M2 sample paper solution

d 2( x + ∆x) − 2 x
1. ( 2 x ) = lim
dx ∆x → 0 ∆x
2( x + ∆x) − 2 x 2( x + ∆x) + 2 x
= lim ⋅
∆x →0 ∆x 2( x + ∆x) + 2 x
1 2( x + ∆x) − 2 x
= lim ⋅
∆x →0 ∆x 2( x + ∆x) + 2 x
1 2∆x
= lim ⋅
∆x →0 ∆x 2( x + ∆x) + 2 x
2
= lim
∆x →0 2( x + ∆x) + 2 x
1
=
2x

2. Let V cm3, r cm and t s be the volume, radius and time respectively.

4
V = πr 3
3
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. t,
dV 4 d(r 3 )
= π
dt 3 dt
4 dr
= π(3r 2 )
3 dt
d r
= 4πr 2
dt
dV
Put = −4 and r = 5,
dt
dr
−4 = 4π(5) 2
dt
dr 1
=−
dt 25π
1
When its radius is 5 cm, the rate of change of radius is − cm s–1.
25π

3. [Method 1 – Integration by substitution]

dy
= 2 x ln( x 2 + 1)
dx
y = ∫ 2 x ln( x 2 + 1)dx

= ∫ ln( x 2 + 1)d( x 2 + 1)
= ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 + 1) + C
Since the curve passes through (0, 1), put x = 0 and y = 1,

M2 sample paper solution 1

 1 = ln1 − (0 + 1) + C
C=2
So, the equation of the curve is y = ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1) − x 2 + 1 .
[Method 2 – Integration by parts]
y = ∫ 2 x ln( x 2 + 1)dx

= ∫ ln( x 2 + 1)dx 2

= x 2 ln( x 2 + 1) − ∫ x 2d ln( x 2 + 1)
2 x3
= x ln( x + 1) − ∫ 2
2 2
dx
x +1
 x 
= x 2 ln( x 2 + 1) − 2 ∫  x − 2  dx
 x +1 
d( x 2 + 1)
= x 2 ln( x 2 + 1) − 2 ∫ xdx + ∫ 2
x +1
2 2 2 2
= x ln( x + 1) − x + ln( x + 1) + c
= ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1) − x 2 + c
Since the curve passes through (0, 1), put x = 0 and y = 1,
1 = (0 2 + 1) ln(02 + 1) − 0 + c
c =1
So, the equation of the curve is y = ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1) − x 2 + 1 .

4
 2 1  2 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 4 1 
∫  x − x  dx = ∫  ( x ) − C1 ( x ) x + C2 ( x ) x 2 − C3 x x3 + C4 x 4  dx
4 4
4.

 4 1 
= ∫  x 8 − 4 x 5 + 6 x 2 − + 4  dx
 x x 
4 1
= ∫ x 8 dx − ∫ 4 x 5 dx + ∫ 6 x 2 dx − ∫ dx + ∫ 4 dx
x x
x9 2 x6 1
= − + 2 x3 − 4 ln | x | − 3 + C
9 3 3x

π π 2π 3π 1 2π 2π 3π
5. sin cos cos cos = sin cos cos
7 7 7 7 2 7 7 7
1 4π 3π
= sin cos
4 7 7
1   4π 3π   4π 3π  
= sin  +  + sin  − 
8  7 7   7 7 
1 π
= sin
8 7
π 2π 3π 1
Therefore, cos cos cos = .
7 7 7 8

M2 sample paper solution 2

6. 3e x − y = x 2 + y 2 + 1
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x,
 dy  dy
3e x − y 1 −  = 2 x + 2 y
 dx  dx
dy
(3e x − y + 2 y ) = 3e x − y − 2 x
dx
dy 3e x − y − 2 x
=
dx 3e x − y + 2 y
dy 3e1−1 − 2(1) 1
= 1−1 =
dx (1,1) 3e + 2(1) 5
1
The equation of the tangent to C at (1, 1) is y − 1 = ( x − 1) , i.e. x – 5y + 4 = 0.
5

 1 7 −6 −4   1 7 −6 −4   1 7 −6 −4 
     
7.  3 −4 7 13  →  0 −25 25 25  →  0 1 −1 −1 
 4 3 1 9   0 −25 25 25   0 0 0 0 
     
So, the set of solution of (x, y, z) is (3 – t, t – 1, t) ∀ t ∈ R.

