IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

DP Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches

Paper 3 [1353 marks] 59

1. [Maximum mark: 30] SPM.3.AHL.TZ0.1

This question asks you to investigate regular n-sided polygons inscribed and

circumscribed in a circle, and the perimeter of these as n tends to infinity, to

make an approximation for π.

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(a) Consider an equilateral triangle ABC of side length, x units,

inscribed in a circle of radius 1 unit and centre O as shown in
the following diagram.

The equilateral triangle ABC can be divided into three smaller

isosceles triangles, each subtending an angle of 2π
3
at O, as
shown in the following diagram.

Using right-angled trigonometry or otherwise, show that the

perimeter of the equilateral triangle ABC is equal to 3√3 units. [3]

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Markscheme

METHOD 1

consider right-angled triangle OCX where CX = x

2
x
sin π3 = 2
1
M1A1

√3
⇒ x
2 = 2 ⇒ x = √3 A1

Pi = 3 × x = 3√3 AG

METHOD 2

eg use of the cosine rule x2 = 12 + 12 − 2 (1) (1)cos 2π

3 M1A1

x = √3 A1

Pi = 3 × x = 3√3 AG

Note: Accept use of sine rule.

[3 marks]

(b) Consider a square of side length, x units, inscribed in a circle of

radius 1 unit. By dividing the inscribed square into four
isosceles triangles, find the exact perimeter of the inscribed
square.

[3]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

1
sin π4 = x
where x = side of square M1

x = √2 A1

Pi = 4√2 A1

[3 marks]

(c) Find the perimeter of a regular hexagon, of side length, x units,

inscribed in a circle of radius 1 unit.

[2]

Markscheme

6 equilateral triangles x=1 A1

Pi = 6 A1

[2 marks]

Let Pi (n) represent the perimeter of any n-sided regular polygon inscribed in a

circle of radius 1 unit.

(d) Show that Pi (n) = 2n sin ( nπ ). [3]

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Markscheme

x
in right-angled triangle sin ( nπ ) = 1
2
M1

⇒ x = 2 sin ( nπ ) A1

Pi = n × x

Pi = n × 2 sin ( nπ ) M1

Pi = 2n sin ( nπ ) AG

[3 marks]

(e) Use an appropriate Maclaurin series expansion to find

lim Pi (n) and interpret this result geometrically. [5]
n→∞

Markscheme

consider lim 2n sin ( nπ )

n→∞

x3 x5
use of sin x = x − 3! + 5! −… M1

2n sin ( nπ ) = 2n ( nπ − π3
6n 3
+ π5
120n 5
− …) (A1)

= 2 (π − π3
6n 2
+ π5
120n 4
− …) A1

⇒ lim 2n sin ( nπ ) = 2π A1
n→∞

as n → ∞ polygon becomes a circle of radius 1 and Pi = 2π R1

[5 marks]

Consider an equilateral triangle ABC of side length, x units, circumscribed about

a circle of radius 1 unit and centre O as shown in the following diagram.

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Let Pc (n) represent the perimeter of any n-sided regular polygon

circumscribed about a circle of radius 1 unit.

(f ) Show that Pc (n) = 2n tan ( nπ ). [4]

Markscheme

consider an n-sided polygon of side length x

2π
2n right-angled triangles with angle 2n = π
n at centre M1A1

opposite side x
2 = tan ( nπ ) ⇒ x = 2 tan ( nπ ) M1A1

Perimeter Pc = 2n tan ( nπ ) AG

[4 marks]

(g) 2 tan( nπ )
By writing Pc (n) in the form 1 , find lim Pc (n). [5]
n n→∞

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Markscheme

consider lim 2n tan ( nπ ) = lim ( )

2 tan( nπ )
1
n→∞ n→∞ n

= lim ( )=
2 tan( nπ ) 0
1 0 R1
n→∞ n

attempt to use L’Hopital’s rule M1

= lim ( )
− 2π2 sec 2 ( nπ )
n
1 A1A1
−
n→∞ n2

= 2π A1

[5 marks]

(h) Use the results from part (d) and part (f ) to determine an
inequality for the value of π in terms of n. [2]

Markscheme

Pi < 2π < Pc

2n sin ( nπ ) < 2π < 2n tan ( nπ ) M1

n sin ( nπ ) < π < n tan ( nπ ) A1

[2 marks]

(i) The inequality found in part (h) can be used to determine lower
and upper bound approximations for the value of π.

Determine the least value for n such that the lower bound and
upper bound approximations are both within 0.005 of π. [3]

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Markscheme

attempt to find the lower bound and upper bound approximations

within 0.005 of π (M1)

n = 46 A2

[3 marks]

2. [Maximum mark: 25] SPM.3.AHL.TZ0.2

This question asks you to investigate some properties of the sequence of

functions of the form fn (x) = cos (n arccos x), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and n ∈ Z+ .

Important: When sketching graphs in this question, you are not required to find
the coordinates of any axes intercepts or the coordinates of any stationary points
unless requested.

