Faculty of Computer Applications

Geographic Information
Systems(GIS):
Fundamentals and Applications

Facilitator
By KATYA MUHAMBYA
PhD Researcher,
Faculty of Computer Application
Ganpat University, India
Email: [email protected] – [email protected]
 CONTENTS
I. What is GIS?
II. GIS Data model
III.Coordinate reference system
IV. GIS Applications : Real-World Examples
V. GIS software (tools) – and Trends and
Innovations in GIS Technology
VI. Online tutorials reference(QGIS and UTM
Geo Map)
I. WHAT IS GIS?
❑ Definition of GIS,
❑ History,
❑ Why study GIS (for what opportunity)?
❑ What can GIS do for us?
❑ Components: Hardware, software, data,
and people.
❑ Functions
❑ GIS as a multidisciplinary study
I.1. WHAT IS GIS? : DEFINITION
GIS- what is “G”
❑ Geographic or Geospatial
➢ Information about places on the earth’s surface
➢ Knowledge about “what is where, when?” (including time!)
➢ Geographic and geospatial are synonymous, but
"geographic" is the term commonly used.

GIS - What’s the “IS”?

❑ Information system that deals with geographic data. In GIS,
“IS” describes the core function of GIS, that is the
combination of hardware, software, data, and people to
collect, manage, analyze, and visualize geographic
information.
❑ Some time “S” can refer to “Science”.
 I.1. WHAT IS GIS? : DEFINITION
❑ GIS is a powerful information system for collec-
ting (input), storing, retrieving, transforming
(manipulate, analyze), and displaying (output)
spatial data from the real world. (Burroughs,
1986)
❑ GIS is a decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988)
❑ Geographic data or geospatial data or spatial
data, refers to data associated with specific
locations on the Earth's surface.
I.1. WHAT IS GIS: DEFINITION
INTUITIVE DESCRIPTION OF GIS
GIS IS
❖ A map with a database behind it.
❖ A virtual representation of the
real world and its infrastructure.
❖ A consistent “as-built” of the real
world, natural and manmade
Which is :
• queried to support on-going
operations
• summarized to support strategic
decision making and policy
formulation
• analyzed to support scientific inquiry
 I.2. GIS: HISTORY
Key dates in the evolution of GIS
Year Milestone Description
1854 Early spatial In London, physician John Snow maps Cholera cases to trace the origin back to
analysis: one water source.

1963 The first GIS Geographer Roger Frank Tomlinson begins a national land use management
program for the Canadian government, inventorying natural resources.
Tomlinson first coins the term geographic information system (GIS) and
becomes known as the “father of GIS”.
1999 First GIS Day GIS Day is an annual event celebrating geographic information systems (GIS)
based technologies on the third Wednesday of November. The event first took
place in 1999.
2004 Web 2.0 The web is evolving into a more interactive platform, enabling GIS to
transition online and be offered as Software as a Service (SaaS), alongside
traditional desktop solutions.
2005 Google Maps everyone can now interact with and benefit from GIS technology
2018 AI and GIS come GeoAI : Geospatial Artificial Intelligence
together
Today GIS is everywhere GIS is more powerful and important than ever.

For more details :

https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/media/misc/private/wigis-history-of-gis.pdf
DISCUSS

Why should you learn about GIS?

 I.3 WHY STUDY GIS ?
➢In many countries, an estimated 70-80% of local ➢Businesses use GIS for a very wide array of
applications
government activities are geographically based as ▪ retail site selection & customer analysis
they face rapid population growth: ▪ logistics: vehicle tracking & routing
▪ Cadastral map, land ownership and valuation, ▪ natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)
zoning classification, public works (streets, water ▪ precision agriculture
supply, sewers, roads, ..), garbage collection, public ▪ civil engineering and construction
safety (fire and police) ▪ Real estate business : survey , communication
with client and stakeholders,…
➢ Significant portion of state government has a ➢Military and defense
geographical component (e.g National Centre of ▪ Battlefield management
Geo-informatics (NCoG, https://ncog.gov.in/ ) under ▪ Satellite imagery interpretation
Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology
➢Scientific research employs GIS
(Government of India); ▪ geography, geology, botany
▪ natural resource management (central Gvt. Land ▪ anthropology, sociology, economics, political
science
banks, Forestry, Minerals, Water resources,
▪ Epidemiology (Health), criminology, ….
industrial parks …)
▪ highways and transportation
 I.3 WHY STUDY GIS ?