8. (a) ∫ x cos xdx = ∫ xd sin x

= x sin x − ∫ sin xdx
= x sin x + cos x + C
(b) [Method 1 – shell method]
y

y=1
y = –cos x
x
O

y = –1
π
Capacity of the container = ∫ 2πx f( x)dx
0
π
= 2π ∫ x[1 − (− cos x)]dx
0
π
= 2π ∫ ( x + x cos x)dx
0
π π
= 2π ∫ xdx + 2π ∫ x cos xdx
0 0
π
 x2  π
= 2π   + 2π [ x sin x + cos x ]0
 2 0
= π3 + 2π(−1 − 1)
= π3 − 4 π

M2 sample paper solution 3

 [Method 2 – disc method]
1
Capacity of the container = π∫ x 2dy
−1
1 2
= π∫
−1
( cos −1
)
( − y ) dy
1
= π  y cos −1 (− y )  − π ∫ yd cos −1 (− y )
2 1 2

 (  −1 −1
) ( )
1
= π(π2 ) − 2π ∫ y cos −1 (− y )d cos −1 (− y )
−1
π
= π + 2π ∫ x cos xdx
3
0
π
= π3 + 2π [ x sin x + cos x ]0
= π3 − 4 π





9. (a) area = | OA × OB |
i j k
= 4 3 0
0 3 1
= 3i − 4 j + 12k
= 32 + 4 2 + 12 2
= 13










(b) volume =| (OA × OB ) ⋅ OC |
= | (3i − 4 j + 12k ) ⋅ (3i + j + 5k ) |
= 65














(c) OC ′ = OC + sOA + tOB (where s and t are scalars)
= (3i + j + 5k ) + s (4i + 3 j) + t (3 j + k )
= (3 + 4 s )i + (1 + 3s + 3t ) j + (5 + t )k (where s and t are scalars)

10. (a) The statement clearly holds for n = 1.

 cos k θ − sin k θ 
Assume Ak =   for some positive integers k.
 sin k θ cos k θ 
 cos k θ − sin k θ   cos θ − sin θ 
Ak +1 =   
 sin k θ cos k θ   sin θ cos θ 
 cos k θ cos θ − sin k θ sin θ − cos k θ sin θ − sin k θ cos θ 
= 
 sin k θ cos θ + cos k θ sin θ − sin k θ sin θ + cos k θ cos θ 
 cos(k + 1)θ − sin(k + 1)θ 
= 
 sin(k + 1)θ cos(k + 1)θ 
 cos nθ − sin nθ 
By the principle of mathematical induction, An =   for all
 sin nθ cos nθ 
positive integers n.

M2 sample paper solution 4

 (b) sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ = 0
(sin 3θ + sin θ) + sin 2θ = 0
2sin 2θ cos θ + sin 2θ = 0
sin 2θ(2 cos θ + 1) = 0
1
sin 2θ = 0 or cos θ = −
2
2θ = 180° or θ = 120°
θ = 90°,120°
a 0
(c) A3 + A2 + A =  
0 a
By (a),
 cos 3θ − sin 3θ   cos 2θ − sin 2θ   cos θ − sin θ   a 0
 + + = 
 sin 3θ cos 3θ   sin 2θ cos 2θ   sin θ cos θ   0 a
 cos 3θ + cos 2θ + cos θ −(sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ)   a 0
 = 
 sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ cos 3θ + cos 2θ + cos θ   0 a
cos 3θ + cos 2θ + cos θ = a
So, 
 sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ = 0
By (b), sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90°,120°
When θ = 90°, a = cos 3(90°) + cos 2(90°) + cos 90° = −1
When θ = 120°, a = cos 3(120°) + cos 2(120°) + cos120° = 0

 0 0 1  0 0 1 1 1 1 
2     
11. (a) (i) P =  0 1 1 0 1 1 = 1 2 2 
 1 1 1 1 1 1   1 2 3 
 
1 1 1  0 0 1  1 2 3
3 2     
P = P P = 1 2 2  0 1 1 =  2 4 5
1 2 3    5 6 
  1 1 1  3
 1 2 3  1 1 1   0 0 1  1 0 0
3 2        
P − 2 P − P + I =  2 4 5  − 2 1 2 2  −  0 1 1 +  0 1 0
 3 5 6  1 2 3   1 1 1  0 0 1 
  
1 2 3   2 2 2   0 0 1  1 0 0
       
= 2 4 5  −  2 4 4  −  0 1 1 +  0 1 0
3 5 6   2 4 6   1 1 1  0 0 1 

0 0 0
 
= 0 0 0
0 0 0 

=O

M2 sample paper solution 5

 (ii) From (i),
P3 − 2P2 − P + I = 0
P(− P 2 + 2 P + I ) = I
P −1 = − P 2 + 2 P + I
1 1 1   0 0 1  1 0 0 
     
