Database Management System (DBMS):

Database:
Database is a repository for collection of data or facts. It contains a collection of related items
or facts arranged in a specific structure.
Or
A file composed of records, each of which contains fields, together with a set of operations for
searching, sorting, recombining, and other functions.

Advantages of DBMS:
1. Database file can be share.
2. In database, the information appears just once so that data redundancy reduced.
Moreover, the same information is available to different users.
3. Reduced redundancy increases the chances of data integrity- the chances that data is
accurate, consistent and up to date- because each updating change is made in only one
place.
4. DBMS allows access to only valid user, hence it increases the security.
5. Programming time is saved
6. it is possible to obtain report for particular requirement
7. information can be obtained from the database

Data: (singular Datum)

Data refers to a fact or facts about the person, place, object, event, or concept. Data is the raw
material to generate information i.e. data is to be processed to produce information. Database
contains data not information.
Example: Age of students: 17, 18

Information:
Information is the output of data or it is the processed form of raw data.
Data consists of facts, which become information when they are seen in context and convey
meaning to people.
Example total age of Students is: 35 year.

Database management system (DBMS):

It is collection of interrelated data and a set of program to access those data. The primary goal
of DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving
and storing database information.
The management of data involves both the definition of structure for the storage of information
and provision mechanism for the manipulation of information

Objective of DBMS:
1. provide for mass storage device of relevant data
2. Making access to the data easy for the user.
3. Providing prompt responses to user request for data.
4. Making the latest modification to the database available immediately.
5. Eliminate redundant (duplicate) data.
6. Allow multiple users to be active at one time.
7. Allow the growth of database system
8. Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized access.

Architecture of Database Model:

Database architecture is characterized by- the way data are defined and structured in the
database system. Following are the different architecture:
 Hierarchical database model
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  Network database model
 Relational database model

Hierarchical database model: (for figure refer page no 143)

In this model, files are arranged in top down structure that resembles s tree or genealogy chart.
The top files is called the root, the bottom files are called leaves, and intermediate files have
one parent, or owner file and one or several children files.

Advantages:
 It is the easiest model of database.
 A database owner is more secured because nobody else can see and modify a child
without consulting to its parents.
 Searching is fast and easy id parent is known.
 Very efficient to handling “one to many” relationship.

Disadvantages:
 It is old type of database model
 Modification and addition of child without consulting the parent is very hard or
impossible. So it non flexible database model.
 It can’t handle “many to many” relationships.
 In increases redundancy.

Network database model: (for figure refer page no 143)

In this model, each file may be associated with an arbitrary (random) number of files. Network
model systems are still popular on mainframe computer and for high volume transaction
processing applications.

Advantages:
 More flexible than hierarchical because accepts many-to-many relationship.
 Reduces redundancy because data shouldn’t be repeated if same type of data is needed.
 Searching is faster because of multidirectional pointers.

Disadvantages:
 Very complex type of database model.
 Needs long program to handle the relationship.
 Pointer needed in the database model increases overhead of storage.
 Less secure in comparison to hierarchical model.

Relational Database model:

This is the most common model defines simple table for each relation and many to many
relationship.
Cross-reference keys link the table together, representing the relationship between entities.
New applications are built using relational DBMSs.

Advantages:
 Since one table is linked with other with some common fields, rules implemented on
one table can easily be implemented to other.
 Some rules, popularly known as referential integrity, can easily be implemented.
 Very less redundancy.
 Normalization of database is possible
 Rapid database processing is possible.

Disadvantages:

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  It is more complex than other.
 Too many rules makes database non user friendly.

Fields:
Fields contain one piece of information of entry. Each unique type of information is stored in
its own fields. Example: In address book each entry has fields for first, middle, last name.

Record:
One full set of fields i.e. all the related information about one person or object is called record.

Table:
A complete collection of records is called a table. A table contains rows and columns.
Each row represents records and column of tables represents fields.

