟏)] 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏)
Solution : (𝐢) 𝑳{ 𝒆𝒕−𝟏 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏)}
The given function is of the form f (t - 1) u (t - 1) where f (t) = 𝑒 𝑡 . Therefore by using the Heaviside
shift property, we
𝑒 −𝑠
𝐿{ 𝑒 𝑡−1 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)} = 𝐿{ 𝑓(𝑡 − 1) 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)} = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡 } = 𝑠−1

(ii) 𝑳{ 𝒕𝟐 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟑)}

First re-write the given function as follows : 𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑡 − 3) = {(𝑡 − 3) + 3}2 𝑢(𝑡 − 3)
= {(𝑡 − 3)2 + 6(𝑡 − 3) + 9}𝑢(𝑡 − 3) = f (t - 3) u (t - 3) where f (t) = 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 9
∴ by using the Heaviside shift property, we get
𝐿{ 𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑡 − 3)} = 𝐿{ 𝑓(𝑡 − 3) 𝑢(𝑡 − 3)} = 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)}
2 6 9
= 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿{𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 9} = 𝑒 −3𝑠 {𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 }

(iii) 𝑳{ [𝒆𝒕−𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕 − 𝟏)] 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟏)}

The given function is of the form f (t - 1) u (t - 1)
1 1
Where f (t) = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ∴ 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿(𝑒 𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) = +
𝑠−1 𝑠2 +1
𝐿{ [𝑒 𝑡−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡 − 1)] 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)} = 𝐿{ 𝑓(𝑡 − 1) 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)} = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)}
1 1
= 𝑒 −𝑠 {𝑠−1 + 𝑠2 +1}

Example 2 : Express the following functions in terms of the unit step function and hence find their
Laplace transforms
𝟐𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
i) 𝒇(𝒕) = { ii) 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟏, 𝒕>𝜋 𝟎, 𝒕>𝜋
Solution : i) By property 3, we have 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + {𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎 )
i.e., 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + {1 − 2𝑡} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) ……… (1)
If 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 we have 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) = 0 so that 𝑓(𝑡) = 2t
If t > 𝜋 we have 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) = 1 so that 𝑓(𝑡) = 1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 2𝐿(𝑡) + 𝐿[{1 − 2𝑡} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋 )]
1
We have 𝐿(𝑡) = 𝑠2 ; F(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) = 1 - 2t
∴ F(𝑡) = 1 – 2 (t + 𝜋) = 1 – 2t - 2𝜋 = (1 – 2𝜋) – 2t
1 1−2𝜋 2
Hence 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 2 . 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠2 )

ii) Here 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ; 𝑓2 (𝑡) = 0

We have 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + {𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)} 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 + [0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡] 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ) − 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)] ……. (1)
Let us find 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)]
Taking F(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ; F(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(𝑡 + 𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + 2𝑡)
2
F(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ∴ L[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠2 + 4
2
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)] = 𝐿[𝐹(𝑡 − 𝜋 ) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)] = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 L[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝑠2 + 4
2 2 2(1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )
Thus (1) becomes 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠2 + 4 - 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝑠2 + 4 = 𝑠2 + 4

Example 3 : Express the following functions in terms of unit step function and hence find their
Laplace transforms
𝟏, 𝟎≤𝑡≤1
i) 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒕, 𝟏<𝑡≤2
𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕>2
Solution : i) Here 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 1, 𝑓2 (𝑡) = t, 𝑓3 (𝑡) = 𝑡 2
 We have 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡)+[𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎 )+[𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏) (property 4)
i.e., 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + [(𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1)] + [𝑡 2 − 𝑡] 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) } = 𝐿(1) + 𝐿[(𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1)] + 𝐿[(𝑡 2 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 2)] ……. (1)
1
Let F(t - 1) = t – 1 ⇒ F(t) = 1 ∴ 𝐿{F(𝑡) } = 𝑠2
G(t - 2) = 𝑡 2 - t ⇒ G(t ) = (𝑡 + 2)2 – (t + 2) = 𝑡 2 + 3t + 2
2 3 2 𝑒 −𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡) } = 𝐿(𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 2) = 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 , 𝐿[(𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1)] = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{𝐹(𝑡) } = 𝑠2
2 3 2
𝐿[𝐺(𝑡 − 2)𝑢(𝑡 − 2)] = 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿{𝐺(𝑡) } = 𝑒 −2𝑠 {𝑠3 + 𝑠2
+ 𝑠
}
1 𝑒 −𝑠 2 3 2
Thus (1) becomes 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) } = + 𝑠 𝑠2
+ 𝑒 −2𝑠 {𝑠3 + 𝑠2
+ 𝑠 }

