UNIVERSITY OF ESWATINI

Faculty of Science & Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE202 Thermofluids
Open Book Test Solution Model
17/01/2024
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Time Allowed: 2.5 Hours Total: 75 Marks
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1. [25 Marks]

a. Consider a large cubic ice block floating in seawater. The specific gravities of ice
and seawater are 0.92 and 1.025, respectively. If a 25-cm-high portion of the ice
block extends above the surface of the water, determine the height of the ice block
below the surface. [9]
The weight of a body floating is equal to the buoyant force acting on it:

𝑭𝑩

𝑊 = 𝐹𝐵 [1]
𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 [1]
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
= [1]
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑙×ℎ×𝑤 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 ℎ 0.92
= → = [3]
𝑙 × (ℎ + ℎ25 cm ) × 𝑤 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ + 0.25 1.025
0.2244
∴ ℎ − 0.8976ℎ = 0.2244 → ℎ = = 2.191 m [3]
1 − 0.8976

b. A 2-m-long quarter-circular gate of radius 3 m and of negligible weight is hinged

about its upper edge 𝐴, as shown in Fig. 1b. The gate controls the flow of water over
the ledge at 𝐵, where the gate is pressed by a spring. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylindrical surface of the gate. [16]
 𝑅 3
𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔 (𝑠 + ) 𝐴 = 1000 × 9.81 × (0 + ) (3 × 2) = 58.86 kN [4]
2 2
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐴 = 1000 × 9.81 × (3)(3 × 2) = 176.6 kN [3]

𝜋𝑅 2 𝜋(3)2
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔 ( ) 𝐿 = 1000 × 9.81 × ( ) (2) = 138.7 kN [3]
4 4
𝐹𝑉 = 𝐹𝑦 − 𝑊 = 176.6 − 138.7 = 37.9 kN [2]

𝐹𝑅 = √𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2 = √58.862 + 37.92 = 70 kN [2]

𝐹𝑉 37.9
tan𝜃 = = → 𝜃 = 32.8° [2]
𝐹𝐻 58.86

Fig. 1b

2. [25 Marks]

a. In cold climates, water pipes may freeze and burst if proper precautions are not taken.
In such an occurrence, the exposed part of a pipe on the ground ruptures, and water
shoots up to 22 m. Estimate the gage pressure of water in the pipe. State your
assumptions and discuss if the actual pressure will be less or more than what you
predicted. [10]
The velocity inside the pipe is relatively low, 𝑉1 ≅ 0 and taking the burst section of the pipe as
the reference level, 𝑧1 = 0. At the top of the water trajectory, 𝑉2 = 0, at atmospheric pressure.
[2]
Then the Bernoulli Equation simplifies to
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑃atm 𝑃1 − 𝑃atm
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 → = + 𝑧2 → = 𝑧2 [3]
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Solving for gage pressure
 𝑃1,gage
= 𝑧2 → 𝑃1,gage = 𝜌𝑔𝑧2 = 1000 × 9.81 × 22 = 215.8 kPa [3]
𝜌𝑔
The result obtained by the Bernoulli equation represents a limit. It tells us that the water
pressure (gage) cannot possibly be less than 215.8 kPa (giving us lower limit), and, in all
likelihood, the pressure will be much higher due to irreversible losses that we neglected. [2]
b. Air enters a 10-m-long section of a rectangular duct of cross section 15 cm × 20 cm
made of commercial steel at 1 atm and 37℃ at an average velocity of 7 m/s.
Disregarding the entrance effects, determine the fan power needed to overcome the
pressure losses in this section of the duct. The properties of air at 1 atm and 37℃ are 𝜌
= 1.143 kg/m3, and 𝜇 = 1.90 × 10-5 kg/m∙s. The roughness of commercial steel surface
is 𝜀 = 0.000045 m. [15]
The hydraulic diameter, the Reynolds number and the volume flow rate in this case are:
4𝑎𝑏 4 × (0.15) × (0.2)
𝐷ℎ = = = 0.1714 m [2]
2(𝑎 + 𝑏) 2(0.15 + 0.2)
𝜌𝑉𝐷ℎ (1.143) × (7) × 0.1714
𝑅𝑒 = = = 72 200 [2]
𝜇 1.9 × 10−5
𝑅𝑒 ≥ 4000, ∴ flow is turbulant. [2]

𝑉̇ = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉(𝑎 × 𝑏) = 7 × 0.15 × 0.2 = 0.21 m3 ⁄s [2]

The relative roughness of the pipe is:

𝜀 0.000045
= = 2.625 × 10−4 [2]
𝐷ℎ 0.1714
The friction factor using Haaland equation is:
𝜀⁄ 1.11 1.11
1 6.9 𝐷ℎ 6.9 2.625 × 10−4
= −1.8 log [ +( ) ] = −1.8 log [ +( ) ] [3]
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7 72200 3.7

∴ 𝑓 = 0.02009 [1]

Then the pressure drop in the duct and required pump power become:

𝐿 𝜌𝑉 2 10 1.143 × 72
∆𝑃 = 𝑓 = 0.02009 = 32.82 Pa [3]
𝐷ℎ 2 0.1714 2

𝑊̇𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉̇ ∆𝑃 = 0.21 × 32.82 = 6.892 𝑊 [2]

3. [25 Marks]

a. What is the specific gravity of a substance? [2]

𝜌substance
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑆𝐺) = [2]
𝜌water

b. An inclined manometer is used to measure pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a
specific gravity of 13.5, and the manometer column height (ℎ) and length (𝐿) are 55 cm
and 110 cm, respectively. Determine the pressure within the tank and the tube inclined
angle. [7]
The density of the fluid is
𝜌fluid = 𝑆𝐺 × 𝜌water = 13.5 × 1000 = 13500 kg⁄m3 [1]
For an inclined manometer the pressure in the tank is
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ [2]
𝑃1 = 101.3 + 13.5 × 9.81 × 0.55 = 174.1 kPa [2]
For an inclined manometer
𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → ℎ = 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [1]
ℎ 0.55
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = → 𝜃 = 30° [1]
𝐿 1.1
a. A water pump is drawing 25 kW of electric power while pumping water at a rate of
0.1 m3 ⁄s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12 cm, respectively.
If the pressure rise of water in the pump is measured using a manometer to be 250 kPa
and the motor efficiency is 90 percent, determine the mechanical efficiency of the
pump. [16]
Taking the inlet and outlet of the pump as point 1 and 2 respectively, noting that 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 ,
𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1, there is no turbine, and the head losses are zero because they are accounted
for by the pump efficiency the energy equation reduces to [2]

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ 𝛼2 + 𝑔𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = + 𝛼2 + 𝑔𝑧2 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + ℎ𝐿
𝜌1 2 𝜌2 2
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
→ ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = + [2]
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Where
𝑉1̇ 𝑉1̇ 0.1
𝑉1 = = 2 = = 19.89 m⁄s [2]
𝐴1 𝜋𝐷1 𝜋(0.08)2
4 4
𝑉̇2 𝑉̇2 0.1
𝑉1 = = 2 = = 8.842 m⁄s [2]
𝐴2 𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(0.12)2
4 4
Substituting, the useful pump head and the corresponding useful pump power are
determined to be
250 000 (8.842)2 − (19.89)2
ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = + = 41.66 m [2]
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔̇ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 = 1000 × 0.1 × 9.81 × 41.66 = 40.87 kW [2]
Then the shaft pumping power and the mechanical efficiency of the pump become
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 0.9 × 25 = 22.5 kW [2]

𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑢 40.87
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = = = 1.816 or 181.6 % [2]
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 22.5

____________________________ The End _________________________