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Elements of Communication

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21 views4 pages

Elements of Communication

Uploaded by

jeffersonmaramag02
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

SENDER

A sender is a person who sends he message to the receiver. The sender is also
known as the encoder of the message. The sender is the initiator of the communication
process who starts the procedure via sending a message or information. A sender
makes and uses symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and
produce the required response.

ENCODING

Encoding is the process of transforming abstract opinions and ideas intosymbols


such as words, pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might represent orindicate
opinions, ideas, and actions.

MESSAGE

The message refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude,
andview that the sender wants to deliver to the receiver. The message seems like a key
element of any communication process. Messages may convey through verbal and
nonverbal cues Verbal cues are the spoken language of the speaker, for instance,
spoken words. On the other hand, non-verbal communication cues are facial
expression, eye contact, physical appearance, posture, gesture, etc.

CHANNEL

Channel is the way or tool of transmitting the message. It is also known as a


medium or transmitter in communication that conveys the message from sender to
receiver.

DECODING

Decoding is the process of translation of an encoded symbol into the ordinary


understandable language in contrast to the encoder. In this process, the receiver
converts the symbols into thoughts received from the sender.

RECEIVER

A receiver is a person for whom the message is targeted in contrast to


thesender. Therefore, the receiver is the audience of the communication process
whodecodes the message to perceive the meaning. Receiver can be one person or a
group of people or an organization.
FEEDBACK

Feedback refers to the response of the receiver or audience. It is one of the main
elements of the effective communication process as it allows the sender to analyze the
efficacy of the message. It also helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation
of the message by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words) or non-verbal
(in the form of smiles, sighs, etc.).

NOISE

Noise refers to the any type of barrier that obstacles the effectiveness of the
communication process.

5 TYPES OF NOISE OF COMMUNICATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE

Psychological noise occurs when emotions interfere with the receiver's


interpretation of a message.

PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE

Physiological noise occurs when something internal in the message receiver's


body is interfering with their interpretation of the message.

PHYSICAL NOISE

Physical noise or also called external noise is any external or environmental


stimulus that distracts us from receiving the intended message sent by a communicator.

SEMANTIC NOISE

Semantic noise refers to a type of communication interference that occurs when


the intended meaning of a message becomes distorted or obscured due to differences
in the understanding, interpretation, or perception of the language or symbols used by
the sender and the receiver.

CULTURAL NOISE

Cultural noise occurs when cultural expectations, etiquette, attitudes, and value
differ.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

LINEAR MODEL

It is a one-way process of communication that is unidirectional. The speaker


sends messages to the receiver with/without effect. It also presents a simple
communication act because the transmission of message shows only the begginning
and the end and that therer is no interchanging of roles between the sender and the
receiver.

DIFFERENT MODELS IN LINEAR MODEL

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

Aristotle’s model is considered as the oldest model of communication and was


proposed before 300 BC. This model is mainly focused on the speaker and the speech.

LASSWELL’S MODEL

This was developed by the communication theories of Harold D. Lasswell in


1948. It is also known as the action model and was used analyze mass communication.
This model describes who is saying something, which channels is used to convey the
messages, who the messages is aimed at and what effect that message had.

BERLO’S SMCR MODEL

David Berlo described factors affecting the individual components in the


communication making the communication more efficient. The model also focuses on
encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before
receiver receives the message respectively.

Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process.
They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected
by many factors.

SHANON-WEAVER MODEL

The Shanon-Weaver Model was formed in 1949, by mathematician Claude


Shannon and the scientist Warren Weaver known as the “Mother of all communication
models”. It was developed to improved technical communication in radio and television.
INTERACTIVE MODEL

The interacitve model of communication is a two-way process that emphasizes


the exchange of messages between the sender and a receiver, allowing for feedback.
Unlike the linear models, which depict communication as a one-way transmission, the
interacitve model acknowledges that both participants actively engage in encoding,
decoding, and responding to messages.

TYPE OF INTERACTIVE MODEL

SCHRAMM’S MODEL

The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is explained as a model


where communication between the sender and receiver occurs in a circular rather than
a linear way. Both the receiver and the sender exchange roles and give each other
feedback which completes the process. The model has various features including a
sender who is the source of the message and a receiver who interprets the message.
Lastly, there is feedback which is the message that a receiver sends back to a sender.

TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

The transactional model of communication is a theory that describes


communication as a simultaneous and ongoing exchange of messages between
participants, where both sender and receiver are actively involved in the process. This
model emphasizes that communication is not merely about transmitting information but
also about creating social realities within various contexts, including cultural and
relational factors.

TYPES OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

BARNLUND’S MODEL

This a multi-layered feeback system proposed by Dean Barnlund in 1970, which


it l emphasizes the dynamic, multilayered and simultaneous nature of communication,
where meaning emerges through the continuous exchange of verbal and nonverbal
cues between active participants within a shared context

HELICAL MODEL

The helical model of communication, proposed by Frank Dance in 1967,


presents communication as a dynamic, evolving process represented by a spiral or
helix. The helical model of communication provides a framework for understanding
communication as an ever-evolving process, where each interaction builds upon the
last, influenced by the participants' histories and contexts.

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