EXERCISE
I Find the Laplace transforms of the following function by expressing them in terms of the unit
step function
𝑡, 0<𝑡<4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 0, 0<𝑡 ≤1
1) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 2) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 3) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 2
5, 𝑡>4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑡>𝜋 𝑡 , 𝑡>1
𝑡2 , 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 4 1, 0<𝑡<4 𝑒 4𝑠 , 𝑡 < 3
4) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 5) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 6) 𝑓(𝑡) = {
8, 𝑡>4 2𝑡 + 1, 𝑡>4 0, 𝑡 > 3
𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡 , 0<𝑡≤2
𝑒 −𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 3 2
7) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 8) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝜋 9) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡, 2<𝑡≤4
0, 𝑡>3 0, 𝑡>
2 0, 𝑡>4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋 0, 𝑡≤0
10) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 11) 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 12) 𝑓(𝑡) = { E, 0<𝑡≤𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 , 𝑡 > 2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 , 𝑡 > 2𝜋 0, 𝑡>𝑎

ANSWERS
1 −4𝑠 1 𝑠+𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠−1) 2 2 1
I 1) 𝑒 + 2 (1 − 𝑒 −4𝑠 ) 2) 3) 𝑒 −𝑠 ( + + )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠
2 4 1 6 2 3 𝑒 −3𝑠+12
4) 𝑠3 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 ) + 𝑠 (1 − 𝑠 ) 𝑒 −2𝑠 5) 𝑠 + {𝑠2 + 𝑠 } 𝑒 −4𝑠 6) 𝑠−4
𝜋
1 3
7) (𝑠+1) [1 − 𝑒 −3(𝑠+1) ] 8) 𝑠3 +9 [1 + 𝑒 − 2 𝑠) ]
2 2 2 4
9) 𝑠3 - (𝑠3 + 𝑠2 ) 𝑒 −2𝑠 - 𝑠 𝑒 −4𝑠
𝑠 2 1 5𝑠𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠
10) 𝑠2+1 + s 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +4 + 𝑠2 +1) - (𝑠2 +4)(𝑠2 +9)
1 2 1 3 2
11) 𝑠2+1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +4 + 𝑠2 +1) + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +9 − 𝑠2 +4)
E
12) (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
𝑠

Transform of the Impulse function (or the Dirac delta function)

Another important discontinuous function that is often encountered in engineering applications is the unit
impulse function or the Dirac delta function named after the British theoretical Physicist P.A.M Dirac
(1902 – 1984).
Dirac delta function denoted by 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) is defined as 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) and
𝜀→0
1
,𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝜀
𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) = {𝜀 where a is a non-negative constant
0 otherwise
The graph of the function is illustrated in the following fig.

From the graph, we observe that the value of the function 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) suddenly increases
1
from 0 to 𝜀 as t → 𝑎 from the left and suddenly decreases back to 0 for 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝜀.
Thus when 𝜀 is infinitely large value as t → 𝑎 and jumps back to 0 immediately thereafter. For this reason
the function 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) which is the limiting case of 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) as 𝜀 → 𝑎 is called the impulse function.

Some properties of Dirac – delta function

∞
1. For any function f (t) , ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂)𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒂)
 1
,𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝜀
Proof : Using 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) = {𝜀
0 otherwise
∞ ∞1 1
∫0 𝜀𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝜀 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = {∅(𝑎 + 𝜀) − ∅(𝑎)}
𝜀
Where ∅(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 …….. (i)
By the Lagrange’s MVT, we have ∅(𝑎 + 𝑡) − ∅(𝑎) = 𝜀 ∅′(𝑎 + 𝜃𝜀) 0 < 𝜃 < 1
= 𝜀 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝜃𝜀) using (i)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝜃𝜀) …….. (ii)
Taking the limits as 𝜀 → 0 on both sides of (ii) and using the relation
∞
𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝛿𝜀 (𝑡 − 𝑎) we get ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝜀→0
Transform of 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂)
∞
The Laplace transform of 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) is particular case of ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎) ……. (iii)
∞
taking 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 we get , ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 i.e., L{𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
∞
For a = 0 this becomes L{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1 . Taking 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 in (iii) , we get ∫0 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 1.
This shows that the limit of the sum of the values of 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) over the interval (0 , ∞) is equal to unit.
For this reason 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) is called the unit impulse function.

2. The unit step function 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂) (or 𝐇(𝒕 − 𝒂) ) and the unit impulse function 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂) are
related with each other in the form 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂) = 𝒖′(𝒕 − 𝒂)
∞ 𝑐
Proof : For any , we have ∫0 𝑢′(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∫0 𝑢′ (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 c > a ≥ 0
𝑐→∞
𝑐
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 {[𝑓(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)]𝑐0 − ∫0 𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡}
𝑐→∞
𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 {[𝑓(𝑐)𝑢(𝑐 − 𝑎) − 𝑓(0)𝑢(−𝑎)] − [∫0 𝑓 ′(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡]}
𝑐→∞
𝑐
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 {𝑓(𝑐) − ∫𝑎 𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡} on using definition of 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
𝑐→∞
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 {𝑓(𝑐) − 𝑓(𝑐) + 𝑓(𝑎)} = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑐→∞
∞
Thus ∫0 𝑢′(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎)
∞
We have ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑎) ( Property (1) )
Comparing these expressions 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) = 𝑢′(𝑡 − 𝑎)

Note : 𝐿{𝑢′ (𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 In particular 𝐿{𝑢′ (𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1

Example 1 : Obtain the Laplace transform of 𝜹𝒕 by using Laplace transform of 𝒖(𝒕)