Relational Database system:

Entity:
An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events or concepts in the real world that is
distinguishable from other objects. An entity is something about which the business need to
store data.
Person: Contractor, Doctor, Employee, patient
Place: Zone, region, country, Branch

Attributes:
They are descriptive properties processed by each member of an entity. They are also called
element, property or fields.
Each attribute are defined in terms of three properties namely data type, domain, and default.
Eg: Student_roll_no, Student_name, and Student_contact_no

Student_ID_no Student_name Student_contact_no

101 KHADKA, R 4360180
102 THAPA, S 4360182

Key:
A key is an attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify each entity instances in
an entity is called a key for that entity.
Example is on the above attributes student_ID_no is key because each students are identified
by this unique ID. That’s why no students can have the same student_ID_no like in prime
students ID card.

Primary Key:
A primary key is that candidate key which will most commonly be used uniquely to identify a
single entity instances. For example registration number in the TU can be chosen as primary
key in the entity of students.

Foreign key:
Foreign Key is the key in one able always matches the primary key in another table.

Relationships:
A relationship is a natural business association that exists between one or more entities. The
relationships may represent an event that links the entities or merely a logical affinity
(likeness) that exists between the entities.
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A relationship implies that instances of one entity are related to instances of another entity.
There are four different types of relationships:
1. One to one Eg. driver and car
2. one to many Eg. Teacher and students
3. many to many Eg. Books and readers
4. many to one Eg. Students and school

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):

Concept:
In the Early database application manipulate only one table at a time. Each table was stored in
its own file i.e. simply called a file or database. This type of database using a single file for a
table is called a flat-file database.
When a system is large it is very difficult to maintain flat type database. So to eliminate this
drawback relational database systems are developed.

What is RDBMS?
It is the DBMS in which relation between different tables can be formed using a common field
(or attribute) in those table to draw a relation in between is called relational database
management system (RDBMS).

What is Normalization?
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce the redundancies. The
process of normalization includes both creating tables and establishing relationship between
those tables using rules designed to protect the data and to make the database more flexible. It
eliminates the redundancies. There are different types of normalization are present namely:
1NF, 2NF, 3NF etc (Figure and example will be discussed on class)

Database Languages:
Instances:
Database changes over time. The collection of information stored in the database at a particular
moment is called as instances of the database.

Schema:
Overall design of the database is called scheme or schema. Schema are changed frequently.

Data definition Languages (DDL):

A database scheme is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called
data definition language (DDL). The result of compilation of DDL statement is a set of tables
that is stored in a special file called data dictionary.

Data dictionary: A data dictionary is a file that contains that is data about data.

DML (Data Modification Language):

DML is a language that enables users to access or maintain data as organized by the
appropriate database system. Data manipulation means Insertion, Deletion, Retrieval, and
Modification.
It is very flexible language.

SQL (Structured Query Languages)

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Query is more powerful type of filter that can gather information from multiple table in a
relational database.
Eg:
SELECT name, phno
FROM student_table
WHERE section=”C”

Some database system provide special window or forms for creating queries.
SQL allows user to query a database without much knowing about the underlying database.

SQL is powerful tool, most of the PC based DBMS have the SQL query tool but they can have
some variation of the SQL with some extra feature e.g. ORACLE, SYBASE, MySQL etc.

Database Administrator (DBA):

DBA is the individual responsible for maintaining the RDBS system. A DBA needs the
following:
 Knowledge of the operating in which database server is running.
 Knowledge of SQL
 Sound database design
 General understanding of network architecture (e.g. client/server, intranet)
 Knowledge about the database server.

Role/ Responsibilities of DBA:

1. Installing and upgrading database server.
DBA is responsible for installing database server or upgrading an existing database
server.
2. Monitoring and Database server’s performance
Monitoring the health if the database server means making sure that the following
done:
 The serer is running with optimal performances
 The error log or event log is monitored for database error
3. Backing up data and recovery
 Establishing standards and schedules for database
 Developing recovery procedure for each database
4. managing users and security
DBA is responsible for assigning users to databases and determining the proper security
level for each user.
5. Transferring data
DBA is responsible for importing and exporting data to and from the database server.

Centralized Database:
It works on a client /server basis. They are located on a particular location. The controlling
mechanism is also centralized and data are deposited in central location.
Security is not vital part. It is suitable for small organization.

Distributed database:
It is dispersed across many geographical locations. Data communication is harder because they
should communicate through different system to different platforms. Security is very much
vital parts. Files are maintained location independent and maintained on the basis of name.
These types of database are maintained on large organizations.