Linu

thebe8innim
o
wah
in
inax bej an to
(teate
a r
hstoy f inus
The ctudent

bjfinand mesket (onstAntly

psoßect bern
PrSonal
1he The sesuHn i n u
cc Os kesnel

fdand sludenk
A h oo u g h o u t
uas mtood uled
by
Lnux

yas 99 Os
DeleASed.

So
Uni cleased

Heslet t Pecka .0
as
clease A
nus patt
ard

1992 He wle t and

HPo
he eas as
o 3eteajed
eas 1943 0niw vO
Ha
or

and hp
S o . 0
"h
a $sten
4ne
aoement
c oldves
he O n n o u n ( e d .

divisîon
SeovC
Softae vbantu laundhed
the tsst ele a s e
209 dSbuon
In he ovm
o0 6 oyade 3e lease& its
T the eas
ecs 2 ol) the ifn u kenet o 'Vco Sion s«leozech.
he

*Commands
he Pocs
used t o d s ela
fs
Pwd ThiS Commannd

okin
Thes comand 1st he direeto conttn Ls hape_
LS hu

This covmmand w (1st h e cotent of dectoay

n ludin hfddtn les and
dtectoy
This (7e ot e
command a ne
Pso ui'd ed doun ot
mdr D ThS Command cs eate s neste ofsc toy,
 COmmand
s S e A to chaje the dct osy
C
Or)-4Tlenore bm

AScd to deletc e
(ommand

Sle
This de let e
he

ile vamc Ths

C O m m a r d
sefult
Som
-

h l o tnt ]
C a n t t n t

op S he
1his ommard

Ptlee1tles t aro ther.

som
die(t les and

o move

m ommon A

dieto Pubhc
sa
nc
ece nsin 4he G UGe h a t a I O S

undts
Softne f t nsc
d'st obuted

LinUn
s
S a f cC sa°1e
h ourt o
soft
L ense
whih Ahe mod
mod and use
fhal onl1
e n t L A D e s

CASeo o
A n d t o

i c e nse Clcase
d
estsifi ons The 6p bc
*ma

sofl a t e
aku
must
+he
Softwase 4hat
mode fo the
ensuij3
Inse
Same
OPn S orb
f4sce
Command S
Sed to
Ths ile
Ffle command t
yee fle
he
deleornine cao
snt
diset
osy
te.tnt n oud
A ffe CalledA

t'S fle yee

de t t s míne
A SCJj ttnt
Lest.tat
out put fle
 cli on
ime f
U pdatca \He mod?f c

nesftle tnl usingtou n

Calle d

Command

touth hesKle tn Calle d n c G l e t n t

This s e a l e
tnt om
test
4le
aD t dfice46) moyc
To

we
nt
C o n si d cb

C a s bCnt

m test. tnt
he fle
to corg
Command
IS
used
custnt divct
ce in
tnt
e coalle d
Osinat
ple
called t oPy t
A Sle Cop
E to
mokc
a

ant
and we
CoPy.twt
Gle t at the frle
osnal O ) z c n a n m c

cp moVe
to
USed
Ths command i's cus5Cnt
dis ctay
ncme.tat"tn

le called old
A nenAme. t ut
ronanne
And Jant to
n e w n a m e . l n t

.
tMt
name
old
m
used to ename. mudir le A°le s

This (omamamd
Rename
hat emd w'iL
ontc.
at cuant decto0y
les nstea
untn cname fhe m .md
and

.Ant
dename Co MmGnd

We
*
tt
ename s
tnt § / \md |
 command fS CAScd

S C p t

The
Sc SSion

tcsmina Scopt (opifonal) Cefle snd om

Un an
Synta tPe soipl
Lext le ie4s sJ
TO St asl S o v Ct m

and
CommAnd

h sc
,
tnt

soipt Hey htsc , Lnt

?
ubbnt u? s Hy 4htc tnt
ut S Scipl stoptrd
lc
e , 5 enit
Ke"
S @ u n t a e aboE
too) fn.fors a t i
$
ScOUbun Cnt
0Ubumu: Lhotomm
OLPUt
sc omCana n
1»99ed
who
CaDsCn t j
ho who D ho lo0ged în.
useoS
Ses
e al nf-
S only Se the foflousî ng
Command dis p loj S
e The ho

cuooey
Cach

nome of uSes

tine numbes s
Tesminal
Usc înt o Stcm
ogin tine
h e ASes
b oSt rame
Remot e

outpt h duse Ram tSh .

n sPidon IS S N ho
203-o -
hd uses Ramesh Tnspisun u s b }
 he O t o min a

te minal Connected
he Hle om fhe

slandasd ngut
4y Coption)
ntaa

tly
maste R Amesh S E a
am Pass0

masles Ro mesh

4he
he foahs of
Pd* ooy. t fom
Pont
wos Ling disc
T stnd s
6toastinj om
o Btingdiscctosy

y mbl Path
s i n t the
Pd
Oclual Palh
s i n t s the
Pd P
Ramesh
lom og p
/hone Pomesh o J
L
$ pud
-