1
Solution : We have 𝐿{𝑢(𝑡)} = 𝑠
1
∴ 𝐿{𝑢′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝐿{𝑢(𝑡)} − 𝑢(0) = 𝑠 . 𝑠 - 0 = 1
But 𝑢′ (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡) ∴ 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1

EXERCISE
Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions :
1
1) 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑏) 2) 𝑡 𝑛 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎) 3) 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑎)
𝑡

ANSWERS
𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
1) 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑏 2) 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 3) 𝑎

CONVOUTION
Definition : The convolution of two functions 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) usually denoted by 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) is defined
𝑡
by 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

Property : 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝑓(𝑡) (convolution operation * is commutative)

𝑡
Proof :By definition 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 . . . . . (1)
 Put 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑣 ∴ -du = dv . Also −𝑣 = 𝑢 , If u = 0 , t = v ; u = t , v = 0
0 𝑡
Hence 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫𝑣=𝑡 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑣)𝑔(𝑣)(−𝑑𝑣) = ∫𝑣=0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑣)𝑔(𝑣)(𝑑𝑣)
𝑡
= ∫𝑣=0 𝑔(𝑣)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑣)(𝑑𝑣) = 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝑓(𝑡)
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝑓(𝑡) . This proves that operation is commutative.

Convolution theorem : (Statement only) 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} . 𝑳{𝒈(𝒕)} = 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕)}

Note : 1) In view of the convolution product possesses the commutative property, the convolution
theorem may be stated in the following alternative (explicit) form :
𝑡 𝑡
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} . 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐿 {∫0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢} = 𝐿 {∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢}
2) The proof of the theorem is beyond the scope of the syllabus.

WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the convolution of the functions 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 and 𝒈(𝒕) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
𝑡 𝑡
Solution : We have 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 𝑢 {𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡−𝑢)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡−𝑢)} 𝑢=𝑡 1
=[ ] = {𝑒 𝑡 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)}
12 +(−1)2 𝑢=0 2

Example 2 : Verify the convolution theorem for the functions 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕 and 𝒈(𝒕) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
Solution : Foe the given functions, we have
1 𝑠
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑡} = 2 ; 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡} = 2
𝑠 𝑠 +1
𝑠 1
Therefore 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} . 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑠2 (𝑠2 +1) = 𝑠(𝑠2 +1) . . . . . . (1)
𝑡 𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡−𝑢) −𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡−𝑢) 𝑡
Applying Bernoulli’s rule = [𝑢 −1
− (1) (
1
)]
0
= [−𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 − 𝑢) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡 − 𝑢]𝑡0 = [(0 + 1) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)] = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)
1 𝑠 1
Now 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) } = 𝐿(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) = 𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) = − 2 = 2 . . . . . (2)
𝑠 𝑠 +1 𝑠(𝑠 +1)
From (1) and (2) 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} . 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)} and the convolution theorem is verified.

𝒅
Example 3 : Show that 𝑳 {𝒅𝒕 [𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕)]} = 𝒔𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)}. 𝑳{𝒈(𝒕)}
𝑡
Solution : Let ψ(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑
ψ(0) = 0 , Therefore 𝐿 {𝑑𝑡 [𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)]} = 𝐿{ψ′ (t)} = 𝑠𝐿{ψ(t)} − ψ(0)
= 𝑠𝐿{𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)} − 0 = 𝑠𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} . 𝐿{𝑔(𝑡)} (using convolution theorem)

EXERCISE
II. Find 𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕) in the following cases
1) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 2) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡
−𝑡
3) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 4) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡

II. verify the convolution theorem for the following functions

1) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 2) 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 3) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
−𝑡
4) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 5) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡 6) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡, 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡
7) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 8) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡

III. Prove the following

𝑡 1
1) 𝐿 {∫0 (𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑢𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢} = 𝑠(𝑠2 +1)
𝑡 𝑎𝑠
2) 𝐿 {∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢} = (𝑠2 +𝑎 2 )2
𝑡 1
3) 𝐿 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢} =
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)
THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

We have so for concentrated our attention on the computation of Laplace transforms of given functions
∞
𝑓(𝑡) using the definition 𝑳{𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) = ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 f (t) dt
In the present section, we shall consider the Inverse Problem of finding 𝑓(𝑡) for a given F(𝑠). Unless
otherwise stated we assume that the functions are piece wise continuous in the interval of interest and are
of exponential order.
Definition : If 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = F(s), then 𝑓(𝑡) is called the Inverse Laplace transform of F(𝑠) and we write
symbolically {𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)} , where 𝐿−1 is called the inverse Laplace transformation operator.

For eg : i) 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 ) = 1⁄𝑠 + 2 ⇒ 𝐿−1 [1⁄𝑠 + 2] = 𝑒 −2𝑡

ii) 𝐿(1) = 1⁄𝑠 ⇒ 𝐿−1 [1⁄𝑠] = 1

Note : Is the inverse Laplace transform unique ? For Practical purposes, we assume that it is unique. In
fact, it can be shown that if two continuous functions have the same Laplace transform, then the two
functions are identical. (For details study Lerch’s theorem).

A list of inverse transforms of some elementary functions is given in the following Table.