CAGR full form stands for Compounded Annual Growth Rate(often associated with specific parameters which indicate the
performance of a company over a fixed period, such as sales, revenue, earnings, etc)
Source: https://marketresearch.biz/report/geographic-information-systems-gis-market/
DISCUSS

What can GIS do for us?

 I.4 WHAT CAN GIS DO FOR US?
❑ GIS make possible the automation of activities involving A:/ GIS better answer questions about location,
geographic data patterns, and trends.
 map production For example:
 calculation of areas, distances, route lengths - Where are the land features(object)
located? Where is the closest hospital, petrol
 measurement of slope, aspect, viewshed station? GIS application can show you the way. GIS
application can find optimal locations by connecting
 logistics: route planning, vehicle tracking, traffic management traffic volumes, zoning information, and
demographics.
❑ GIS allow for the integration of data previously confined to - What geographical patterns exist? By using a
independent domains (e.g property maps and air photos). GIS application, animal habitats can be known
for a national park. Correlation of preferred land
❑ GIS makes it possible to succinctly communicate complex types by animal can be made…
spatial patterns (e.g., environmental sensitivity) by linking data - What are the spatial implications on a project?
to maps. E.g: Building project: most environmental
assessments use GIS to understand the impact
❑ Can provide answers to spatial queries (how many elderly in X of projects on the landscape.
City live further than 10 minutes at rush hour from ambulance
service?)

❑ perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for

transportation planning, disaster planning, resource
management, utility design)
I.5.GIS COMPONENT
Essential components of GIS (5 or 6):
• Hardware: Computer, GPS, Server,
printer, plotter, scanner, digitizer…
• Software: Desktop, web, mobile,
server application (ArcGIS, QGIS,
Google Earth,…)
• Data: Spatial data, Attribute data
• Method : procedures for data
collection, analysis, manipulation,
presentation, visualization, modeling
procedures
• People: Users and GIS experts
• The network for the server-based
GIS application and data
environments is the 6th component.
I.5.GIS COMPONENT

• Example of hardware component:

➢ Computer, GPS, digitizer, scanner,
plotter, drone and Lidar technology…
When it comes to collecting GIS data for
surveying and mapping, drones with
built-in LiDAR technology are game-
changers.
I.6.GIS FUNCTIONS
Functions Sub-functions
Data acquisition and preprocessing Digitizing
Editing
Topology Building
Projection Transformation
Format conversation
Attribute Assignment, etc.
Database Management and retrieval Data archival
Hierarchical modeling
Network Modeling
Relational Modeling
Attribute Querry
Object-oriented Database, etc.
Spatial Measurement and analysis Measurement operations
Buffering
Overlay operations
Connectivity operation, etc.
Graphic output(presentation) and Scale Transformation
Visualization Generalization
Topographic map
I.7.GIS AS MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
STUDY(SCIENCE)
GIS in an integrated multidisciplinary science
consisting of the following traditional
disciplines
▪ Geography ▪ Statistics
▪ Cartography ▪ Operations Research
▪ Remote Sensing ▪ Computer Science
▪ Photogrammetry ▪ Mathematics
▪ Surveying ▪ Civil Engineering
▪ Geodesy ▪ Urban Planning etc.
II. GIS DATA MODEL
❑ Purpose of GIS data model
❑ Types of Geographic phenomena
❑ GIS Data model implementation
❑ GIS model example
❑ Data Types
❑ GIS data source
 II.1. GIS DATA MODEL : PURPOSE
❑ GIS data model allows the geographic features in real world
locations to be digitally represented and stored in a database
so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog) form,
and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some
problem.
❑ Geographic features refers to distinct entities that can be
represented on maps and analyzed spatially, like points, lines,
polygons, building, roads,….
❑ A GIS data model enables a computer to represent real
geographical elements as graphical elements. Two
representational models are dominant : raster (grid-based)
and vector (line-based).
 II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
❑Some phenomena manifest themselves
essentially everywhere in the study area,
while others only occur in certain localities.
✓ 1. A geographic field is a geographic phenomenon
for which a value can be determined for each
point in the study area.(e.g.: temperature, barometric
pressure, elevation, population density )
✓ 2. A geographic objects populate the study area,
and are usually well distinguishable, discrete,
bounded entities. The space between them is
potentially empty. (e.g: cities, roads, lakes, and
buildings)
 II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
Feature Geographic Fields Geographic Objects
Nature Continuous Discrete
Specific locations with
Representation Values at every point
boundaries
Temperature,
Examples elevation
Cities, roads, lakes