(a) On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = f1 (x) and
y = f3 (x) for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. [2]

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Markscheme

correct graph of y = f1 (x) A1

correct graph of y = f3 (x) A1

[2 marks]

For odd values of n > 2, use your graphic display calculator to systematically vary

the value of n. Hence suggest an expression for odd values of n describing, in

terms of n, the number of

(b.i) local maximum points; [3]

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Markscheme

graphical or tabular evidence that n has been systematically varied M1

eg n = 3, 1 local maximum point and 1 local minimum point

n = 5, 2 local maximum points and 2 local minimum points

n = 7, 3 local maximum points and 3 local minimum points (A1)

n−1
2
local maximum points A1

[3 marks]

(b.ii) local minimum points; [1]

Markscheme

n−1
2
local minimum points A1

Note: Allow follow through from an incorrect local maximum formula

expression.

[1 mark]

(c) On a new set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = f2 (x) and

y = f4 (x) for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. [2]

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Markscheme

correct graph of y = f2 (x) A1

correct graph of y = f4 (x) A1

[2 marks]

For even values of n > 2, use your graphic display calculator to systematically

vary the value of n. Hence suggest an expression for even values of ndescribing,

in terms of n, the number of

(d.i) local maximum points; [3]

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Markscheme

graphical or tabular evidence that n has been systematically varied M1

eg n = 2, 0 local maximum point and 1 local minimum point

n = 4, 1 local maximum points and 2 local minimum points

n = 6, 2 local maximum points and 3 local minimum points (A1)

n−2
2
local maximum points A1

[3 marks]

(d.ii) local minimum points. [1]

Markscheme

n
2
local minimum points A1

[1 mark]

(e) Solve the equation fn ′ (x) = 0 and hence show that the
stationary points on the graph of y = fn (x) occur at
x = cos knπ where k ∈ Z+ and 0 < k < n. [4]

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Markscheme

fn (x) = cos (n arccos (x))

n sin(n arccos(x))
fn ′ (x) = √ 1−x 2
M1A1

Note: Award M1 for attempting to use the chain rule.

fn ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ n sin (n arccos (x)) = 0 M1

n arccos (x) = kπ (k ∈ Z+ ) A1

leading to

x = cos knπ (k ∈ Z+ and 0 < k < n) AG

[4 marks]

The sequence of functions, fn (x), defined above can be expressed as a

sequence of polynomials of degree n.

(f ) Use an appropriate trigonometric identity to show that

f2 (x) = 2x2 − 1. [2]

Markscheme

f2 (x) = cos (2 arccos x)

2
= 2(cos (arccos x)) − 1 M1

stating that (cos (arccos x)) = x A1

so f2 (x) = 2x2 − 1 AG

[2 marks]

Consider fn+1 (x) = cos ((n + 1) arccos x).

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(g) Use an appropriate trigonometric identity to show that

fn+1 (x) = cos (n arccos x)cos (arccos x) − sin (n arccos x)sin (arccos x)
.

Markscheme

fn+1 (x) = cos ((n + 1) arccos x)

= cos (n arccos x + arccos x) A1

use of cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B leading to M1

= cos (n arccos x)cos (arccos x) − sin (n arccos x)sin (arccos x) AG

[2 marks]

(h.i) Hence show that fn+1 (x) + fn−1 (x) = 2xfn (x), n ∈ Z+ . [3]

Markscheme

fn−1 (x) = cos ((n − 1) arccos x) A1

= cos (n arccos x)cos (arccos x) + sin (n arccos x)sin (arccos x) M1

fn+1 (x) + fn−1 (x) = 2 cos (n arccos x)cos (arccos x) A1

= 2xfn (x) AG

[3 marks]

(h.ii) Hence express f3 (x) as a cubic polynomial. [2]

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Markscheme

f3 (x) = 2xf2 (x) − f1 (x) (M1)

= 2x (2x2 − 1) − x

= 4x3 − 3x A1

[2 marks]

3. [Maximum mark: 30] EXN.3.AHL.TZ0.2

A Gaussian integer is a complex number, z, such that z = a + bi where

a, b ∈ Z. In this question, you are asked to investigate certain divisibility

properties of Gaussian integers.

Consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and β = 1 − 2i, such that γ = αβ

for some Gaussian integer γ.

(a) Find γ. [2]

Markscheme

* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior examiners to aid teachers in preparing for
external assessment in the new MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to formal exam
papers.

(3 + 4i)(1 − 2i) = 11 − 2i (M1)A1

[2 marks]

Now consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and γ = 11 + 2i.

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γ
(b) Determine whether α is a Gaussian integer. [3]

Markscheme

γ 41 38
α = 25 − 25 i (M1)A1

) and/or Im α (= − 38
γ 41 γ
(Since Re α (= 25 25 ) are not integers)

γ
α is not a Gaussian integer R1

Note: Award R1 for correct conclusion from their answer.