No. 𝐅(𝒔) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)} No. 𝐅(𝒔) 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)}
1 1 1 11 1 1
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡
𝑏
𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2
1 𝑛 𝑠−𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑡
2 , n = 𝑡 12
𝑠𝑛+1 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝑏 2
0,1,2… 𝑛!
3 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 13 1 1 𝑎𝑡
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡
𝑠−𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝑏 2 𝑏
4 1⁄ 1⁄ . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 14 𝑠⁄ 1⁄ 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎
5 𝑠⁄ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 15 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2⁄ 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2
6 1⁄ 1 16 F(𝑠) 𝑡
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
7 𝑠⁄ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡 17 sF(𝑠) − 𝑓(0) 𝑓′(𝑡)
𝑠 − 𝑎2
8 𝑠+𝑏 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 18 𝑠 2 F(𝑠) − s𝑓(0) − 𝑓′(0) 𝑓"(𝑡)
2
(𝑠 + 𝑏) + 𝑎 2

9 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 19 𝑑 −𝑡𝑓(𝑡)

(𝑠 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑎2 − [F(𝑠)]
𝑑𝑠
10 𝑠−𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2
Like the Laplace transform, the inverse Laplace transform also possesses the Linearity property.
If F1 (𝑠) and F2 (𝑠) are the Laplace transforms of 𝑓1 (𝑡) and 𝑓2 (𝑡) respectively, then
𝐿−1 [𝑐1 F1 (𝑠) + 𝑐2 F2 (𝑠)] = 𝑐1 𝐿−1 [𝑐1 F1 (𝑠)] + 𝑐2 𝐿−1 [F2 (𝑠)] = 𝑐1 𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝑐2 𝑓2 (𝑡)
Where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are any constant.

WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions
𝟏 𝟓𝒔 𝟐𝒔−𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
i) 𝒔𝟑 ii) 𝒔𝟐+𝟗 iii) 𝒔𝟐+𝟖 iv) 𝒔+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔+𝟓 − 𝟑𝒔−𝟐
Solutions :
 1 1 𝑡2 2!
i) 𝐿−1 { 3 } = 𝐿−1 { 2+1 } = (∵ 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) = )
𝑠 𝑠 2! 𝑠3
5𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
ii) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +9} = 5𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +9} = 5𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +32 } = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 (∵ 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡)
2𝑠−1 𝑠 1 1
iii) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +8} = 2𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +8} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +8} = . 𝑐𝑜𝑠√8𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛√8𝑡
√8
1 3 4 1 1 1
iv) 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2 + 2𝑠+5 − 3𝑠−2} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} + 3𝐿−1 {2𝑠+5} − 4𝐿−1 {3𝑠−2}
5 2
1 3 1 4 1 3 4
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} + 2 𝐿−1 { 5 } − 3 𝐿−1 { 2 } = 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑠+ 𝑠−
2 3

EXERCISE
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following
2 1 3 2𝑠−5 4𝑠
1) 𝑠 2) 2𝑠2 +9 3) 𝑠+3 4) 8𝑠2 −50 + 9−𝑠2
1 3+4𝑠 8−6𝑠 1 1 (𝑠+2)3
5) 2𝑠−3 − 9𝑠2 −16 + 16𝑠2 +9 6) 𝑠+1 − 𝑠+3 7) 𝑠6
3(𝑠2 −1)2 2𝑠−9 𝑠 1
8) 9) 10) 2 11) 2
2𝑠5 𝑠2 −9 𝑠 +5 𝑠 −2
3𝑠−8 3 2𝑠 3 1
12) 4𝑠2 +25 13) 𝑠+2 − 𝑠2 +25 + 𝑠2 +9 14) 𝑠2 −49

ANSWERS
5𝑡
3 1 1
1) 2 𝑡
2) 3 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3) 3𝑒 −3𝑡 4) 4 𝑒 − 2 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3𝑡
√ √2
3
1 1 4𝑡 4 4𝑡 2 3𝑡 3 3𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡5
5) 2 𝑒 2𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3 − 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 − 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 6) 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 7) 2
+ 𝑡3 + 2
+ 15
3 3 3𝑡 4 5 3 5𝑡 4 5𝑡
8) − 𝑡 2 + 9) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3𝑡 10) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 48 3 4 2 5 2
3 3𝑡 2 3𝑡 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ √2 𝑡 −2𝑡 1
11) 2 − 2 + 48 12) 13) 2𝑒 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 14) 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 7𝑡
√2

Shifting property for inverse Laplace transforms we have already proved that,
If 𝑳{𝒇 (𝒕)} = F(s) then 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇 (𝒕)} = 𝐅(𝒔 − 𝒂)
From this result it follows that 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔 − 𝒂)} = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)}

Example 1 : Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following :

