Research Trends in

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Volume - 56

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PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea

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 Contents

S. No. Chapters Page No.

1. Synthetic Biology in Medicine: Designing the Future of 01-20
Healthcare
(Mostafa Mohammed Rashed, Zeena Abdullah Ahmed, Noor Ali Abbas,
Amina Atheer Mohammed and Fatima Ahmed Farhan Habib)

2. The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Ancient Practices 21-43

to Modern Innovations
(Ali Sayer Wali Atiyah, Ayat Rasool Abdul Hussein Nassif, Nouran
Hesham Jalal Mahmood, Mansour Mushab Mujed Awad and Halla Qais
Kamel Saleh)

3. Applications of Statistics in E-Commerce: An 45-55

Introduction
(Jarita Das and Abul Kashim Md. Fujail)

4. English Language in Scientific Writing 57-64

(Dr. Neha Mukkamala and Dr. G P Kumar)

5. The Mysterious World of Dreams: The Neurological 65-84

Basis of Dreams
(Dr. Mohammad Ali)

6. eèkq dkadfj;k dh Þlyke vkf[kjhß vkSj L=h foe'kZ 85-99

(tqcyh jk;)
7. A Brief Introduction of Bhagavad Gita 101-127
(Santanu Chakrabortty)

8. NUn% 'kkL= ,oa xf.kr dk vUr% lEcUèk 129-148

(fnus'k eksgu tks'kh ,oa fxjh'kHkê fc)
9. Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Climate Change 149-164
Mitigation and Adaptation
(Annappa NN, Bhavya N, Govinda K, Uday Kumar SN and Krishna
Murthy R)

10. vkjfEHkd fp”rh lwfQ;ksa dk lekt ij izHkko% orZeku 165-176

gfj;k.kk ds ifjis{; eas
(Mk0 vuhrk dqekjh)
 Chapter - 1
Synthetic Biology in Medicine: Designing the
Future of Healthcare

Authors
Mostafa Mohammed Rashed
Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Farabi
University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Zeena Abdullah Ahmed
Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Applied
Sciences, University of Samarra, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Noor Ali Abbas
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of
Babylon, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Amina Atheer Mohammed
Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of
Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Fatima Ahmed Farhan Habib
Department of Biotechnology, Applied Sciences, University of
Fallujah, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Page | 1
Page | 2
 Chapter - 1
Synthetic Biology in Medicine: Designing the Future of
Healthcare
Mostafa Mohammed Rashed, Zeena Abdullah Ahmed, Noor Ali Abbas,
Amina Atheer Mohammed and Fatima Ahmed Farhan Habib

Abstract
Synthetic biology in medicine: Designing the Future of Healthcare
explores the transformative potential of synthetic biology in revolutionizing
medical science and healthcare. Synthetic biology, an interdisciplinary field
combining biology, engineering, and computational sciences, aims to design
and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems, or redesign
existing ones for novel purposes. This abstract provides an overview of how
synthetic biology is poised to address some of the most pressing challenges
in medicine.
The book delves into the core principles of synthetic biology, including
the construction of synthetic gene circuits, the development of engineered
microorganisms, and the creation of novel biomolecules. By harnessing
these techniques, researchers are developing innovative therapies for a range
of conditions, from genetic disorders to cancer. The application of synthetic
biology in creating custom-made cells and tissues holds promise for
personalized medicine, allowing treatments tailored to individual genetic
profiles and disease mechanisms.
Key areas of focus include the development of synthetic vaccines, which
offer rapid and adaptable responses to emerging pathogens; the engineering
of microbial systems for drug delivery, which can target and treat diseases
with precision; and the creation of synthetic organs and tissues for
transplantation and regenerative medicine. The integration of synthetic
biology with advanced computational tools further enhances the ability to
design and predict biological systems, leading to more effective and efficient
medical solutions.
This book also addresses the ethical and regulatory considerations
associated with synthetic biology in medicine, highlighting the importance of