[3 marks]

2
The norm of a complex number z, denoted by N (z), is defined by N (z) = |z| .

For example, if z = 2 + 3i then N (2 + 3i) = 22 + 32 = 13.

(c) On an Argand diagram, plot and label all Gaussian integers that
have a norm less than 3. [2]

Markscheme

±1, ± i, 0 plotted and labelled A1

1 ± i, − 1 ± i plotted and labelled A1

Note: Award A1A0 if extra points to the above are plotted and labelled.

[2 marks]

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(d) Given that α = a + bi where a, b ∈ Z, show that

N (α) = a2 + b2 . [1]

Markscheme

2
|z| = √a2 + b2 (and as N (z) = |z| ) A1

then N(α) = a2 + b2 AG

[1 mark]

A Gaussian prime is a Gaussian integer, z, that cannot be expressed in the form

z = αβ where α, β are Gaussian integers with N (α), N (β) > 1.

(e) By expressing the positive integer n = c2 + d2 as a product of

two Gaussian integers each of norm c2 + d2 , show that n is not
a Gaussian prime. [3]

Markscheme

c2 + d2 = (c + di)(c − di) A1

and N (c + di) = N (c − di) = c2 + d2 R1

N (c + di), N (c − di) > 1 (since c, d are positive) R1

so c2 + d2 is not a Gaussian prime, by definition AG

[3 marks]

The positive integer 2 is a prime number, however it is not a Gaussian prime.

(f ) Verify that 2 is not a Gaussian prime. [2]

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Markscheme

2(= 12 + 12 ) = (1 + i)(1 − i) (A1)

N (1 + i) = N (1 − i) = 2 A1

so 2 is not a Gaussian prime AG

[2 marks]

(g) Write down another prime number of the form c2 + d2 that is

not a Gaussian prime and express it as a product of two
Gaussian integers. [2]

Markscheme

For example, 5(= 12 + 22 ) = (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i) (M1)A1

[2 marks]

Let α, β be Gaussian integers.

(h) Show that N (αβ) = N (α)N (β). [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

Let α = m + ni and β = p + qi

LHS:

αβ = (mp − nq) + (mq + np)i M1

2 2
N (αβ) = (mp − nq) + (mq + np) A1

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2 2 2 2
(mp) − 2mnpq + (nq) + (mq) + 2mnpq + (np) A1

(mp)2 + (nq)2 + (mq)2 + (np)2 A1

RHS:

N (α)N (β) = (m2 + n2 )(p2 + q 2 ) M1

(mp)2 + (mq)2 + (np)2 + (nq)2 A1

LHS = RHS and so N (αβ) = N (α)N (β) AG

METHOD 2

Let α = m + ni and β = p + qi

LHS

N (αβ) = (m2 + n2 )(p2 + q 2 ) M1

= (m + ni)(m − ni)(p + qi)(p − qi) A1

= (m + ni)(p + qi)(m − ni)(p − qi)

= ((mp − nq) + (mq + np)i)((mp − nq) − (mq + np)i) M1A1

2 2
= (mp − nq) + (mq + np) A1

N = ((mp − nq) + (mq + np)i) A1

= N (α)N (β) (= RHS) AG

[6 marks]

The result from part (h) provides a way of determining whether a Gaussian

integer is a Gaussian prime.

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(i) Hence show that 1 + 4i is a Gaussian prime. [3]

Markscheme

N (1 + 4i) = 17 which is a prime (in Z) R1

if 1 + 4i = αβ then 17 = N (αβ) = N (α)N (β) R1

we cannot have N (α), N (β) > 1 R1

Note: Award R1 for stating that 1 + 4i is not the product of Gaussian

integers of smaller norm because no such norms divide 17

so 1 + 4i is a Gaussian prime AG

[3 marks]

(j) Use proof by contradiction to prove that a prime number, p,

that is not of the form a2 + b2 is a Gaussian prime. [6]

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Markscheme

Assume p is not a Gaussian prime

⇒ p = αβ where α, β are Gaussian integers and N (α), N (β) > 1 M1

⇒ N (p) = N (α)N (β) M1

p2 = N (α)N (β) A1

It cannot be N (α) = 1, N (β) = p2 from definition of Gaussian prime

R1

hence N (α) = p, N (β) = p R1

If α = a + bi then N (α) = a2 + b2 = p which is a contradiction R1

hence a prime number, p, that is not of the form a2 + b2 is a Gaussian

prime AG

[6 marks]

4. [Maximum mark: 27] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.1

This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the Binomial

Theorem for negative and fractional indices.

A power series in x is defined as a function of the form

f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . . where the ai ∈ R.

It can be considered as an infinite polynomial.

5
(a) Expand (1 + x) using the Binomial Theorem. [2]

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Markscheme

1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5 M1A1

[2 marks]

This is an example of a power series, but is only a finite power series, since only a

finite number of the ai are non-zero.

(b) Consider the power series 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . .

By considering the ratio of consecutive terms, explain why this

−1
series is equal to (1 + x) and state the values of x for which
this equality is true. [4]

Markscheme

It is an infinite GP with a = 1, r = −x R1A1

1 1 −1
S∞ = 1−(−x) = 1+x = (1 + x) M1A1AG

[4 marks]

(c) Differentiate the equation obtained part (b) and hence, find the
−2
first four terms in a power series for (1 + x) . [2]

Markscheme

(1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . .
−2
−1(1 + x) = −1 + 2x − 3x2 + 4x3 −. . . A1

(1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +. . . A1

[2 marks]

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(d) Repeat this process to find the first four terms in a power series
−3
for (1 + x) . [2]

Markscheme

−3
−2(1 + x) = −2 + 6x − 12x2 + 20x3 . . . A1

(1 + x)−3 = 1 − 3x + 6x2 − 10x3 . . . A1

[2 marks]

(e) Hence, by recognising the pattern, deduce the first four terms
−n
in a power series for (1 + x) , n ∈ Z+ . [3]

Markscheme

−n
x2 − x3 . . . A1A1A1
n(n+1) n(n+1)(n+2)
(1 + x) = 1 − nx + 2! 3!

[3 marks]

We will now attempt to generalise further.

Suppose (1 + x) , q ∈ Q can be written as the power series

q

a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . ..

(f ) By substituting x = 0, find the value of a0 . [1]

Markscheme

1q = a0 ⇒ a0 = 1 A1

[1 mark]

(g) By differentiating both sides of the expression and then

substituting x = 0, find the value of a1 . [2]

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Markscheme

= a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 +. . .
q−1
q(1 + x) A1

a1 = q A1

[2 marks]

(h) Repeat this procedure to find a2 and a3 . [4]

Markscheme

q−2
q (q − 1)(1 + x) = 1 × 2a2 + 2 × 3a3 x+. . . A1

q(q−1)
a2 = 2! A1

q−3
q (q − 1) (q − 2)(1 + x) = 1 × 2 × 3a3 +. . . A1

q(q−1)(q−2)
a3 = 3!
A1

[4 marks]

(i) Hence, write down the first four terms in what is called the
Extended Binomial Theorem for (1 + x) , q ∈ Q.
q
[1]

Markscheme

x2 + x3 . . . A1
q q(q−1) q(q−1)(q−2)
(1 + x) = 1 + qx + 2! 3!

[1 mark]

(j) Write down the power series for 1 . [2]

1+x 2

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Markscheme

1
1+x 2 = 1 − x2 + x4 − x6 +. . . M1A1

[2 marks]

(k) Hence, using integration, find the power series for arctan x,
giving the first four non-zero terms. [4]

Markscheme

x3 x5 x7
arctan x + c = x − 3 + 5 − 7 +. . . M1A1

Putting x = 0 ⇒ c = 0 R1

x3 x5 x7
So arctan x = x − 3 + 5 − 7 +. . . A1

[4 marks]

5. [Maximum mark: 35] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.4

This question investigates some applications of differential equations to

modeling population growth.

One model for population growth is to assume that the rate of change of the
population is proportional to the population, i.e. dP
dt
= kP , where k ∈ R, t is
the time (in years) and P is the population

(a) Show that the general solution of this differential equation is

P = Aekt , where A ∈ R. [5]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

∫ 1 dP = ∫ kdt M1A1
P

ln P = kt + c A1A1

P = ekt+c A1

P = Aekt , where A = ec AG

[5 marks]

The initial population is 1000.

Given that k = 0.003, use your answer from part (a) to find

(b.i) the population after 10 years [2]

Markscheme

when t = 0, P = 1000

⇒ A = 1000 A1

P (10) = 1000e0.003(10) = 1030 A1

[2 marks]

(b.ii) the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [2]

Markscheme

3000 = 1000e0.003t M1

ln 3
t= 0.003 = 366 years A1

[2 marks]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

(b.iii) lim P [1]

t→∞

Markscheme

lim P = ∞ A1
t→∞

[1 mark]

Consider now the situation when k is not a constant, but a function of time.

Given that k = 0.003 + 0.002t, find

(c.i) the solution of the differential equation, giving your answer in

the form P = f (t). [5]

Markscheme

1
∫ P dP = ∫ (0.003 + 0.002t)dt M1

ln P = 0.003t + 0.001t2 + c A1A1

2 +c
P = e0.003t+0.001t A1

when t = 0, P = 1000

⇒ ec = 1000 M1
2
P = 1000e0.003t+0.001t

[5 marks]

(c.ii) the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [4]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

2
3000 = 1000e0.003t+0.001t M1

ln 3 = 0.003t + 0.001t2 A1

Use of quadratic formula or GDC graph or GDC polysmlt M1

t = 31.7 years A1

[4 marks]

Another model for population growth assumes

there is a maximum value for the population, L.

that k is not a constant, but is proportional to (1 − P
L ).