𝟑𝒔+𝟏 𝒔
i) 𝟒 ii) 𝟓
(𝒔+𝟏) (𝒔+𝟑)
Solutions :
3𝑠+1 3𝑠+1 3𝑠+3−2 3(𝑠+1) 2 3 2
i) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)4} = (𝑠+1)4 = (𝑠+1)4 = (𝑠+1)4 − (𝑠+1)4 = (𝑠+1)3 − (𝑠+1)4
2 2
We know that 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) = and 𝐿−1 ( 3 ) = 𝑡 2
𝑠3 𝑠
2 1 1
∴ by the shifting property 𝐿−1 ( )= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝐿−1 ( ) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2
(𝑠+1)3 (𝑠+1)3 2
3! 1 1
Similarly 𝐿−1 { } =𝑒 𝑡 −𝑡 3
⇒ 𝐿−1
{(𝑠+1)4 } = 6 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 3
(𝑠+1)4
3𝑠+1 1 1 1 1 3𝑡 2 𝑡3
∴ 𝐿−1 ((𝑠+1)4 ) = 3𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)3 } − 2𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)4 } = 3 . 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2 − 2 . 6 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 3 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ( 2
− 3)

𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+3−3 (𝑠+3) 3 1 3
ii) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+3)5} = (𝑠+3)5 = (𝑠+3)5 = (𝑠+3)5 − (𝑠+3)5 = (𝑠+3)4 − (𝑠+3)5
𝑠 1 1 1 3 𝑡3 1
𝐿−1 ((𝑠+3)5 ) = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+3)4 } − 3𝐿−1 {(𝑠+3)5 } = 3! 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 3 − 4! 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 4 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 [ 6 − 8 𝑡 4 ]

Example 2 : Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following :

𝟏 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟓
i) 𝒔(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔+𝟐) ii) (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐(𝒔+𝟐)
Solutions :
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
i) 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑠 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2 (using partial fractions)
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)
1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
 1 1
Put s = 0 ; 1 = 2A ⇒ A = ; Put s = -1 ; 1 = -B ⇒ B = −1 ; Put s = -2 ; 1 = 2C ⇒ C =
2 2
1 1 −1 1 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)} = 2 𝐿 {2} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1} + 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2}
1 1
= 2 − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −2𝑡
4𝑠 + 5 4𝑠 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
ii) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2(𝑠+2)} ; Let (𝑠+1)2 (𝑠+2) = 𝑠+1 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+2 (using partial fractions)
2
4𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1) . . . . . (1)
Put s = -1 ; 1 = B(1) ⇒ B = 1 ; Put s = -2 ; -3 = C(1) ⇒ C = -3
Equating the coefficients of on both sides of (1) , we get 0 = A + C ∴ A = 3
4𝑠 + 5 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2(𝑠+2)} = 3 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1} + 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 } − 3𝐿−1 {𝑠+2}
1
= 3𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 } − 3𝑒 −2𝑡 = 3𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑡 − 3𝑒 −2𝑡
EXERCISE
Obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions
𝑠+2 𝑠 1 𝑠+2
1) (𝑠+1)4 2) (𝑠+4)2 3) (𝑠−4)3 4) 𝑠2 −4𝑠+13
𝑠+1 3𝑠+2 3+4𝑠 2𝑠
5) 𝑠2 +2𝑠−8 6) 2𝑠2 −4𝑠+3 7) 9𝑠2 −16 8) 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5
1 4𝑠+5 1 3𝑠+2
9) 𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 10) (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2) 11) (𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1) 12) 2𝑠2 −𝑠−2
𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑠−2 1 𝑠2
13) 2𝑠2 +6𝑠+13 14) 𝑠(𝑠+3)(𝑠−2) 15) (𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1) 16) (𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1)
2𝑠2 −6𝑠+5 𝑠
17) 𝑠3 −6𝑠2 +11𝑠−6 18) (𝑠−3)(𝑠2 +4)
𝑠2
19) (𝑠2 +1)(𝑠2 +4) (Hint : put 𝑠 2 = 𝑡 for convenience)

ANSWERS
1 −𝑡 2 1 1 4
1) 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 3 2) 𝑒 −4𝑡 − 4𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 3) 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑡 2 4) 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡)
2 6 2 3
−𝑡 𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 1 4𝑡 4𝑡4
5) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3𝑡 6) 2 [3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 5√2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2] 7) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3
+ 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
3
√ √
1 1 1 1 1 𝑡 1
8) 𝑒 −𝑡 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡) 9) − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 10) 𝑒 + 3𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡
6 2 2 6 3 3
1 1 3
11) [𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡] 12) [8𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ] 13) 𝑒 −3𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡)
2 2 2
7 4 2 1 1 𝑡
14) 3
+ 15 𝑒 3𝑡 + 5 𝑒 −2𝑡 15) 2 [𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡] 16) 2
[𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡]
1 3 3 2 1
17) (𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 5𝑒 3𝑡 ) 18) 𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 19) (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
2 13 13 3 3

Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions :

𝒔
i) 𝒔𝟒+𝒔𝟐+𝟏
Solution :
𝑠
i) 𝐿−1 { 4 2 } = 𝑠 4 + 𝑠 2 + 1 = (𝑠 2 + 1)2 − 𝑠 2 = (𝑠 2 + 1 − 𝑠)(𝑠 2 + 1 + 𝑠)
𝑠 +𝑠 +1
Also 2s = (𝑠 2 + 1 + 𝑠) − (𝑠 2 + 1 − 𝑠)
𝑠 1 (𝑠2 +1+𝑠)−(𝑠2 +1−𝑠) 1 1 1
∴ 𝑠4 +𝑠2 +1 = [
2 (𝑠2 +1−𝑠)(𝑠2 +1+𝑠)
] = 2 [𝑠2 +1−𝑠 − 𝑠2 +1+𝑠]
𝑠 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [𝑠4 +𝑠2 +1] = 2 {𝐿−1 [𝑠2 −𝑠+1] − 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 −𝑠+1]}