Page | 3
ensuring safety, efficacy, and equity in the application of these technologies.
By examining current advancements and future directions, Synthetic Biology
in Medicine: Designing the Future of Healthcare provides a comprehensive
overview of how synthetic biology is reshaping the landscape of medicine
and paving the way for groundbreaking innovations in healthcare.
Keywords: Synthetic biology, medical innovation, gene circuits,
personalized medicine, ethical considerations
1. Introduction to synthetic biology in medicine
Opening anecdote
Imagine a child diagnosed with a rare, life-threatening genetic disorder,
where traditional treatments have been ineffective. In a groundbreaking
development, scientists at a leading research institute use synthetic biology
to engineer a novel therapeutic approach. By designing and inserting a
synthetic gene into a bacterium, they create a custom-made microorganism
capable of producing a crucial enzyme missing in the child’s body. This
engineered bacterium is then introduced into the child's system, where it
begins to produce the enzyme in the required quantities, effectively
alleviating the symptoms of the disorder. This therapy not only saves the
child’s life but also marks a significant milestone in the use of synthetic
biology for personalized medicine.
Definition and Scope
Synthetic Biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles
from biology, engineering, and computational sciences to design and
construct new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign existing
biological systems for novel purposes. Unlike traditional genetic
engineering, which typically involves modifying existing organisms,
synthetic biology aims to create entirely new biological functions and
systems from the ground up. This approach allows for unprecedented
precision in designing biological entities with specific functions and
capabilities.
In the realm of medicine, synthetic biology offers transformative
potential. It intersects with traditional medical practices by introducing
innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in diagnosis and treatment.
For instance, synthetic biology enables the creation of engineered
microorganisms that can perform complex biochemical tasks, such as
producing therapeutic proteins or targeting and destroying cancer cells. It
also facilitates the development of advanced diagnostic tools that can detect
diseases with high accuracy and speed.

Page | 4
 Synthetic biology enhances biotechnology by providing new tools and
techniques for manipulating biological systems. It integrates well with
existing biotechnological methods, such as recombinant DNA technology
and cell culture, to develop next-generation therapies and diagnostic devices.
By harnessing the power of synthetic biology, researchers can push the
boundaries of what is possible in medicine, offering new hope for treating
previously incurable conditions and improving overall healthcare outcomes.
2. Engineering microorganisms for therapeutic applications
Therapeutic microbes
Engineered microorganisms represent a revolutionary approach in
therapeutic interventions. By manipulating the genetic makeup of microbes,
scientists can design them to produce therapeutic molecules, perform
specific functions, or deliver drugs directly to targeted sites in the body. This
concept leverages the natural capabilities of microorganisms and enhances
them through synthetic biology to address medical needs in innovative ways.
Explanation of how microorganisms can be engineered
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, can be genetically modified
to produce valuable therapeutic proteins, such as insulin or growth factors, or
to perform complex functions, such as degrading toxins or fighting
infections. This is achieved through techniques like gene editing, where
specific genes are inserted or altered within the microorganism's genome.
The modified microbes are then cultivated to express the desired traits or
produce therapeutic substances.
Case study: Engineered bacteria for disease treatment
One notable example of engineered bacteria in therapeutic applications
is the development of probiotic strains designed to deliver drugs or produce
therapeutic proteins. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) engineered a strain of E. coli to act as a living drug
delivery system. These bacteria were modified to produce and secrete
therapeutic proteins in response to specific stimuli, such as the presence of
disease-associated biomarkers.
In a clinical trial, this approach was used to treat inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD). The engineered E. coli strain was designed to produce anti-
inflammatory molecules in the gut, targeting the inflamed areas directly.
This method not only improved the efficacy of the treatment by localizing
the drug delivery but also minimized systemic side effects. This innovative
use of synthetic biology demonstrates how engineered microbes can be

Page | 5
tailored to meet specific medical needs, offering new possibilities for
personalized and localized therapies.
Viral vector design
Viral vectors are tools used in gene therapy to deliver therapeutic genes
into a patient's cells. By harnessing the ability of viruses to infect cells and
introduce their genetic material, scientists can design viral vectors to carry
and insert therapeutic genes into the genome of target cells. This technique is
instrumental in treating genetic disorders and other conditions where
correcting or replacing defective genes is required.
Overview of using synthetic biology to design viral vectors
Synthetic biology has advanced the design and development of viral
vectors by enabling the creation of highly specific and efficient delivery
systems. Researchers can engineer viral vectors to improve their safety,
efficacy, and targeting abilities. This includes modifying the viral envelope
proteins to enhance targeting of specific cell types, altering the viral genome
to reduce immunogenicity, and incorporating therapeutic genes that can
address genetic defects or diseases.
Case study: Successful gene therapy treatments using engineered viral
vectors
A landmark case in the use of engineered viral vectors for gene therapy
is the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a genetic disorder
characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons. Researchers developed
an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver a functional copy of the
SMN1 gene, which is deficient in SMA patients. The AAV vector was
engineered to target motor neurons specifically and to express the SMN1
gene efficiently.
In clinical trials, this gene therapy has shown remarkable success.
Patients treated with the AAV-based therapy demonstrated significant
improvements in motor function and survival rates compared to traditional
treatments. This breakthrough underscores the potential of synthetic biology
in creating effective viral vectors that can deliver therapeutic genes precisely
and safely, offering hope for patients with previously untreatable genetic
disorders.
Overall, both therapeutic microbes and viral vector design illustrate the
profound impact of synthetic biology on modern medicine. By engineering
microorganisms and viral vectors, researchers are not only advancing the
treatment of complex diseases but also paving the way for new therapeutic
modalities and personalized medicine approaches.