(d) Show that dP

dt
= m
L P (L − P ), where m ∈ R. [2]

Markscheme

k = m (1 − P
L ) , where m is the constant of proportionality A1

So dP = m (1 − P A1
dt L )P
dP =
dt
m
L P (L − P ) AG

[2 marks]

(e) Solve the differential equation ddtP = m

L P (L − P ), giving
your answer in the form P = g (t). [10]

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Markscheme

∫ 1 dP = ∫ m
dt M1
P (L−P ) L

1 = A + B M1
P (L−P ) P L−P

1 ≡ A (L − P ) + BP A1

1 1
A= L ,B= L A1

1 ∫ ( P1 + 1
L L−P )dP = ∫ m
L
dt
1 (ln P − ln (L − P )) =
L
m
L t+c A1A1

ln ( L−P
P
) = mt + d, where d = cL M1

P
L−P = Cemt , where C = ed A1

P (1 + Cemt ) = CLemt M1

P= C Le mt
(1+C e mt ) (=
 L
(De −mt +1) , where D = 1
C
) A1

[10 marks]

(f ) Given that the initial population is 1000, L = 10000 and

m = 0.003, find the number of years it will take for the
population to triple. [4]

Markscheme

10000
1000 = D+1 M1

D=9 A1

10000
3000 = 9e −0.003t +1
M1

t = 450 years A1

[4 marks]

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6. [Maximum mark: 26] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.5

This question investigates the sum of sine and cosine functions

(a.i) Sketch the graph y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x, for −2π ⩽ x ⩽ 2π [1]

Markscheme

A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) Write down the amplitude of this graph [1]

Markscheme

5 A1

[1 mark]

(a.iii) Write down the period of this graph [1]

Markscheme

2π A1

[1 mark]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

The expression 3 sin x + 4 cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where A, B ∈ R+ and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.

(b.i) Use your answers from part (a) to write down the value of A, B
and D. [1]

Markscheme

A = 5, B = 1, D = 0 A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) Find the value of C. [2]

Markscheme

maximum at x = 0.644 M1

So C = −0.644 A1

[2 marks]

(c.i) Find arctan 34 , giving the answer to 3 significant figures. [1]

Markscheme

0.644 A1

[1 mark]

(c.ii) Comment on your answer to part (c)(i). [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

it appears that C = −arctan 34 A1

[1 mark]

The expression 5 sin x + 12 cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where A, B ∈ R+ and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.

(d) By considering the graph of y = 5 sin x + 12 cos x, find the

value of A, B, C and D. [5]

Markscheme

M1

A = 13 A1

B = 1 and D = 0 A1

maximum at x = 0.395 M1

5
So C = −0.395 (= −arctan 12 ) A1

[5 marks]

In general, the expression a sin x + b cos x can be written in the form

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where a, b, A, B ∈ R+ and C, D ∈ R and

−π < C ⩽ π.

Conjecture an expression, in terms of a and b, for

(e.i) A. [1]

Markscheme

A = √a2 + b2 A1

[1 mark]

(e.ii) B. [1]

Markscheme

B=1 A1

[1 mark]

(e.iii) C. [1]

Markscheme

C = −arctan ab A1

[1 mark]

(e.iv) D. [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

D=0 A1

[1 mark]

The expression a sin x + b cos x can also be written in the form

√a2 + b2 ( √ 2a 2 sin x + b
√ a 2 +b 2
cos x).
a +b

Let a
√ a 2 +b 2
= sin θ

(f.i) Show that b

√ a 2 +b 2
= cos θ. [2]

Markscheme

EITHER

use of a right triangle and Pythgoras’ to show the missing side length is b
M1A1

OR

Use of sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, leading to the required result M1A1

[2 marks]

(f.ii) Show that a

b
= tan θ. [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

EITHER

use of a right triangle, leading to the required result. M1

OR

sin θ
Use of tan θ = cos θ
, leading to the required result. M1

[1 mark]

(g) Hence prove your conjectures in part (e). [6]

Markscheme

a sin x + b cos x = √a2 + b2 (sin θ sin x + cos θ cos x) M1

a sin x + b cos x = √a2 + b2 (cos (x − θ)) M1A1

So A = √a2 + b2 , B = 1 and D = 0 A1

And C = −θ M1

So C = −arctan ab A1

[6 marks]

7. [Maximum mark: 29] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.3

This question will investigate methods for finding definite integrals of powers of

trigonometrical functions.