1 1 1
= 2 {𝐿−1 [ 2 ] − 𝐿−1 [ 2 ]}
1 2 √3 1 2 √3
(𝑠− ) +( ) (𝑠+ ) +( )
2 2 2 2

𝑡 𝑡
1 1 1
= 2 {𝑒 2 𝐿−1 [ 2 ] − 𝑒 −2 𝐿−1 [ 2 ]}
√3 √3
𝑠2 +( ) 𝑠2 +( )
2 2
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 −
1 2 √3 − 2 √3 2 √3 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2
= 2
{𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 −𝑒 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡} = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )𝑡{ 2 }
√3 √3 √3
 𝑠 2 √3 𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 {𝑠4 +𝑠2 +1} = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
√3 2

Evaluation of 𝑳−𝟏 {𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝐅(𝒔)} (Heaviside shift theorem)

We have proved that if 𝐅(𝒔) = 𝑳{𝒇 (𝒕)} then 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)} = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝐅(𝒔)
From this result, it follows that 𝑳−𝟏 {𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝐅(𝒔)} = 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂)

Working procedure : In the given function observe the presence of 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 first and identity the remaining
part of the function to be called as F (𝑠). Taking the inverse of F (𝑠)we obtain 𝑓 (𝑡). The required inverse
of 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 F (𝑠) is obtained by replacing t by (𝑡 − 𝑎) in 𝑓 (𝑡) to be multiplied by the unit step function
𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑎).

WORKED EXAMPLES
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following :
𝒆−𝟑𝒔 𝟑 𝟐𝒆−𝒔 𝟑𝒆−𝟐𝒔
1) (𝒔−𝟒)𝟐 2) 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
− 𝒔
Solution :
𝑒 −3𝑠 1 1
1) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−4)2} ; Taking F (𝑠) = (𝑠−4)2 ; 𝐿−1 {F (𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−4)2 } = 𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 = 𝑓 (𝑡)
Therefore by using the Heaviside shift theorem, we get
𝑒 −3𝑠
𝐿−1 {(𝑠−4)2} = 𝐿−1 {𝑒 −3𝑠 F (𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡 − 3)𝑢(𝑡 − 3) = (𝑡 − 3)𝑒 4(𝑡−3) 𝑢(𝑡 − 3)

3 2𝑒 −𝑠 3𝑒 −2𝑠 3 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠
2) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 + 𝑠2
− 𝑠
} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 } + 2𝐿−1 { 𝑠2 } − 3𝐿−1 { 𝑠
} . . . . . (1)
−1 1 1 𝑡2 1
We have 𝐿 { 2} = 𝑡 , 𝐿−1 { 3 } = , 𝐿−1 { } = 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑠
2(𝑡−1)2
Hence (1) becomes 3𝑡 + 2 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) − 3 .1 . 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) = 3𝑡 + (𝑡 − 1)2 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) − 3𝑢(𝑡 − 2)

EXERCISE
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions :
1+𝑒 −3𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑠 )(2−𝑒 −2𝑠 ) 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝑠𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠
1) 𝑠2
2) 𝑒 3𝑠 𝑠2
3) 𝑠3
4) 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +4
𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝑒 −5𝑠
5) 𝑠2 +1
6) (𝑠−2)2

ANSWERS
1
1) 𝑡 + (𝑡 − 3)𝑢(𝑡 − 3) 2) 2 {(𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + (𝑡 − 5)𝑢(𝑡 − 5)}
(𝑡−1)2 𝑢(𝑡−2) (𝑡−3)2 𝑢(𝑡−3)
3) 𝑡 2 − (𝑡 − 1)2 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) − 2
+ 2
1
4) – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋) 5) – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) 6) 6 (𝑡 − 5)3 𝑒 2(𝑡−5) 𝑢(𝑡 − 5)

𝐅(𝒔)
Evaluation of 𝑳−𝟏 { } ; 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅 𝒏 (𝒔)}
𝒔

1 F(𝑠)
We have proved that i) If 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = F(𝑠) then 𝐿 {∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} = 𝑠 and
ii) 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛 F𝑛 (𝑠)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
From these it follows that 𝑳−𝟏 { 𝒔 𝐅(𝒔)} = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = ∫𝟎 [𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)}]𝒅𝒕
(−𝟏)𝒏 −𝟏 𝒏
And 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅 𝒏 (𝒔)} = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕) = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒕𝒏 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)} or 𝑳−𝟏 {𝐅(𝒔)} = 𝒔
𝑳 {𝐅 (𝒔)}
The above results are used to evaluate inverse Laplace transforms.

