Name: Mayank Gusain

Practical:1|Write a ‘C’ program to evaluate an expression ax2+bx+c. Roll no: 24010157

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
float a, b, c, discriminant, root1, root2;
printf("Enter the coefficient a (non-zero): ");
scanf("%f", &a);
if (a == 0) {
printf("Coefficient 'a' cannot be zero for a quadratic equation.\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Enter the coefficient b: ");
scanf("%f", &b);
printf("Enter the constant c: ");
scanf("%f", &c);
discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if (discriminant > 0) {
root1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
printf("The equation has two real and distinct roots: %.2f and %.2f\n", root1, root2);
} else if (discriminant == 0) {
root1 = -b / (2 * a);
printf("The equation has one real and repeated root: %.2f\n", root1);
} else {
float realPart = -b / (2 * a);
float imaginaryPart = sqrt(-discriminant) / (2 * a);
printf("The equation has complex roots: %.2f + %.2fi and %.2f - %.2fi\n",
realPart, imaginaryPart, realPart, imaginaryPart);
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the coefficient a (non-zero): 1

Enter the coefficient b: -3
Enter the constant c: 2
The equation has two real and distinct roots: 2.00 and 1.00
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:2|Write a ‘C’ program to find the sum of first n even natural numbers using the formula
n(n+1).

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,sum,i;
printf("Enter a natural number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
sum=n*(n+1);
printf("The sum of first %d even natural numbers is:%d",n,sum);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a natural number:5

The sum of first 5 even natural numbers is:30
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 1.289 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:3|Write a ‘C’ program to check weather a year is leap year or not.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter a year to check:");
scanf("%d",&year);
if(year%400==0 || (year%4==0 && year%100!=0))
{
printf("%d is a leap year",year);
}
else
{
printf("%d is not a leap year",year);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a year to check:2024

2024 is a leap year
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 2.217 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157
Practical:4| Write a ‘C’ program to accept an input from user and check weather it is a character,digit or
special symbol using a switch-case.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a Character:");
scanf("%c",&ch);
switch(1)
{
case 1:
if((ch>='A' && ch<='Z') || (ch>='a' && ch<='z'))
{
printf("Given character is an Alphabet...");
break;
}
else if(ch>='0' && ch<='9')
{
printf("Given character is a digit...");
break;
}
else if(ch == ' ')
{
printf("Given character is an space...");
break;
}
else
{
printf("Given character is a special symbol...");
break;
}
default:printf("Invalid character...");
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a Character:$
Given character is a special symbol...
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 4.214 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:5|Write a ‘C’ program to input a month number and print the month name using switch-case.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int month;
printf("Enter the month number 1-12: ");
scanf("%d", &month);
switch(month)
{
case 1:
printf("It is January\n");
break;
case 2:
printf("It is February\n");
break;
case 3:
printf("It is March\n");
break;
case 4:
printf("It is April\n");
break;
case 5:
printf("It is May\n");
break;
case 6:
printf("It is June\n");
break;
case 7:
printf("It is July\n");
break;
case 8:
printf("It is August\n");
break;
case 9:
printf("It is September\n");
break;
case 10:
printf("It is October\n");
break;
case 11:
printf("It is November\n");
break;
case 12:
 printf("It is December\n");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid month number! Please enter a number between 1 and 12.\n");
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the month number 1-12: 8

It is August

Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 1.438 s

Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:6| Write a ‘C’ program to find the maximum and minimum numbers of an array of integers.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int arr[20],n,i,lar,sml;
printf("Enter the number of elements in an array max 20:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Now, Enter %d elements:",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
lar=arr[0];
sml=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(arr[i]>lar)
{
lar=arr[i];
}
else if(arr[i]<sml)
{
sml=arr[i];
}
}
printf("Largest element in array is:%d\nSmallest element in array is:%d",lar,sml);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the number of elements in an array max 20:10

Now, Enter 10 elements:23 45 78 34 67 342 67 -56 4 -9
Largest element in array is:342
Smallest element in array is:-56
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 21.445 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157
Practical:7|Write a ‘C’ program to find the transpose of a given matrix.