Romesh Ram1ojs

Charne (Ramesh liojs

avnsh pam tfIo5s Pud p

ome Sh a lam :.
ljs
Ps Ps
stands f P60css status. asica es (ommoand
s usedto s t he (uv stnt unning Po DUCS S 0f heis

PT D's along withohe 3 in{s mati on de pends o n ortio=

Syntan Ps lopti on)
 he
Shos
Sclec tion
sinple PoOess

CtA sent She

PS

19 tt
oot She

TTU
P Oo d0
O0
Dash

230Ptslo

162 Pislo
h nftot a l o v
n a m e
ispla
C o m m a n d

The
v UName
s s t em

abut he

oftion)
Uname
ophonot
Sntn neri{o

S1sem

oPhon f Point s h
otlo in usdro

kebne\
keoncl nolc)
Kesnclname,

h a d co1 e
macnne

SUnam
out put Ramesh@am uname a
inu E .So2 enesrCs
9m Sun 14 8 9

%6. 64 xS6 G Ram

 d 1splay
ead
(On mand
isel)
)Hcad Commma nd tent 4lc
d e f a u l

f h s t s o mes

) l e name.)
foptton
SIntan; h e a d
Sample tat

A Fle name

This is 1e 1

This s ne
1his s e

1fnes
fcslints
This s ine 6
Comrnana disphy
he . tast
T ail two oA
ai Command at
t w i ldisplay
by default
he ttt

(ort'o) e
name
)
Snt a tat
Tal Sangle . t»t
This 's Unt
Output*
Ifnt g
7his fs
This is ine 9
This Is Iinc ID

mo se Comm om
ommand

b Page allong 4he ttes t

f the le pe9
Contint
he
S ot
oton) LElename)
S'yntam
display the Conttn t f h e SAm

S Canple4t"le

S amplc. t»t
his sPnea
1his
s ine
This is ine 3
 COm r

Cwmm a n d
Coat
Th LCarninal
on Ihe
Cont cnt Cole

Cat (oplon) Ce:le nome

cot Somfle nt

6ul pul This

This Ps lin
Th's Ps 19n 3
Ths s (tney
s s lnes
vstin e ntsat the
The
Ston Command fs Scd t o

te líabe sto ins 45D m a binaj le

Sptan Stin oetion) l Pe nom

SuePos e wC haue an enecutable bîna
namtd my Po 3 a m TO
ene cut (hes c{fable

Sti Pujoa

outfut nu 86 6 5O
be . So 6

Puts
stdout
cxa nG Cse
HO
it
Sarne

hasd link
ndeslyin)
On a fle
dal a
Cm obsc
as aoles
hat

Fle

conltnt docmol ale

Ccate le l e Atnt
e cho etlo wonld", ele t
S1n l e atnt (e
le1 t <h
10modfy the Conitnt

eho Cood byeoid

$cat
oe bj l d **

1hal eoAnts mathe

1mbolic nks: T s afle
A

fte
Symbol link ¢le 3 fos kle.4ut "
$in S 4fels t

sat
Wosld
1 elo agan
Th find
(ommand s e io sc.as h
find
ní Scar
n a ds rc hitsohy bu: T
trdela ype, S e c i

Lets Seas ch fUal int* Sles t

nd nam t

/6le 1.tnt
 he

(nane. f
shoull be
PesmisSi) hat
Valac O)
ct'scI Sc

Caal:

is dta Ond
is
v node.s
<bout
mato)

nf
on a i e SYAicm
file SJstem
Kle an dide t o
Lth
? n o de s
O nGn d
dotmtc.l

he rS
Lelsasc

3 1s
Ps 3 2 63

The nodt umbe i

O5ani'sedin a

UniX trk c as he fiAe sjutem

ha
doot
df'oect oy at he ts
hesaschy Stactuoc
disrd uy and \h-
Cont ains
The
And
Can ton tain o lhes t o iC
each d?» CAuy

Tts top most

dicctsJ inle
heisah)9t is PadCht
Syrk m

on he jelem
CInd

also
nosn as bot Syl
in0s Dfoedo)
nccEAiosle
Tes (o
he ina cont af'n Ses

usd bi he Syrte
os) bJ
binases
csset. >sC
The Contains

srto
t 7 9 a rok
Peo atons

bin
6bin
Jussfbin
lus 15bn
' 1he on
F)ssation diirthos Cy
oEo2aton dircdosi C4
Urs

Contain sjlem
se ide
Pnduldal
Con fS c

PDlems
(etc
O e dos C
Oota dat a les thatis Lr
onsit S
Conssls
the Ps5 m Thebo /a dstts
1he
vasaLles data fle hal chans

Conc l
us fo fct
P arn
hnt 1s not l
softnne

Jas
u t l o (ol