= − 1 2 2  + 2  0 1 1 +  0 1 0 
1 2 3   1 1 1  0 0 1 

0 −1 1 
 
=  −1 1 0
1 0 0 

0 −1 1  2 0 0  0 0 1
−1    
(b) (i) P AP =  −1 1 0  1 1 0  0 1 1
1 0 0  0 1  
  1  1 1 1
0 −1 1  0 0 1
  
=  −1 1 0  0 1 1
2 0 0  1 1
  1
1 0 0
 
= 0 1 0
0 0 2 

=D
1 0 0
(ii) det D = 0 1 0 = 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ D is non-singular
0 0 2
2 0 0
det A = 1 1 0 = 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ A is non-singular
1 0 1
 1 0 0 0 0 0 
 − 
 0 2 0 2 1 0 
 2 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0  1   
(iii) D −1 =  − − =
 0 2 0 =  0 1 0
2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
0 0 1 0 0 1 
     2
 0 1
−
1 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 1 

 
1 0 0 
 
( D −1 )100 = 0 1 0 
 1 
0 0 
 2100 

M2 sample paper solution 6

 D = P −1 AP
A = PDP −1
A−1 = ( PDP −1 ) −1 = PD −1 P −1
( A−1 )100 = ( PD −1 P −1 )100
= P( D −1 )100 P −1
 
0 0  
1 1 0 0  0 −1 1 
   
= 0 1 1   0 1 0   −1 1 0 
1 1 1  1   1 0 0 
  0 0 100  
 2 
 1 
0 0 2100   0 −1 1 
 
1  
= 0 1 100  
−1 1 0 
 2
   1 0 0 
 1 1 1 
 2100 
 1 
 2100 0 0
 
1
= 100 − 1 1 0 

2 
 
1
 100 − 1 0 1 
 2 

12. (a) (i) When f(x) = 0,

4 4
− −1 = 0
x −1 x +1
4[( x + 1) − ( x − 1)] − x 2 + 1
=0
x2 −1
−x2 + 9
=0
x2 − 1
x2 = 9
x = ±3
So, x-intercepts are 3 and –3
Put x = 0,
4 4
y= − − 1 = −9
0 −1 0 +1
So, y-intercept is –9.
−4 4
(ii) f ′( x) = +
( x − 1) ( x + 1)2
2

8 8
f ′′( x) = −
( x − 1) ( x + 1)3
3

M2 sample paper solution 7

 8[( x + 1)3 − ( x − 1)3 ]
=
( x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3
8[ x3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1 − ( x3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x − 1)]
=
( x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3
8(6 x 2 + 2)
=
( x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3
16(3 x 2 + 1)
=
( x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3
(iii) Set f ′( x) = 0
−4 4
+ =0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)2
2

4[( x − 1) 2 − ( x + 1) 2 ]
=0
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)2
−16 x = 0
x=0
Set f ′′( x) = 0
16(3 x 2 + 1)
=0
( x − 1)3 ( x + 1)3
16(3 x 2 + 1) = 0
1
x2 = − which does not exist ∀x ∈ R \{±1}
3
So, there are no points of inflexion.
x (–∞, –3) –3 (–3, –1) (–1, 0) 0 (0, 1) (1, 3) 3 (3, ∞)
f(x) – 0 + – –9 – + 0 –
f ′( x) + + + + 0 – – – –
f ′′( x) + + + – – – + + +
The relative maximum point is (0, –9).
 4 4 
(b) lim f( x) = lim  − − 1  = −1
x →±∞ x − 1 x +1 
x →±∞

The horizontal asymptote is y = –1.
 4 4 
lim− f( x) = lim−  − − 1 = +∞ and
x →−1 x →−1  x − 1 x +1 
 4 4 
lim+ f( x) = lim+  − − 1 = −∞
x →−1 x →−1  x − 1 x +1 
 4 4 
lim− f( x) = lim−  − − 1 = −∞ and
x →1 x →1  x − 1 x +1 
 4 4 
lim+ f( x) = lim+  − − 1 = +∞
x →1 x →1  x − 1 x +1 
The vertical asymptotes are x = –1 and x = 1.

