CHEM PRO CLASS 12

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Index: page no.
1. Certificate 3
2. Acknowledgement 4
3. Introduction 5-7
4. Aim 8
5. Materials required 8
6. Reactions 8
7. Procedure 9-14
8. Precaution 14-15
9. Result 15
10.Conclusion 15
11.Bibliography 16
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Introduction:
 Natural fibres such as cellulose are the chief
raw materials for the preparation of rayon.
 The term rayon includes all synthetic fibres

obtained from cellulose and are used
commercially in fibre manufacturing .
 Cellulose is the fibrous material that every

plant from seaweed to the sequoia makes
by baking glucose molecules in long chains;
the chains are bound together in the fibers
that give plants their shape and strength.
Wood has now become the main source of
cellulose. Since it contains only 40% to 50%
cellulose, the substance must be extracted
by 'pulping'. The logs are flaked, and then
simmered in chemicals that dissolve the
tarry lignin, resins and minerals. The
remaining pulp, about 93% cellulose, is
dried and rolled into sheets-raw material
for paper, rayon and other products.
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 Cellulose is an insoluble material which was
first converted into soluble derivative called
viscose. The viscose is then forced through
fine orifices into some reagent (usually
dilute sulphuric acid) and the resulting
thread is kept under tension to form fibre of
the required tensile strength. Rayon also
called artificial silk is used for
manufacturing of fabrics like stockings,
shirts, sarees, etc.
 The term rayon includes all synthetic fibres

obtained from cellulose and are used
commercially in fibre manufacturing .
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 cellulose can be obtained in 2 ways :
1. Viscose Process: Cellulose is soaked in 30% caustic soda
solution for about 3 hrs. The alkali solution is removed and
the product is treated with CSi. This gives cellulose
xanthate, which is dissolved in NaOH solution to give
viscous solution. This is filtered and forced through
spinneret into a dilute H2SO4 solution, both of which
harden the gum•like thread into rayon fibers. The process
of making viscose was discovered by C.F.Cross and EJ.Bevan
in 1891.
2. Cuprammonium Rayon: Cuprammonium rayon is

obtained by dissolving pieces of filter paper in a deep blue
solution containing tetra-ammine cupric hydroxide. The
latter is obtained from a solution of copper sulphate. To it,
(Na)OH solution is added to precipitate cupric hydroxide,
which is then dissolved in excess of NH/.
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Aim of the project :
 This project is aimed at preparation of rayon
thread from filter paper employing
cuprammonium process.
Materials required:
 Beaker
 Conical flask
 Filteration flask
 Vaccum pump bent tube
 Glass rod
 50% ammonia solution
 Dil. Sulpuric Acid
 Filter paper or waste paper
Reactions:
 CUSO4+ 2NH4OH — Cu(OH)2+ (NH4)2S04
 Cu(OH)2+4NH4OH—[Cu(NH3)4](0H)2+ 4H2O
 [Cu(NH3) 4](0H) 2 + pieces of filter paper
left for 10-15 days give a viscous solution
called VISCOSE.
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Procedure:
A. Preparation of Schweitzer's Solution:
a) Weigh 20g of CuSO4.5H20.
b) Transfer this to a beaker having 100ml

distilled water and add 15ml of dilute
H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of CuSO4.
c) Stir it with a glass rod till a clear solution is

obtained. Add 11ml of liquor ammonia
drop by drop with slow stirring. The
precipitate of cupric hydroxide is
separated out.
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d) Filter the solution containing cupric
hydroxide through a funnel with filter
paper.
e) Wash the precipitate of cupric hydroxide

with water until the filtrate fails to give a
positive test for sulphate ions with
barium chloride solution.
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f) Transfer the precipitate to a beaker that
contains 50ml of liquor ammonia or wash
it down the funnel. The precipitate when
dissolved in liquor ammonia gives a deep
blue solution of tetra-ammine cupric
hydroxide.
This is known as SCHWEITZER'S SOLUTION.
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B. Preparation of Cellulose material
a) After weighing 2g of filter paper divide it
into very fine pieces and then transfer
these pieces to the tetra-ammine cupric
hydroxide solution in the beaker.
b) Seal the flask and keep for 10 to 15 days,

during this period the filter paper is
dissolved completely.
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C. Formation of Ravon Thread:
a) Take 50ml of distilled water in a glass
container. To this add 20ml of conc
H2SO4 drop by drop. Cool the solution
under tap water. In a big glass
container pour some of the solution.
b) Fill the syringe with cellulose solution

prepared before.
c) Place the big glass container containing

H2SO4 solution produced before in ice
(the reaction being spontaneous results
in excess release of energy in the form
of heat which makes the fibers weak
and breaks them).
d) Immerse the tip of the syringe in the

solution and press gently. Notice the
fibers getting formed in the acid bath.
Continue to move your hand and keep
pressing the syringe to extrude more
fibers into the bath.
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e) Leave the fibers in solution till they
ecolorize and become strong enough.
f) Filter and wash with distilled water.
Precautions:
a) Addition of excess NH4 should be avoided.
b) Before taking the viscose in the syringe
make sure that it does not contain any
particles of paper, otherwise, it would clog
the needle of the syringe.
c) Addition of NH4 should be done in a fume
cupboard and with extreme care. The
fumes if inhaled may cause giddiness.
d) Use a thick needle otherwise the fibers
won't come out.
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Result:
A rayon thread was made of the filter paper
in a laboratory.
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Conclusion:
 Sample of cuprammonium Rayon Thread
was successfully prepared
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Bibliography:
1. Comprehensive practical chemistry class-

XII
2. NCERT Text Book

3. LAB Manual
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 The term rayon includes all synthetic fibres

 Cellulose is the fibrous material that every

 The term rayon includes all synthetic fibres

2. Cuprammonium Rayon: Cuprammonium rayon is

b) Transfer this to a beaker having 100ml

c) Stir it with a glass rod till a clear solution is

e) Wash the precipitate of cupric hydroxide

b) Seal the flask and keep for 10 to 15 days,

b) Fill the syringe with cellulose solution

c) Place the big glass container containing

d) Immerse the tip of the syringe in the

f) Filter and wash with distilled water.

1. Comprehensive practical chemistry class-

2. NCERT Text Book

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