Mathematical
Data Structure functions
Points, lines, polygons

Environmental Urban planning and

Applications modeling navigation
II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
CONTINUOUS FIELD

Elevation map
II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
DISCRETE FIELD

Soil Types, Geological units,

 II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION LOCATION
❑ Spatial autocorrelation: locations that are close are
more likely to have similar values than locations that
are far apart.
❑ Principle is used when an interpolation is performed.
❑ Continuous field phenomena are based on the spatial
autocorrelation concepts. (Pollution, Rainfall,
Temperature)
❑ These fields although characterized by a continuous
function must be finitely represented.
II.2. GIS DATA MODEL : TYPES OF
GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA
BOUNDARIES
Which phenomena have boundaries?
-Discrete fields and -Objects.
Two different types of boundaries:
• Crisp boundaries : boundary that can be
determined with a high level of precision,
depending on the data acquisition technique used.
• Fuzzy boundaries: a boundary that has a vague or
indeterminate location or that is a gradual
transition between two zones.( e.g. a forest boundary that
transitions into a grassland, hazard exposure map, climate zone,..)
II.3. GIS DATA MODEL : IMPLEMENTATION
Administrative Boundaries
Utilities

Zoning
Buildings
Parcels
Hydrography
Streets
Digital Orthophoto

❑ Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonymous

concepts), with each layer representing a common feature.
❑ Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s
surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.
II.4. GIS MODEL : EXAMPLE
Here we have three layers or themes:
▪ roads,
▪ hydrology (water),
▪ topography (land elevation)
roads They can be related because precise
geographic coordinates are recorded for each
longitude theme.

Layers are comprised of two data types

▪ Spatial data which describes location (where)
hydrology ▪ Attribute data specifying what, how much, when
Layers may be represented in two ways:
longitude ▪ in vector format as points and lines
▪ in raster(or image) format as pixels
All geographic data has 4 properties:
projection, scale, accuracy and resolution
topography

longitude
II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
❑GIS allows the users to visualize and understand the
relationships between geographic data in forms of
maps, reports, charts etc. The basic data types
available in GIS define the usual data on a map. There
are mainly two types of data as attribute and spatial
data.
❑Spatial data (where)
❑ specifies location
❑ stored in a shape file, geodatabase or similar geographic file
❑Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when)
❑ specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human-
created
❑ stored in a data base table
II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES

❑ GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and

attribute data separately, then “join” them for display
or analysis.
✓ for example, in ArcView and QGIS, the Attributes of the
table is used to link a shapefile (spatial structure) with a
data base table containing attribute information in order to
display the attribute data spatially on a map.
✓ Shapefile consists of several supporting files. There are
three main files, i.e. a main file that contains the feature
geometry (.shp), an index file that stores the index of the
feature geometry (.shx), and a dBASE table (.dbf) that
stores the attribute information of the features.
II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
❑Spatial data model

❑Two basic types of spatial data :