#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int rows,cols;
// Input number of rows and columns for the matrix
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &rows);
printf("Enter number of columns: ");
scanf("%d", &cols);
int matrix[rows][cols], transpose[cols][rows]; // Declare matrix and transpose
// Input matrix elements
printf("Enter elements of the matrix:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
printf("Element [%d][%d]: ", i+1, j+1);
scanf("%d",&matrix[i][j]);
}
}

// Calculating the transpose of the matrix

for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j];
}
}

// Printing the original matrix

printf("\nOriginal Matrix:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
 // Printing the transpose of the matrix
printf("\nTranspose of the Matrix:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < cols; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < rows; j++)
{
printf("%d ", transpose[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter number of rows: 2

Enter number of columns: 3
Enter elements of the matrix:
Element [1][1]: 1
Element [1][2]: 2
Element [1][3]: 3
Element [2][1]: 4
Element [2][2]: 5
Element [2][3]: 6

Original Matrix:
123
456

Transpose of the Matrix:

14
25
36

Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 6.802 s

Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157
Practical:8|Write a ‘C’ program that finds the sum of diagonal elements of a given square matrix.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int mat[3][3];
int i,j,sum=0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("Element [%d][%d]: ", i+1, j+1);
scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("%d ", mat[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
if(i==j)
{
sum+=mat[i][j];
}
}
}
printf("\nSum of diagonal elements:%d",sum);
return 0;
}

Output:

Element [1][1]: 1
Element [1][2]: 2
Element [1][3]: 3
Element [2][1]: 4
Element [2][2]: 5
Element [2][3]: 6
Element [3][1]: 7
Element [3][2]: 8
Element [3][3]: 9
123
456
789

Sum of diagonal elements:15

Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 5.708 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157
Practical:9|Write a ‘C’ program to read an integer and find the sum of digits. Use a function for finding
the sum of digits.

#include<stdio.h>
int sum(n)
{
int rem,sum=0;
while(n!=0)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem;
n/=10;
}
return sum;
}

int main()
{
int n,result;
printf("Enter an integer number that consist of more than one digit:");
scanf("%d",&n);
result=sum(n);
printf("Sum of all digits in %d is:%d",n,result);
}

Output:

Enter an integer number that consists of more than one digit:852674

Sum of all digits in 852674 is:32
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 8.486 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157
Practical:10|Write a ‘C’ program to convert Decimal number to Binary number. Use recursive function.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int decimalToBinary(int n, int count) {
if (n == 0) {
return 0;
}
int k = n % 2;
int c = pow(10, count);
return (k * c) + decimalToBinary(n / 2, count + 1);
}
int main() {
int n; // Input number
printf("Enter a decimal number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
int result = decimalToBinary(n, 0);
printf("Binary is:%d", result);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a decimal number:13

Binary is :1101
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 1.784 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:11|Write a ‘C’ program to perform the following operations on a string.

a): Count the number of characters and digits.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[100];
int charCount=0,digitCount=0,i;
printf("Enter a string with characters and digits:");
gets(str);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if((str[i]>='A' && str[i]<='Z') || (str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z'))
{
charCount++;
}
else if(str[i]>='0' && str[i]<='9')
{
digitCount++;
}
}
printf("Total character in string:%d",charCount);
printf("\nTotal digits in string:%d",digitCount);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a string with characters and digits:My name is Abdur Rehman 9279183 & 2783496293
Total character in string:19
Total digits in string:17
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 29.627 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:11|Write a ‘C’ program to perform the following operations on a string.

b):Check whether the given string is Palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[50],str2[50];
printf("Enter a string:");
gets(str);
strcpy(str2,str);
strrev(str2);
printf("Reverse string is:%s",str2);
if(strcmpi(str,str2)==0){
printf("\nString is Palindrome");
}
else{
printf("\nString is not Palindrome");
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a string:level
Reverse string is:level
String is Palindrome
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 8.326 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:12| Write a ‘C’ program to swap two numbers.[Demonstrate the difference between call by
value and call by reference for swapping two numbers].