Page | 6
3. Synthetic biology-based diagnostics: Revolutionizing disease
detection biosensors
Introduction to synthetic biology-based biosensors
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine biological components
with electronic systems to detect and measure specific biological substances.
In synthetic biology, biosensors are engineered to enhance their sensitivity,
specificity, and functionality for a wide range of applications, including
disease detection, environmental monitoring, and food safety. These sensors
integrate synthetic biological circuits into living cells or microorganisms,
enabling them to respond to specific biomarkers or pathogens with
measurable outputs.
Synthetic biology-based biosensors utilize engineered biological
components, such as synthetic gene circuits or modified receptors, to create
systems that can detect the presence of target molecules or pathogens with
high precision. These biosensors often include a signal transduction
mechanism that converts the biological interaction into an observable signal,
such as fluorescence or electrical output, making it possible to quickly and
accurately assess the presence of the target substance.
Case study: Development of a synthetic biology-based diagnostic test for
infectious diseases
One notable example of synthetic biology-based biosensors is the
development of a diagnostic test for rapid and accurate detection of
infectious diseases. Researchers have engineered a strain of E. coli to act as a
biosensor for the detection of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and E.
coli O157:H7, which are common causes of foodborne illnesses.
The engineered E. coli strain incorporates synthetic gene circuits that are
activated in the presence of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs) or toxins. When the target pathogen is present, it interacts with the
synthetic biosensor, triggering a gene expression cascade that results in a
visible or measurable signal. For example, the biosensor may produce a
fluorescent signal or generate a color change that indicates the presence of
the pathogen.
In a field test, this biosensor demonstrated rapid detection capabilities,
providing results within a few hours compared to traditional methods that
can take days. This quick turnaround is crucial for controlling outbreaks and
ensuring food safety. The synthetic biology-based diagnostic test also offers
high specificity and sensitivity, reducing the likelihood of false positives and
negatives.

Page | 7
 This case study highlights the potential of synthetic biology to
revolutionize diagnostic testing by providing tools that are not only faster
and more accurate but also more adaptable to different pathogens and
biomarkers. By incorporating synthetic biology into biosensor design,
researchers are developing innovative solutions that enhance disease
detection and improve public health outcomes.
Diagnostic devices
Discussion of synthetic biology in designing diagnostic devices and
platforms
Synthetic biology has made significant strides in the development of
diagnostic devices and platforms, particularly through the integration of lab-
on-a-chip technologies and other miniaturized systems. These innovations
leverage synthetic biological components to create highly sensitive, specific,
and versatile diagnostic tools.
Lab-on-a-chip technologies, also known as microfluidic devices,
incorporate biological and chemical processes into a single chip-sized
platform. These devices can perform complex assays and analyses using
minute quantities of biological samples, significantly reducing costs and time
required for diagnostics. Synthetic biology enhances these platforms by
incorporating engineered biological elements such as synthetic gene circuits,
biosensors, and receptor-ligand interactions. This allows for the development
of multifunctional diagnostic devices that can simultaneously detect multiple
biomarkers or pathogens with high accuracy.
Synthetic biology-based diagnostic devices are designed to operate at
the interface of biological systems and electronic sensors. By engineering
cells or microorganisms with synthetic pathways that produce measurable
outputs in response to specific stimuli, these devices can provide real-time
data and improve diagnostic capabilities in various settings, from clinical
laboratories to remote field locations.
Case study: Innovations in synthetic biology diagnostics
A noteworthy example of synthetic biology's impact on diagnostic
devices is the development of a portable, synthetic biology-based diagnostic
platform for rapid detection of viral infections, such as COVID-19.
Researchers have engineered a lab-on-a-chip device that integrates synthetic
biology components with microfluidic technology to deliver a fast, accurate,
and user-friendly diagnostic tool.

Page | 8
 The device uses engineered yeast cells or bacteria that have been
modified to produce a detectable signal, such as fluorescence, in response to
the presence of viral RNA. The sample is processed through microfluidic
channels, where the biological components interact with the target nucleic
acids. When the device detects the viral RNA, it triggers a visible or
quantifiable signal, indicating the presence of the virus.
In clinical trials and real-world applications, this synthetic biology-
based diagnostic platform has demonstrated several key advantages:
 Rapid detection: The device can provide results within minutes,
allowing for quick diagnosis and timely intervention.
 High Sensitivity and Specificity: Engineered biological
components ensure accurate detection of low viral loads and
minimize false positives or negatives.
 Portability and Ease of use: The compact, user-friendly design
makes it suitable for point-of-care testing in diverse environments,
including remote or resource-limited settings.
This innovation has significantly improved patient outcomes by
enabling early detection and monitoring of viral infections, thus facilitating
prompt treatment and containment measures. The integration of synthetic
biology into diagnostic devices represents a major advancement in medical
diagnostics, offering enhanced performance and accessibility for critical
health applications.
4. Personalized medicine: Tailoring treatments to individual needs
Customizing therapies
How synthetic biology enables the development of personalized
treatments
Synthetic biology plays a crucial role in advancing personalized
medicine by enabling the development of customized therapies tailored to an
individual’s genetic makeup. This approach is driven by the ability to
engineer biological systems and design novel therapeutic solutions that
address the specific genetic and molecular characteristics of each patient.
Key aspects of personalized therapies enabled by synthetic biology
1. Genetic Profiling and Engineering: Synthetic biology allows for
detailed genetic profiling of individuals, identifying unique genetic
mutations or expressions associated with their diseases. By using
this information, researchers can design and engineer therapeutic
interventions that specifically target the patient’s genetic profile.