➢ Raster (Grid, Image)
▪ Grid : to store elevation or
topography data
▪ Image : remote sensing images,
➢ Vector (shapefiles, coverages,
Triangulated Irregular Network : TIN )
 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
REPRESENTING DATA WITH RASTER AND VECTOR MODELS
❑Raster Model
✓area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells
✓attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the
majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type.
✓Image data is a special case of raster data in which the “attribute” is a
reflectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum
➢ cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements)
❑Vector Model
✓The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the
real work can be represented either as:
➢points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities
➢lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers,
➢areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type
Because representation depends on shape, ArcView and QGIS refer to files
containing vector data as shapefiles
 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
REPRESENTING
DATA WITH RASTER Real World
AND VECTOR
MODELS

Raster Representation
Vector Representation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 R T
1 R T point
2 H R
3 R line
4 R R
5 R
6 R T T H
polygon
7 R T T
8 R
9 R
II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES

Road Network

Polygon
 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
Layers

Vector
Layers

Street Network layer: lines Land Parcels layer: polygons

Raster (image) Layer

Digital Ortho Photograph Layer:

Digital Ortho photo: combines the visual properties

of a photograph with the positional accuracy of a
map, in computer readable form.

0 1500 3000 Feet

 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
TRIANGULATED IRREGULAR NETWORK (TIN)
• A Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a vector-based digital
geographic data structure in GIS that represents continuous
surfaces, such as terrain elevation or temperature gradient
• It is built from a set of locations for which we have a measurement.
• The locations can be arbitrarily scattered in space (not a nice
regular grid).
• Observe that in three-dimensional space, three points uniquely
determine a plane, as long as they are not positioned on the same
line.
• If we restrict the use of a plane to the area between its three
anchor points, we obtain a triangular tessellation of the complete
study area.
II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
TIN
 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES

TIN
A plane fitted through the anchor points has a fixed
aspect and gradient and can be used to compute an
approximation of e.g. elevation of other locations.
 II.5. GIS DATA MODEL : GIS DATA TYPES
THE KEY PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA AS
“ METADATA”
Absolutely necessary if you're going to reuse data or anyone else. It includes:
Projection, Data Source, Accuracy, .....
❖ Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the earth is
represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen
 distortion is inevitable
❖ Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the ground
 in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an implicit range of
scales for data output in any project
❖ Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world
 Positional: how close are features to their real world location?
 Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match those in real world
 is a road in the database a road in the real world?
 Completeness: are all real world instances of features present in the database?
 Are all roads included.
❖ Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized
 for raster data, it is the pixel size
II.6. GIS DATA MODEL : DATA SOURCES

❑ Existing data : Digital, map and plan,

paper files. Example of free GIS
data: repository: https://diva-gis.org/data.html

❑ Acquisition: Remote sensing,

photogrammetry, Field survey
III. COORDINATE REFENCE SYSTEM (CRS)

❑ Definition and type of coordinate reference system

❑ Datum
❑ Projection
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
❑ As you probably know, locations on the Earth's surface are
measured and represented in terms of coordinates.
❑ A coordinate is a set of two or more numbers that specifies
the position of a point, line, or other geometric figure in
relation to some reference system. The simplest system of this
kind is a Cartesian coordinate system (named for the 17th
century mathematician and philosopher René Descartes). A
Cartesian coordinate system is simply a grid formed by
juxtaposing two measurement scales, one horizontal (x) and
one vertical (y).
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
❑ Instead of the two linear measurement scales, x and
y, the geographic coordinate systems juxtaposes
two curved measurement scales. The east-west
scale, called longitude (conventionally designated by
the Greek symbol lambda), ranges from +180° to -
180°. Because the Earth is round, +180° (or 180° E)
and -180° (or 180° W) are the same grid line. That
grid line is roughly the International Date Line, which
has diversions that pass around some territories and
island groups. Opposite the International Date Line is
the prime meridian, the line of longitude defined
by international treaty as 0°. The north-south scale,
called latitude (designated by the Greek symbol phi),
ranges from +90° (or 90° N) at the North pole to -90°
(or 90° S) at the South pole.
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Geographical Projected
(geodesic)
(rectangular)
projection
Latitude ()
Easting E (X)
Longitude ()
Northing N (Y)
Height above ellipsoid
(h)