#include <stdio.h>
void swapByValue(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf("Inside swapByValue: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
}
void swapByReference(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
printf("Inside swapByReference: a = %d, b = %d\n", *a, *b);
}
int main() {
int x, y;
printf("Enter two different numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
printf("Before swapping: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);
swapByValue(x, y);
printf("After swapByValue: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);
swapByReference(&x, &y);
printf("After swapByReference: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter two different numbers: 6 9

Before swapping: x = 6, y = 9
Inside swapByValue: a = 9, b = 6
After swapByValue: x = 6, y = 9
Inside swapByReference: a = 9, b = 6
After swapByReference: x = 9, y = 6

Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 3.516 s

Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:13| Write a ‘C’ program to store and retrieve the personal information about students –
Enrollment Number,Name,Address,City and State. Demonstrate nusing files.]

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int enr_no,e;
char name[20],addr[50],city[20],state[20];
char n[20],a[50],c[20],s[20];
printf("Enter your Enrollment No:");
scanf("%d",&enr_no);
printf("Enter your Name:");
scanf("%s",&name);
printf("Enter your Adress:");
scanf("%s",&addr);
printf("Enter your City:");
scanf("%s",&city);
printf("Enter your State:");
scanf("%s",&state);
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("personal_info.txt","w"); // To store data in personal_info.txt
fprintf(fp,"%d %s %s %s %s",enr_no,name,addr,city,state);
fclose(fp);
printf("Data stored Enter to retrieve the data from file\n");
getch();
fp=fopen("personal_info.txt","r");
fscanf(fp,"%d",&e);
fscanf(fp,"%s",&n);
fscanf(fp,"%s",&a);
fscanf(fp,"%s",&c);
fscanf(fp,"%s",&s);
fclose(fp);
printf("your Enrollment No is:%d",e);
printf("\nyour Name is :%s",n);
printf("\nyour Address is :%s",a);
printf("\nyour City is :%s",c);
printf("\nyour State is :%s",s);
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter your Enrollment No:241004

Enter your Name:Abdur
Enter your Adress:Sanpla
Enter your City:Deoband
Enter your State:Saharanpur
Data store
Press Enter to retrieve the data from file
your Enrollment No is:241004
your Name is :Abdur
your Address is :Sanpla
your City is :Deoband
your State is :Saharanpur
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 26.742 s
Press any key to continue.
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:14|Write a ‘C’ program to find

a):The frequency of characters that are in a sentence stored in a text file.
The file named is to be supplied as a command-line argument.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 2) {
printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
char *filename = argv[1];
char str[500], c;
int freq[256] = {0};
printf("Enter a sentence: ");
fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);
FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "w");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file '%s' for writing!\n", filename);
return 1;
}
fprintf(fp, "%s", str
fclose(fp);
fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file '%s' for reading!\n", filename);
return 1;
}
while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
freq[(unsigned char)c]++;
}
fclose(fp);
printf("\nCharacter Frequencies from '%s':\n", filename);
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
if (freq[i] > 0 && isprint(i)) {
printf("'%c' -> %d\n", i, freq[i]);
}
}

return 0;
}
Output:

Enter a sentence: Hello, World! This is a test sentence.

Character Frequencies:
' ' -> 7
',' -> 1
'!' -> 1
'H' -> 2
'T' -> 1
'a' -> 1
'c' -> 2
'd' -> 1
'e' -> 6
'h' -> 1
'i' -> 3
'l' -> 3
'n' -> 2
'o' -> 2
'r' -> 1
's' -> 5
't' -> 3
'w' -> 1
 Name: Mayank Gusain
Roll no: 24010157

Practical:14|Write a ‘C’ program to find

b):TCount the number of words in a file
The file named is to be supplied as a command-line argument

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 2) {
printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
char *filename = argv[1];
FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file '%s' for reading!\n", filename);
return 1;
}
int word_count = 0;
char c, prev = ' ';
while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
if (isspace(c) && !isspace(prev)) {
word_count++;
}
prev = c;
}
if (!isspace(prev)) {
word_count++;
}
fclose(fp);
printf("The number of words in '%s' is: %d\n", filename, word_count);
return 0;
}

Output:

Hello, World! This is a test sentence with multiple words.

The number of words in 'essay.txt' is: 10