Example 1 : Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following

𝒂𝟐
i) 𝒔(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐
Solution :
 𝑎2 1
i) 𝐿−1 {𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)2 } ; We have F(𝑠) = (𝑠+𝑎)2 ∴ 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {F(𝑠)}
1 1 𝑡 F(𝑠) 1
𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+𝑎)2 } = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 } = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1! , we have 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠
] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎2 1 1
Hence 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)2 ] = 𝑎2 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)2 ] = 𝑎2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 𝑎2 [𝑡 −1. ] = [−𝑎𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]𝑡0 = −[(𝑎𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − (1)]
−𝑎 𝑎2 0
𝑎2
∴ 𝐿−1 {𝑠(𝑠+𝑎)2 } = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 (𝑎𝑡 + 1)

Example 2 : Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following

𝒔
i) (𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐)𝟐
Solution :
𝑠 𝑠 1
i) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 2 )2 } ; we know that 𝐿−1 { 2 2 } = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
+𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 1
Therefore 𝐿−1 {− 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )} = 𝑡 . 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
2𝑠 1 𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
or 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 } = 𝑎 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 or 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 } = 2𝑎

Example 3 : Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following

𝒔+𝒂
i) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔+𝒃)
Solution :
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
i) 𝐿−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑏 )] ; Let F(𝑠) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠+𝑏 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 𝑎) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 𝑏)
1 1
So that F ′ (𝑠) = 𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏 . This gives 𝐿−1 {F ′ (𝑠)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
1 1 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 {F(𝑠)} = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 {F ′ (𝑠)} = − 𝑡 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ) ∴ 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡

EXERCISE
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions
1 1 1 1
1) 𝑠(𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) 2) 𝑠2 (𝑠+3) 3) 𝑠3 (𝑠2 +1) 4) 𝑠(𝑠2 +4)
𝑠 𝑠2 −𝑎 2 𝑠2 +𝑎 2 𝑠2
5) (𝑠2 −𝑎2 )2 6) (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 7) (𝑠2 −𝑎2 )2 8) (𝑠2 +4)2
1 1 𝑎2 𝑠
9) (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 10) 𝑠2 (𝑠+1)2 11) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑠2 ) 12) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)
𝑠2 +1 𝑠2 +4 𝑠+𝑎
13) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠2 +4 14) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠(𝑠+4)(𝑠−4) 15) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( 𝑏
)

ANSWERS
1 1 1 𝑡2
1) 𝑎2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡) 2) 3 [𝑡 + 3 (𝑒 −3𝑡 − 1)] 3) 2
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 1
1 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡
4) (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) 5) 2𝑎 6) 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡
4
1 1 1
7) 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡 8) [𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡] 9) [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ]
2 2 2𝑎 3
2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
10) 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 − 2 11) 𝑡
12) 𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 1+2(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 4𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡
13) 𝑡
14) 𝑡
15) 𝑡

Evaluation of Inverse Laplace transform by using the convolution theorem

Working rule :
Step 1 : The given function is expressed as the product of two functions say F(s) and G(s)
Step 2 : Find 𝐿−1 {F(𝑠)} = 𝑓 (𝑡) and 𝐿−1 {G(𝑠)} = 𝑔 (𝑡)
Step 3 : Apply the convolution theorem
𝑡 𝑡
𝐿−1 {F(𝑠) G(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
Step 4 : Evaluate the convolution integral to obtain the required inverse.
Using convolution theorem obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions :
𝟏
i) 𝒔(𝒔+𝟏)𝟑
solution :
1 1 1
i) 𝐿−1 {𝑠(𝑠+1)3 } ; Let F(𝑠) = 𝑠 and G(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)3
1
Then 𝐿−1 {F(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { } = 1 = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑠
1 1 𝑡2
and 𝐿−1 {G(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)3 } = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠3 } = 𝑒 −𝑡 2
= 𝑔(𝑡)
By convolution theorem, we have
1 𝑡
𝐿−1 {𝑠(𝑠+1)3 } = 𝐿−1 {F(𝑠)G(𝑠)} = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 1 1
= ∫0 1. 2 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 [𝑢2 (−𝑒 −𝑢 ) − (2𝑢)(𝑒 −𝑢 ) + 2(−𝑒 −𝑢 )]𝑡0
1
= 2 [(−𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 ) − (−2)]
1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 { } = [−𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 2]
𝑠(𝑠+1)3 2

EXERCISE
By using the convolution theorem, find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions.
1 𝑠2 1 1
1) 𝑠2 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) 2) (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 3) 𝑠2 (𝑠+2) 4) (𝑠2 +1)2
1 1 4𝑠+5 1
5) (𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1) 6) (𝑠2 +4𝑠+13)2 7) (𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2) 8) (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )3
3𝑠+1 1 1 1
9) 10) 11) 12) (𝑠2
(𝑠−2)(𝑠2 +1) 𝑠2 (𝑠2 −𝑎 2 ) 𝑠(𝑠2 +4)2 +4)(𝑠+1)2