π
2
Let In = ∫ sinn x dx, n ∈ N.
0

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

(a) Find the exact values of I0 , I1 and I2 . [6]

Markscheme

π
2 π
I0 = ∫ 1 dx = [x]02 = π
2
M1A1
0

π
2 π
I1 = ∫ sin x dx = [−cos x]02 =1 M1A1
0

π π
2 2 π
I2 = ∫ sin2 x dx = ∫ 1−cos 2x
2
dx = [ x2 − sin 2x 2
4 ] 0 = π
4
M1A1
0 0

[6 marks]

(b.i) Use integration by parts to show that In = n−1

n In−2 , n ⩾ 2. [5]

Markscheme

u = sinn−1 x v = − cos x
du
dx
= (n − 1)sinn−2 x cos x dv
dx
= sin x
π
π 2
In = [ sin x cos x]02
− n−1
+ ∫ (n − 1)sinn−2 x cos 2 x dx M1A1A1
0

π
2
= 0 + ∫ (n − 1)sinn−2 x (1 − sin2 x) dx = (n − 1) (In−2 − In )
0
M1A1

(n−1)
⇒ nIn = (n − 1)In−2 ⇒ In = n In−2 AG

[6 marks]

(b.ii) Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

π
need n ⩾ 2 so that sinn−1 π2 = 0 in [−sin n−1
x cos x]02 R1

[1 mark]

(c) Hence, find the exact values of I3 and I4 . [2]

Markscheme

2 2 3 3π
I3 = 3 I1 = 3 I4 = 4 I2 = 16
A1A1

[2 marks]

π
2
Let Jn = ∫ cosn x dx, n ∈ N.
0

(d) Use the substitution x = π

2
− u to show that Jn = In . [4]

Markscheme

x= π
2 −u ⇒ dx
du
= −1 A1
π π
2 0 0 2
Jn = ∫ cosn x dx = ∫ −cosn ( π2 − u) du = − ∫ sinn u du = ∫ sinn u du = In
0 π π 0
2 2
M1A1A1AG

[4 marks]

(e) Hence, find the exact values of J5 and J6 [2]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

4 4 2 8 5 5 3π 5π
J5 = I5 = 5 I3 = 5 × 3
= 15 J6 = I6 = 6 I4 = 6 × 16
= 32
A1A1

[2 marks]

π
4
Let Tn = ∫ tann x dx, n ∈ N.
0

(f ) Find the exact values of T0 and T1 . [3]

Markscheme

π
4 π
T0 
=∫ 1 dx = [x]04 = π
4
A1
0

π
4 π
T1 
=∫ tan dx = [− ln |cos x|]04 = −ln √12 = ln√2 M1A1
0

[3 marks]

(g.i) Use the fact that tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to show that

Tn = n−11 −
Tn−2 , n ⩾ 2. [3]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

π π π
4 4 4
Tn = ∫ tann x dx = ∫ tann−2 x tan2 x dx = ∫ tann−2 x (sec2 x − 1) dx
0 0 0
M1

π π π
4 4
x dx = [ ]
− 4
2 tan n 1 x 1
∫ tan n−2
x sec x dx − ∫ tan n−2
n−1 − Tn−2 = n−1 − Tn−2
0 0 0

A1A1AG

[3 marks]

(g.ii) Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1]

Markscheme

need n ⩾ 2 so that the powers of tan in

π π
4 4
∫ tann−2 x sec2 x dx − ∫ tann−2 x dx are not negative R1
0 0

[1 mark]

(h) Hence, find the exact values of T2 and T3 . [2]

Markscheme

T2 = 1 − T0 = 1 − π
4
A1

T3 = 1
2 − T1 = 1
2 − ln √2 A1

[2 marks]

8. [Maximum mark: 28] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.2

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

This question will explore connections between complex numbers and regular

polygons.

The diagram below shows a sector of a circle of radius 1, with the angle
subtended at the centre O being α, 0 < α < π2 . A perpendicular is drawn from
point P to intersect the x-axis at Q. The tangent to the circle at P intersects the
x-axis at R.

(a) By considering the area of two triangles and the area of the
sector show that cos α sin α < α < sin α . [5]
cos α

Markscheme

1
Area triangle OP Q = 2 cos α sin α A1

Area sector = 1
2 12 α A1

Area triangle OPR = 1 A1

2 1 tan α
1 1 1 sin α
So looking at the diagram 2 cos α sin α < 2 α< 2 cos α M1

⇒ cos α sin α < α < sin α AG

cos α

[5 marks]

(b) Hence show that lim sinα α = 1.

α→0 [2]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

Hence cos α < α

< 1 and as α → 0, cos α → 1 we have M1R1
sin α cos α

lim sinα α = 1 AG
α→0

[2 marks]

(c) Let zn = 1, z ∈ C, n ∈ N, n ⩾ 5. Working in

modulus/argument form find the n solutions to this equation. [8]

Markscheme

(r cis θ)n = 1 cis 0 ⇒ rn cis n θ = 1 cis θ M1A1M1A1

rn = 1 ⇒ r = 1 nθ = 0 + 2πk, k ∈ Z A1A1

θ= 2πk
n , 0 ⩽k ⩽n−1 A1

z = cis 2πnk , 0 ⩽ k ⩽ n − 1 A1

[8 marks]

(d) Represent these n solutions on an Argand diagram. Let their

positions be denoted by P0 , P1 , P2 , … Pn−1 placed in order
in an anticlockwise direction round the circle, starting on the
positive x-axis. Show the positions of P0 , P1 , P2 and Pn−1 . [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