Northing
Cartesian
(geocentric) height M
above ellipsoid
X Earth
Y center
Z
Projection Easting
longitude origin

longitude origin
height information lost
eg Greenwich
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Linear Measurement Angular Measurement
Geographic Coordinate Systems
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Geographic Coordinate Systems
LATITUDE : 
Angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and
the equator plane
Counted “North" and “South“ North Pole
From 0° to 90°


Equator plane

South Pole
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Geographic Coordinate Systems
LONGITUDE : 
Angle between the meridian plane of a point and the
meridian of origin

Computed from 0° to 180°, “East” or “West”

Greenwich meridian plane: meridian plane of origin by

international agreement (1875)

North Pole


Origin meridian plane Meridian plane of P
(Greenwich)
 III. 1. CRS: DEFINITION AND TYPE OF
COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Geographic Coordinate Systems

Formats of Writing the GCRS

❖ Degree Minutes Second Example:
(DMS)
DMS –
❖ Degree Decimal minutes
DDM-
❖ Decimal Degrees
DD -

Conversion
Points to note: The reverse!
1 Degree = 60 minutes DD→DDM
1 minute = 60 seconds DDM→DMS
1 Degree = …….. seconds
III.2. CRS: DATUM
❑ A geodetic datum is an abstract coordinate system with
a reference surface (such as sea level) that serves to
provide known locations to begin surveys and create
maps. It is or reference frame.
❑The Earth is shaped like a flattened sphere. This shape is
called an ellipsoid. A datum is a model of the earth that
is used in mapping. The datum consists of a series of
numbers that define the shape and size of the ellipsoid
and it's orientation in space. A datum is chosen to give the
best possible fit to the true shape of the Earth.
What happens when we don’t understand the Datum?
❖ Inability to understand the difference between the different datums.
❖ Software settings on GPS receivers being ambiguous. This assists in creating confusion between
what a projection does with what a datum does.
❖ Some modern software converting between different projections 'on-the-fly' without allowing
for differences between datums.
III.2. CRS: DATUM

❑Specifying the Geographic Coordinate

System therefore requires specifying the
Datum
❑There are a large number of datums in
use. Many of them are optimized for use
in one particular part of the world. An
example is the Geodetic 1949 datum that
has been used in New Zealand. Another
example, familiar to GPS users, is the
WGS-84 datum. WGS-84 is an example
of a datum that is used globally.
III.2. CRS: DATUM : International Reference Frames
International datum vs National or local GIS datum
❑ An international datum, or global datum, is typically bound to the center
of mass of the Earth. Global datums are useful for tracking satellite
orbits and are used in satellite navigation systems.
❑ A local datum is typically tied to a specific country or localized area of
the Earth. There are hundreds of local datums around the world, and
they are usually referenced to a local reference point. The following
table describe international datum.
Dame Description
International Terrestrial The current global standard reference frame.
Reference Frame (ITRF) NGS New datums will align with the current
ITRF.
World Geodetic System 1984 Defined by the U.S. Department of Defense.
(WGS 84) Commonly used within civilian GPS software.
Geodetic Reference System Geodetic reference system consisting of a
1980 (GRS 80) global reference ellipsoid and a gravity field
model. Basis for NAD 83 and related datums.
III.2. CRS: DATUM
Geometry of Datums
Sphere Ellipsoid/ Spheroid

In Reality!! • Earth’s shape in

reality
• Is a complex shape
• Cannot be accurately
Geoid
described by math
• But can be identified
by using gravity
III.2. CRS: DATUM

Earth’s surface

Zero level surface (geoid)

 III.2. CRS: DATUM
In summary - there are four surfaces that geodesists study:
» the Ellipsoid/Spheroid » Mean Sea Level
» the Geoid » the Terrain
Terrain
Ellipsoid or spheroid topographical surface Geoid
reference for the altitude
mathematical surface ~ Mean Sea Level