ANSWERS
1 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 1
1) 𝑎2 {𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 + 𝑡 + 𝑎 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 1)} 2) 2𝑎
3) 2 (𝑒 −2𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 1)
1 1 𝑒 −2𝑡
4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 5) (𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) 6) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 − 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡)
2 2 54
1 1 1
7) 3 𝑒 𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 3𝑡𝑒 𝑡 8) 8𝑎5 [(3 − 𝑎2 𝑡 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − 3𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡]
1 1 1
9) [7𝑒 2𝑡 − 7𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ] 10) 2 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑡]
5 𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑡
11) (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡) 12) (10𝑒 −𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)
16 50

Application to linear Differential Equations

Laplace transform method of solving ordinary linear differential equations of first and second
orders with constant coefficients
In this section we proceed apply the theory of Laplace transform developed in the preceding
sections to solve ordinary linear differential equations under specified conditions. It is already said in the
introduction that the Laplace transform is a very versatile tool to find solutions to said in the introduction
that the Laplace transform is a very versatile tool to find solutions to initial value problems involving
homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations alike. However if the boundary conditions are given the
problem is called a boundary value problem. Actually Laplace transform method is faster than the method
described in the chapter on Differential equations. The examples given below illustrate the procedure.

The following formulae of the previous sections are useful and is given for ready reference.
𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠F(𝑠) − 𝑓(0), 𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 F(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0), where F(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} as usual.

Working procedure for problems :

Step 1 : The given differential equations is expressed in the notations of
𝑦 ′ (𝑡) , 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) , 𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡) , . . . .
Step 2 : Take Laplace transforms on both sides of the given equation.
Step 3 : Use the expressions for 𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] , 𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] , . . . . substitute the given initial conditions and
simplify to obtain 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] as a function of s.
Step 4 : Find the inverse to obtain 𝑦(𝑡).
WORKED EXAMPLE
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Example 1 : Solve by using Laplace transforms 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 , 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕
Solution : We have 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 4𝑦(𝑡) = 0
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides, we get 𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 4𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(0)
i.e., {𝑠 2 𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 4𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 0
i.e., 𝑠 2 𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑠 .2 − 0 + 4𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 0
2𝑠
(𝑠 2 + 4)𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 2𝑠 = 0 or 𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 2
𝑠 +4
−1 𝑠
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝐿 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
[𝑠2 +22 ]
Thus 𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 2 : Solve 𝒅𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 given 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎 , 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
Solution : We have 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 2𝑦 ′ (𝑡) − 3𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦′(𝑡)] − 3𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
= {𝑠 2 𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑦(0)} − 3𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
i.e., {𝑠 2 𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 𝑠 .0 − 0} + 2{𝑠𝐿𝑦(𝑡) − 0} − 3𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)
1 1
{𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3}𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∴ 𝐿(𝑦(𝑡)) = (𝑠2 +1)(𝑠2 +2𝑠−3)
𝑠 +1
1 1
So 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +1)(𝑠2 +2𝑠−3)] ; 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)]
1 𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
(𝑠2 +1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)
= + + (using partial fractions)
𝑠2 +1 𝑠+3 𝑠−1
1 1 1 1
− 𝑠− −
10 5 40 8
= 𝑠2 +1
+
𝑠+3
+
𝑠−1
(left as an exercise to the reader)
1 1 1 1
− 𝑠− − 1 𝑠+2 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 10
𝑠2 +1
5
+ 40
𝑠+3
+ 8
𝑠−1
] = − 10 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2 +1] − 40 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠+3] + 8 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠−1]
1 𝑠 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − 10 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2 +1] − 5 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠2 +1] − 40 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠+3] + 8 𝐿−1 [ 𝑠−1]
1 1 1 1
i.e., 𝑦(𝑡) = − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 40 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 8 𝑒 𝑡

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations under the given conditions using Laplace transform
method.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1) 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 2) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) =0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 2 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
𝑑2 𝑦
4) 𝑑𝑡 2 + 9𝑦 = 25𝑒 4𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 3 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 7
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5) 2 − 3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6) 𝑑𝑡 2 + 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
𝑑2 𝑦
7) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 9𝑦 = −8𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 10
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 4 𝑑𝑡 + 4𝑦 = 4 + 𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 3 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9) 2 + 4 + 4𝑦 = 4𝑒 −2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10) 𝑑𝑡 2 − 3 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = −1 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
11) 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 3 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
12) 𝑑𝑡 2 + 9𝑦 = 18𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦 ( 2 ) = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
13) 𝑑𝑡 2 + 9𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦 ( 2 ) = −1
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
14) − − 2𝑦 = 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = −1 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
15) + 2 + 5𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦 ( ) = √2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 4

ANSWERS
3 1 1
1) 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) 2) 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2 3) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
1 1
4) 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 5) 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑡 (1 − 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 ) 6) 𝑦 = 2 (𝑡 2 + 2𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡
1
7) 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 − 2𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 8) 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 )𝑒 2𝑡 + 1 + 𝑒 𝑡 9) 𝑦 = 4 (7𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 )
1
10) 𝑦 = 2 (𝑒 2𝑡 + 1) − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 11) 𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
1
12) 𝑦 = 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 13) 𝑦 = 2 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)
2𝑡 −𝑡
14) 𝑦 = 2𝑒 − 4𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 15) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