M2 sample paper solution 8

 (c) y

y = f(x)

×(–3, 0) × x
O (3, 0)

y = –1

x = –1 x=1
(0, –9)
×

a
(d) S = ∫ [f( x) − (−1)]dx
3
a 4 4 
=∫  −  dx
3
 x −1 x + 1 
a a
= 4 [ ln( x − 1)]3 − 4 [ ln( x + 1) ]3
a −1 a +1
= 4 ln − 4 ln
2 4
2(a − 1)
= 4 ln
a +1
a −1
= 4 ln 2 + 4 ln
a +1
a −1
Since a >3, ln <0
a +1
So, S < 4 ln 2

13. (a) Let u = a – x, then du = –dx

When x = 0, u = a; when x = a, u = 0
a 0
∫0
f(a − x)dx = ∫ f(u )(−du )
a
0
= − ∫ f(u )du
a
a
= ∫ f(u )du
0
a
= ∫ f( x)dx
0

1 a
f( x)dx =  ∫ f( x)dx + ∫ f( x)dx 
a a
∫0 2  0 0 
1 a
=  ∫ f( x)dx + ∫ f(a − x)dx 
a

2  0 0 
1 a
2 ∫0
= [f( x) + f(a − x)]dx

M2 sample paper solution 9

 1 dx 1 dx
(b) ∫0
=∫
x − x + 1 0 ( x − 12 )2 + 34
2

1
 1
 2 x− 
= tan −1 2

 3 3 
 2  0
2  −1 1 −1 
=  tan − tan −1 
3 3 3
2  π  π 
=  −  − 
3  6  6 
2 π
=  
33
2 3π
=
9
1
(c) Let f( x) = .
( x − x + 1)(e 2 x −1 + 1)
2

1 1 1
Using (a), ∫ f( x)dx = ∫ [f( x) + f(1 − x)]dx
0 2 0
1 1
f( x) + f(1 − x) = 2 +
( x − x + 1)(e + 1) [(1 − x) − (1 − x) + 1][e2(1− x ) −1 + 1]
2 x −1 2

1 1
= 2 + 2
( x − x + 1)(e + 1) ( x − x + 1)(e1− 2 x + 1)
2 x −1

1  1 1 
= 2  2 x −1 + 1− 2 x 
x − x +1 e +1 e +1 
1  (e1− 2 x + 1) + (e2 x −1 + 1) 
=  
x 2 − x + 1  (e2 x −1 + 1)(e1− 2 x + 1) 
1  e2 x −1 + e1− 2 x + 2 
=  
x 2 − x + 1  e2 x −1 + e1− 2 x + 2 
1
= 2
x − x +1
1 1 1
∫0 ( x − x + 1)(e + 1) ∫0 f( x)dx
2 2 x −1
d x =

1 1
= ∫ [f( x) + f(1 − x)]dx
2 0
1 1 dx
= ∫ 2
2 0 x − x +1
1  2 3π 
= 
2  9 

3π
=
9

M2 sample paper solution 10

14. (a) Since h – a is the altitude, (h – a) ⊥ (c – b), i.e. (h − a) ⋅ (c − b) = 0
Note that O is the circumcentre, b = c
2 2
(b + c) ⋅ (c − b) = c − b = 0
So, (h – a)//(b + c).
(b) (i) It is given that h – a = t(b + c).
Similarly, h – b = s(c + a) for some scalar s.
h − a = t (b + c)
h = t (b + c) + a
h − b = t (b + c) + a − b
t (b + c) + a − b = s (c + a)
(ii) Using (b)(i),
( t (b + c) + a − b ) ⋅ (c − a) = s(c + a) ⋅ (c − a)
(
t (b + c) ⋅ (c − a) + a ⋅ (c − a) − b ⋅ (c − a) = s c − a
2 2
) (∵ c 2
=a
2
)
2 2
(t − 1)b ⋅ (c − a) + t c − tc ⋅ a + a ⋅ c − a = 0
2 2
(t − 1)b ⋅ (c − a) + t a − (t − 1)c ⋅ a − a = 0
2
(t − 1)b ⋅ (c − a) + (t − 1) a − (t − 1)c ⋅ a = 0
(t − 1)b ⋅ (c − a) − (t − 1)a ⋅ (c − a) = 0
(t − 1)(b − a) ⋅ (c − a) = 0
(c) Since ∆ABC is an acute-angled triangle, b – a is not perpendicular to c – a.
i.e. (b − a) ⋅ (c − a) ≠ 0
From (b)(ii), (t − 1)(b − a) ⋅ (c − a) = 0 ⇒ t=1
h = a + t (b + c)
= a+b+c

M2 sample paper solution 11