Geoid undulation

normal to the Geoid, gravity, vertical

normal to the ellipsoid

deflection of the vertical

 III.2. CRS: DATUM
Centre of the reference system is less than a few hundred meters from the earth’s centre
An ellipsoid + a fundamental point :
the only point where the vertical and
the perpendicular directions to the spheroid are identical

fundamental point n
Z Z’ v n
global spheroid
(WGS84) n : perpendicular to WGS84
n : perpendicular to local spheroid
v : vertical to geoid

geoid O Y

O’
Y’

local spheroid

X
III.2. CRS: MAP PROJECTION
❑A projection is a mathematical
Geodesy
process of flattening out the Earth
Curved surface
 dimension and shape of the earth onto a flat piece of paper or
 geoid, ellipsoid
 mathematical 3D model
computer screen
 geodetic datum
 geographical coordinates
 latitude, longitude, height
 coordinate transformations

Cartography
Flat surface
▪ projection
▪ 2D projected coordinates
▪ drafting, map
▪ Easting, Northing, X, Y
▪ deformations
 III.2. CRS: DATUM : MAP PROJECTION
PROJECTION TYPES

Cylindrical

Planisphere

Conical

Stereographic,
Azimuthal
III.2. CRS: DATUM : MAP PROJECTION
CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS
Each point of the sphere is projected on a cylinder
1 ) vertical
tangential secant

East – West area

2 ) transverse 3 ) oblique

North – South area NE – SW area

 III.2. CRS: DATUM : MAP PROJECTION
THE MERCATOR PROJECTION
CYLINDRICAL, TANGENTIAL, CONFORMAL REPRESENTATION

▪ Established in 1569 by the cartographer Gerard Kremer (also known as Gerardus Mercator).
▪This projection is universally used in marine navigation, since it allows the
representation, without any excessive deformation, of the areas of the globe for which
the latitude is less than 60° (85% of the earth’s surface and the most of the sailing
areas).
▪Almost all navigation charts are in the Mercator projection.
▪Properties :
▪ Meridians are parallel straight lines proportionally spaced with regard to their differences in longitude.
▪ Parallels are transformed in straight lines perpendicular to meridians. The distance between meridians
increases away from the equator.
 THE UTM PROJECTION (UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR)

A particular Transverse Mercator where:

➢the globe is divided in 60 zones of 6° each,
clockwise numbered from 1 to 60
➢Greenwich meridian
is the boundary
between zones 30 and 31
Standard parameters
at the origin:
 Longitude of origin:
central meridian of the belt
 Latitude of origin: equator
 False Easting
FE = 500 000 m at central meridian
 False Northing:
FN = 0 m (Northern hemisphere)
or FN = 10 000 000 m (Southern hemisphere)

Scale factor = 0.9996

at the central meridian of each zone
 Universal Tranverse Mercator
UTM graticule coverage each zone is 6 degrees wide in longitude
Universal Tranverse Mercator
INDIA ZONE
 IV. GIS APPLICATIONS : REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES
❖Urban Planning, Management & Policy ❖Civil Engineering/Utility
 Zoning, subdivision planning  Locating underground facilities
 Land acquisition  Designing alignment for freeways, transit
 Economic development  Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
 Code enforcement
❖Business
 Housing renovation programs
 Demographic Analysis
 Emergency response
 Crime analysis  Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
 Tax assessment  Site Selection

❖Environmental Sciences ❖Education Administration

 Monitoring environmental risk  Attendance Area Maintenance
 Modeling stormwater runoff  Enrollment Projections
 Management of watersheds, floodplains,  School Bus Routing
wetlands, forests, aquifers
 Environmental Impact Analysis ❖Real Estate
 Hazardous or toxic facility siting  Neighborhood land prices
 Groundwater modeling and contamination  Traffic Impact Analysis
tracking
 Determination of Highest and Best Use
❖Political Science
 Redistricting ❖Health Care
 Epidemiology
 Analysis of election results
 Predictive modeling  Needs Analysis
 Service Inventory
 IV. GIS APPLICATIONS : REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES

❖Social Sensing: Geo-social Media

Data for Real-time Decision
Support in Disaster Management
▪ Geosocial data shows the types of
social media conversations within a
block group. It reveals the interests,
mindsets, attitudes, and personalities of
communities.
▪ Geo-social data allows professionals in
market planning, site selection, and
marketing to identify and understand their
key consumers and geographies. Geosocial
data is built by organizing billions of
geotagged social media conversations into
72 actionable consumer

https://tema-project.eu/articles/social-sensing-geo-social-media-
data-real-time-decision-support-disaster-management
 VI. GIS TOOLS, TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN GIS
TECHNOLOGY

❑ In addition to desktop, Web, and mobile tools, GIS

software includes server-based solutions, spatial
data libraries, remote sensing software, and special
analysis tools. Each type serves a different need
within the field of geographic information science and
addresses different user requirements, from basic
mapping to complex spatial analysis.
 VI. GIS TOOLS, TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN GIS
TECHNOLOGY

❑ Leading GIS software

Proprietary GIS software: ArcGIS – Others are opensource.

Qfield for QGIS and ArcGIS Field are basically used data survey on
VI. GIS SOFTWARE (TOOLS), TRENDS AND
INNOVATIONS IN GIS TECHNOLOGY
❑ GIS technologies are emerging in every field of our
lives.
❑ Trends: Developments like drone-based data
analysis or machine learning algorithms are
opening more ways for GIS applications in industries
and other sectors.
❑ The following technologies are making GIS technology
more accessible: Cloud and edge computing, Mobile
GIS, Machine Learning, Drone-based GIS, 3D and
digital twins, Automation, Self-drive cars, Real-time
and extensive data analysis, Miniaturization of
sensors, Artificial Intelligence, AR technology, etc.
 VI. GIS SOFTWARE (TOOLS), TRENDS AND
INNOVATIONS IN GIS TECHNOLOGY
❑ Innovations in GIS technology
rely on some technologies that
make it more accessible:
✓ Cloud and edge computing:
GIS as a service is growing rapidly
✓ Mobile computing
✓ Machine Learning,
✓ Drone-based GIS,
✓ Automation,
✓ Self-drive cars,
✓ Real-time and extensive
data analysis,
✓ Miniaturization of sensors,
✓ Artificial Intelligence,
✓ Augmented Reality technology,
✓ etc.
V. INTRO TO QGIS AND UTM GEO MAP : ONLINE
TUTORIALS REFERENCE
QGIS Tutorial for Beginners &
Intermediates - YouTube
With about 68 step-by-step tutorials to master QGIS
step by step.

Tutorials for UTM Geo Map

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCspxQ5nQiqRD88g_-
6GcCqw

Professionals use also UTM Geo Map. It is a

simple mobile application to help any work
related to Coordinates, Maps, GPS, GIS &
Spatial Analysis
 The future of GIS is bright.
Don't hesitate to embrace it now.

What will your next step be?

The Pdf of this seminar available in google classroom

(https://classroom.google.com/):

Code: bfdq5rn
 REFERENCE
Mumbere Hillary, GIS 101 – An introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Burrough, P. A., 1986. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land
Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, N.Y. 193 p.
Cowen, D. J. 1988. GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What are the differences?
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54:1551-1554.
https://dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/Fundamental%20Concept%20of%20GIS.pdf
https://gisgeography.com/geoprocessing-tools/
https://ltb.itc.utwente.nl/498/learningoutcome/show/59267
https://support.esri.com/en-us/gis-dictionary/fuzzy-boundary
https://gisgeography.com/what-is-gis/
https://marketresearch.biz/report/geographic-information-systems-gis-market/
https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/datums/index.shtml
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/overview
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/geographic-information-system-gis/
http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000280.shtml
https://tema-project.eu/articles/social-sensing-geo-social-media-data-real-time-decision-
support-disaster-management
https://www.getapp.com/business-intelligence-analytics-software/gis/os/android/
https://junipersys.com/support/article/14839
 Thank you.

Faculty of Computer Applications