[report about: classification of mechatronics devices

Prepared by : Ahmed Ayman Mahmoud

ID:1211083
GROUP: Mechatronics
First: Piezoelectric device
Classification of the device:
Inverse Active Primary Analog
Transducer

The device’s operation:

The piezoelectric effect refers to the coupling between the electrical and
mechanical properties of certain materials. When a potential is applied across a
piezoelectric material, it undergoes a mechanical change due to the nonuniform
charge distribution within its crystal structure.
Mechanism: When exposed to an electric field, the charges within the material
align with the field, causing a change in the shape of the crystal. Conversely, when
mechanical stress is applied to the crystal, it generates a voltage due to the same
polarization mechanism.
This property makes piezoelectric devices suitable for measuring force. Naturally
occurring crystals that exhibit the piezoelectric effect include quartz, Rochelle salt,
lithium sulfate, and tourmaline.

Second: The U-tube manometer:

Classification of the device:
Transducer Passive Primary Analog

The device’s operation:

U-tube manometers consist of glass tubes shaped like the letter "U" that are
partially filled with a liquid (often water, mercury, or another suitable fluid).
- Zero Point: When equal pressures are applied to both sides of the U-tube, the
liquid levels in both arms of the tube will be equal, corresponding to a zero point
on a graduated scale.
Pressure Measurement: When a higher pressure is applied to one side of the U-
tube, the liquid level rises in the lower pressure side.
The difference in height between the two columns of liquid indicates the difference
in pressure between the two sides. This height difference compensates for the
pressure difference, allowing for accurate measurement.

Third: The Capsules

Classification of the device:
Transducer Active Primary Analog
The classification for the LVDT:
Transducer Passive Secondary Analog

The main operation of the device:

Construction: Two diaphragms joined back-to-back, creating a chamber between
them. Pressure Application: Pressure applied to the chamber forces the diaphragms
apart.
Measurement: The expansion (deflection) of the diaphragms is measured,
indicating gauge pressure.
Factors Affecting Deflection: Diameter, material thickness, and elasticity of the
diaphragms.
Materials: Phosphor bronze, stainless steel, iron-nickel alloys.
Pressure Range: Up to 50 psi (350 kPa).
Variations: Capsules can be joined together for increased sensitivity and
mechanical movement or arranged in opposing pairs to measure differential
pressures.
Closed Loop Control System:
Uses a closed loop technique to convert the mechanical movement of the capsule
(due to pressure) into an electrical signal and maintain the system in a balanced
state. Sensors: A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) or other position
sensor detects movement in the capsule. Feedback: The sensor signal is amplified
and drives an electromagnet to counteract the pressure-induced movement.
Output: The current required to drive the electromagnet is proportional to the
applied pressure, providing an output signal.

Fourth: Diaphragms
Classification of the device:
Transducer Passive Primary Analog

A thin, flexible layer (film) stretched over a rigid frame.

Function: Respond to pressure changes by distorting or deflecting.
Types of Pressure Sensing:
Gauge Sensing: One side of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure being
measured, while the other side is open to the atmosphere.
Differential Sensing: Pressure is applied to both sides of the diaphragm, allowing
for measurement of the pressure difference.
Absolute Sensing: One side of the diaphragm is under a partial vacuum, allowing
for measurement of absolute pressure (relative to a perfect vacuum).
Fifth: The Bellows:
The classification
Transducer Active Primary Analog

The main operation:

Similar to Capsules: Bellows are like capsules, but use a corrugated tube instead of
directly joined diaphragms. Pressure Application: When pressure is applied, the
bellows stretch the convolutions of the tube, causing elongation.
Material: They use similar materials as capsules, allowing for a pressure range up
to 800 psi (5 MPa).
Measurement Types: Bellows can measure absolute, gauge, and differential
pressure.
Differential Measurement: Two bellows can be connected in opposition, allowing
for measuring the pressure difference between two points.
Sensitivity: Bellows are particularly sensitive to low-pressure measurements,
making them ideal for ranges of 0.5 to 210 kPa.
Sixth: Bourdon Tube
Classification:
Transducer Active Primary Analog

The main operation:

When pressure is applied to the tube, the outer edge of the cross-section,
which has a larger surface area, experiences a greater total force
compared to the inner portion.
 - This results in an increase in the diameter of the circle as the tube tries
to straighten out.
Movement and Measurement:
The tubes are anchored at one end, and when pressure is applied, the
free end of the tube moves.
- This movement can be mechanically linked to a pointer for visual
pressure indication or connected to a potentiometer to provide a
resistance value that correlates to the pressure as an electrical signal.

Seventh: piezoelectric pressure gauge

The classification:
Inverse Active Primary Analog
Transducer

The main operation:

Piezoelectric effect: The core of the sensor is a piezoelectric crystal. This crystal
generates an electrical voltage when a force or pressure is applied to it.
 Pressure sensing: When pressure is applied to the sensor's diaphragm, it deforms
the crystal, generating a proportional voltage. This voltage is amplified and
measured to determine the pressure.
Compensation for movement:
Seismic weight: A seismic weight is often used on the opposite side of the crystal
to counterbalance the diaphragm's weight. This is crucial to prevent inaccuracies
caused by the sensor's movement or vibration.

Eighth: Vacuum instruments

Classification:
Transducer Passive Primary Analog

The main operation:

Measure pressures less than atmospheric pressure.
Types: Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and bellows: Measure negative pressures
relative to atmospheric pressure.
Silicon absolute pressure gauge: Has a built-in low-pressure reference, measuring
absolute pressures.
Measurement range: Conventional devices: Down to 20 torr (5 kPa).
Specialized devices: Down to approximately 1 torr.
Ionization gauges: From 10 atm down to approximately 10^-12 atm.
Ionization Gauge Principle:
 Gas is ionized with a beam of electrons. Current between two electrodes is
measured, proportional to the number of ions per unit volume.
Current is also proportional to gas pressure.