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HARDWARE LAB

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19 views5 pages

HARDWARE LAB

Uploaded by

aritradash0020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course No. : EEE 102 Group No : 4


Course Title : Electrical Circuits I Laboratory Section : B-2

Hardware Experiment No : 02
Name of the Experiment : Verification of KVL, voltage division between series
connected resistances.

Name : Aritra |Dash


Student ID: 2306119
Level-1 Term-1
Department: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Partner’s ID: 2306116, 2306117, 2306118, 2306120

Date of Performance : 10/09/2024


Date of Submission : 24/09/2024
Objective
This experiment is conducted to understand and confirm experimentally
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and voltage division. By building circuits with
resistors in series, we aim to examine voltage distribution and ensure
experimentally KVL through theoretical calculations and practical observations.

Theory
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and voltage divider rule:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that, the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that
𝑀
∑ vm = 0
𝑚=1

where M is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of branches in the
loop) and vm is the mth voltage.
Applying KVL, if a voltage divider has N resistors (R1, R2, ... , RN) in series with
source voltage v, the nth resistor (Rn) will have a voltage drop of
𝑅𝑛
vn = 𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3+···+𝑅𝑛
v

List of Components
1. DC power supply
2. Break Board
3. One DC Ammeter (0 - 10A)
4. One DC Voltmeter (0 - 300V)
5. Three resistors
6. One Multimeter
7. Connectors and jumpers
Procedures
The following circuit was constructed to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
and then readings of voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3) V1, V2, V3
and the serially connected Ammeter was taken.

Fig : Circuit for verification of KVL

Data

Vin I V1 V2 V3 ΣV 𝑉𝑖𝑛 Error


(volts) (volts) (volts)
Req=
(amps) (volts) 𝐼
(ohm)

6.98V 8. 8 × 10
−3 1. 95 0. 886 4. 14 6. 976 793. 18 0.0573%

9.96V 12. 54 × 10
−3 2.729 1.204 5.87 9. 803 794.258 1. 57%
Calculation
Observation-01
Vin = 6.98V

R1 = 217Ω, R2 = 98Ω, R3 = 461Ω

R0 = R1 + R2 + R3 = 776
Σ𝑉 6.98
Req = 𝐼
= −3 = 793.18Ω
8.8×10

ΣV = V1 + V2 + V3 = 6.976 V
6.98−6.976
% of error = 6.98
× 100% = 0. 057304%

Observation-02
Vin = 9.96V

R1 = 217, R2 = 217Ω, R3 = 461Ω

R0 = R1 + R2 + R3 = 793.18
Σ𝑉 10.16
Req = 𝐼
= 0.0124
= 794.258Ω

|9.96−9.803|
% of error = 9.96
× 100% = 1. 576%

ΣV = V1 + V2 + V3 = 9.803 V ≈ Vin

Result
In first observation, the total calculated voltage is 6.976V which is almost equal to
the expected valuation of voltage 6.8 V with a percentage of 0.057% error. In the
second observation, the total calculated voltage is 9.803 V which is quite close to
the expected value of voltage of 9.96 voltage with a error margin of 1.57%.

Discussion
To examine the validity of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, we conducted a basic
experiment. If our measurements and instruments were flawless, the voltage
derived from calculating current and resistance would match that of the voltage
source. Due to the imperfections in both our equipment and ourselves, we observed
errors of 0.053% and 1.57% in our results.

While many sources of error can be mitigated with careful attention, some factors
are unavoidable:

1. Resistance in Wires and Jumpers


2. Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
3. Limitations of Instruments
4. Connection Errors

By utilizing more precise instruments and exercising greater care, we can minimize
these errors.

Finally, we can conclude that, although there was a little error in the observations,
they are due to their own little problems, We can safely conclude that-Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) is true, that is, the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero.

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