A1

[1 mark]

(e) Show that the length of the line segment P0 P1 is 2 sin nπ . [4]

Markscheme

Bisecting the triangle OP0 P1 to form two right angle triangles M1

Length of P0 P1 = 2t where t = sin ( ) M1A1A1

2π
n
2

So length is 2 sin nπ AG

[4 marks]

(f ) Hence, write down the total length of the perimeter of the

regular n sided polygon P0 P1 P2 … Pn−1 P0 . [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

Length of perimeter is 2n sin nπ A1

[1 mark]

(g) Using part (b) find the limit of this perimeter as n → ∞. [2]

Markscheme

2n sin nπ = 2π nπ sin nπ → 2π as n → ∞ M1A1

[2 marks]

(h) Find the total area of this n sided polygon. [3]

Markscheme

1
Area of OP0 P1 = 2 1 × 1 sin 2π
n
so total area is n
2 sin 2π
n
. M1A1A1

[3 marks]

(i) Using part (b) find the limit of this area as n → ∞. [2]

Markscheme

n
2 sin 2π n 2π
n = π 2π sin n → π as n → ∞ M1A1

[2 marks]

9. [Maximum mark: 35] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.4

This question investigates some applications of differential equations to

modeling population growth.

One model for population growth is to assume that the rate of change of the

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

population is proportional to the population, i.e. dP

dt
= kP , where k ∈ R, t is
the time (in years) and P is the population

(a) Show that the general solution of this differential equation is

P = Aekt , where A ∈ R. [5]

Markscheme

1
∫ P dP = ∫ kdt M1A1

ln P = kt + c A1A1

P = ekt+c A1

P = Aekt , where A = ec AG

[5 marks]

The initial population is 1000.

Given that k = 0.003, use your answer from part (a) to find

(b.i) the population after 10 years [2]

Markscheme

when t = 0, P = 1000

⇒ A = 1000 A1

P (10) = 1000e0.003(10) = 1030 A1

[2 marks]

(b.ii) the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [2]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

3000 = 1000e0.003t M1

ln 3
t= 0.003 = 366 years A1

[2 marks]

(b.iii) lim P [1]

t→∞

Markscheme

lim P = ∞ A1
t→∞

[1 mark]

Consider now the situation when k is not a constant, but a function of time.

Given that k = 0.003 + 0.002t, find

(c.i) the solution of the differential equation, giving your answer in

the form P = f (t). [5]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

∫ 1 dP = ∫ (0.003 + 0.002t)dt M1
P

ln P = 0.003t + 0.001t2 + c A1A1

2 +c
P = e0.003t+0.001t A1

when t = 0, P = 1000

⇒ ec = 1000 M1
2
P = 1000e0.003t+0.001t

[5 marks]

(c.ii) the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [4]

Markscheme

2
3000 = 1000e0.003t+0.001t M1

ln 3 = 0.003t + 0.001t2 A1

Use of quadratic formula or GDC graph or GDC polysmlt M1

t = 31.7 years A1

[4 marks]

Another model for population growth assumes

there is a maximum value for the population, L.

that k is not a constant, but is proportional to (1 − P
L ).

(d) Show that dP

dt
= m
L P (L − P ), where m ∈ R. [2]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

k = m (1 − P
L ) , where m is the constant of proportionality A1

dP
So dt
= m (1 − P
L )P A1

dP
dt
= m
L P (L − P ) AG

[2 marks]

(e) Solve the differential equation ddtP = m

L P (L − P ), giving
your answer in the form P = g (t). [10]

Markscheme

∫ 1 dP = ∫ m
dt M1
P (L−P ) L

1 = A + B M1
P (L−P ) P L−P

1 ≡ A (L − P ) + BP A1

1 1
A= L ,B= L A1

1
L ∫ ( P1 + 1
L−P )dP = ∫ m
L dt
1
L (ln P − ln (L − P )) = m
L t+c A1A1

ln ( L−P
P
) = mt + d, where d = cL M1

P
L−P
= Cemt , where C = ed A1

P (1 + Cemt ) = CLemt M1

P= C Le mt
(1+C e mt )
(=
 L
(De −mt +1)
, where D = 1
C
) A1

[10 marks]

(f ) Given that the initial population is 1000, L = 10000 and

m = 0.003, find the number of years it will take for the
population to triple. [4]

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Markscheme

10000
1000 = D+1
M1

D=9 A1

10000
3000 = 9e −0.003t +1 M1

t = 450 years A1

[4 marks]

10. [Maximum mark: 29] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.3

This question will investigate methods for finding definite integrals of powers of

trigonometrical functions.

π
2
Let In = ∫ sinn x dx, n ∈ N.
0

(a) Find the exact values of I0 , I1 and I2 . [6]

Markscheme

π
2 π
I0 = ∫ 1 dx = [x]02 = π
2 M1A1
0

π
2 π
I1 = ∫ sin x dx = [−cos x]02 =1 M1A1
0

π π
2 2 π
I2 = ∫ sin2 x dx = ∫ 1−cos 2x
2 dx = [ x2 − sin 2x 2
4 ] 0 = π
4 M1A1
0 0

[6 marks]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

(b.i) Use integration by parts to show that In = n−1

n In−2 , n ⩾ 2. [5]

Markscheme

u = sinn−1 x v = − cos x
du
dx
= (n − 1)sinn−2 x cos x dv
dx
= sin x
π
π 2
In = [−sinn−1 x cos x]02 + ∫ (n − 1)sinn−2 x cos 2 x dx M1A1A1
0

π
2
= 0 + ∫ (n − 1)sinn−2 x (1 − sin2 x) dx = (n − 1) (In−2 − In )
0
M1A1

(n−1)
⇒ nIn = (n − 1)In−2 ⇒ In = n In−2 AG

[6 marks]

(b.ii) Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1]

Markscheme

π
need n ⩾ 2 so that sinn−1 π
2
= 0 in [−sinn−1 x cos x]02 R1

[1 mark]

(c) Hence, find the exact values of I3 and I4 . [2]

Markscheme

2 2 3 3π
I3 = 3 I1 = 3 I4 = 4 I2 = 16 A1A1

[2 marks]

π
2
Let Jn = ∫ cosn x dx, n ∈ N.
0

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

(d) Use the substitution x = π

2 − u to show that Jn = In . [4]

Markscheme

x= π
2 −u ⇒ dx
du
= −1 A1
π π
2 0 0 2
Jn = ∫ cos x dx = ∫ −cos ( π2 − u) du = − ∫ sin u du = ∫ sinn u du = In
n n n

0 π π 0
2 2
M1A1A1AG

[4 marks]

(e) Hence, find the exact values of J5 and J6 [2]

Markscheme

4 4 2 8 5 5 3π 5π
J5 = I5 = 5 I3 = 5 × 3 = 15 J6 = I6 = 6 I4 = 6 × 16 = 32
A1A1

[2 marks]

π
4
Let Tn = ∫ tann x dx, n ∈ N.
0

(f ) Find the exact values of T0 and T1 . [3]

Markscheme

π
4 π
T0 
=∫ 1 dx = [x]04 = π
4
A1
0

π
4 π
T1 
=∫ tan dx = [− ln |cos x|]04 = −ln √12 = ln√2 M1A1
0

[3 marks]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

(g.i) Use the fact that tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to show that

Tn = 1
n−1 − Tn−2 , n ⩾ 2. [3]

Markscheme

π π π
4 4 4
Tn = ∫ tan x dx = ∫ tan
n n−2
x tan x dx = ∫ tann−2 x (sec2 x − 1) dx
2

0 0 0
M1

π π π
4 4
x dx = [ tan n−1 x
]
2 4 1
∫ tan n−2
x sec x dx − ∫ tan n−2
n−1 − Tn−2 = n−1 − Tn−2
0 0 0

A1A1AG

[3 marks]

(g.ii) Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1]

Markscheme

need n ⩾ 2 so that the powers of tan in

π π
4 4
∫ tann−2 x sec2 x dx − ∫ tann−2 x dx are not negative R1
0 0

[1 mark]

(h) Hence, find the exact values of T2 and T3 . [2]

Markscheme

T2 = 1 − T0 = 1 − π
4
A1

T3 = 1
2 − T1 = 1
2 − ln √2 A1

[2 marks]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

11. [Maximum mark: 26] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.5

This question investigates the sum of sine and cosine functions

(a.i) Sketch the graph y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x, for −2π ⩽ x ⩽ 2π [1]

Markscheme

A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) Write down the amplitude of this graph [1]

Markscheme

5 A1

[1 mark]

(a.iii) Write down the period of this graph [1]

Markscheme

2π A1

[1 mark]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

The expression 3 sin x + 4 cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where A, B ∈ R+ and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.

(b.i) Use your answers from part (a) to write down the value of A, B
and D. [1]

Markscheme

A = 5, B = 1, D = 0 A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) Find the value of C. [2]

Markscheme

maximum at x = 0.644 M1

So C = −0.644 A1

[2 marks]

(c.i) Find arctan 34 , giving the answer to 3 significant figures. [1]

Markscheme

0.644 A1

[1 mark]

(c.ii) Comment on your answer to part (c)(i). [1]

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IB Questionbank 15/07/2024, 1:58 PM

Markscheme

it appears that C = −arctan 34 A1

[1 mark]

The expression 5 sin x + 12 cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where A, B ∈ R+ and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.

(d) By considering the graph of y = 5 sin x + 12 cos x, find the

value of A, B, C and D. [5]

Markscheme

M1

A = 13 A1

B = 1 and D = 0 A1

maximum at x = 0.395 M1

5
So C = −0.395 (= −arctan 12 ) A1

[5 marks]

In general, the expression a sin x + b cos x can be written in the form

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