Page | 9
 2. Custom-made biological systems: With synthetic biology,
scientists can create bespoke biological systems, such as engineered
cells or proteins, that are designed to interact with or counteract the
specific genetic abnormalities present in a patient. These custom-
made therapies can be more effective and have fewer side effects
compared to traditional treatments.
3. Adaptive therapies: Synthetic biology enables the development of
adaptive therapies that can be modified in real-time based on a
patient’s response to treatment. This flexibility allows for ongoing
optimization of therapeutic strategies to achieve the best possible
outcomes.
Case study: Personalized cancer vaccines and cell therapies
One of the most notable applications of synthetic biology in
personalized medicine is the creation of personalized cancer vaccines and
cell therapies. These treatments are designed to target specific tumor
antigens or cancer cells unique to each patient’s cancer profile.
Personalized cancer vaccines
In the development of personalized cancer vaccines, synthetic biology is
used to engineer vaccines that target tumor-specific antigens identified
through genetic sequencing of the patient’s tumor. For example, researchers
can isolate neoantigens-novel protein fragments produced by mutations in
cancer cells that are not present in normal cells. By synthesizing these
neoantigens and incorporating them into a vaccine, scientists can stimulate
the patient’s immune system to recognize and attack the cancer cells
specifically.
A prominent case is the development of a personalized cancer vaccine
for melanoma. Patients undergo tumor sequencing to identify unique
neoantigens. Researchers then create a custom vaccine that includes these
neoantigens, which is administered to the patient to elicit an immune
response targeting their specific tumor. Clinical trials have shown that this
personalized approach can lead to significant tumor regression and improved
patient outcomes.
Personalized cell therapies
Another breakthrough in personalized medicine facilitated by synthetic
biology is the development of customized cell therapies, such as CAR-T
(Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell) therapy. In this approach, T-cells from
the patient’s own blood are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors
that specifically target cancer cells.

Page | 10
 For example, in the treatment of certain types of leukemia and
lymphoma, researchers engineer T-cells to recognize and bind to specific
proteins on the surface of cancer cells. These modified T-cells are then
expanded in the laboratory and infused back into the patient. The engineered
T-cells target and destroy the cancer cells with high specificity.
A successful case of personalized CAR-T therapy involved a patient
with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who achieved complete remission
after receiving CAR-T cells engineered to target the CD19 antigen present
on the surface of their leukemia cells. This personalized approach has
transformed the treatment landscape for hematologic cancers and
demonstrates the power of synthetic biology in customizing therapies to
individual patients.
Conclusion
The ability of synthetic biology to customize therapies based on an
individual’s genetic profile represents a major advancement in personalized
medicine. By leveraging engineered biological systems and targeted
therapeutic approaches, synthetic biology is enabling the development of
treatments that are tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient,
leading to more effective and personalized healthcare solutions.
Synthetic Biology and Pharmacogenomics
The role of synthetic biology in understanding individual drug responses
Understanding differential drug responses
Synthetic biology has a pivotal role in unraveling why individuals
respond differently to drugs. This variability can be attributed to genetic
differences, including variations in drug metabolism, receptor interactions,
and cellular responses. By utilizing synthetic biology, researchers can create
detailed models and systems that mimic human biological processes,
allowing for a more nuanced understanding of how genetic variations affect
drug efficacy and safety.
Key contributions of synthetic biology
1) Synthetic model systems: Synthetic biology enables the creation of
engineered cells and tissues that replicate the metabolic pathways
and drug interactions found in human bodies. These model systems
can be used to study how different genetic variants influence drug
metabolism and response, providing insights into why some
individuals may experience adverse effects while others benefit
from the same medication.

Page | 11
 2) Customized cellular assays: By designing synthetic biological
circuits, researchers can engineer cells to express specific drug
metabolizing enzymes or receptors. These customized cellular
assays can then be used to test the effects of drugs in a controlled
environment, revealing how genetic differences impact drug
interactions at a cellular level.
3) Predictive models: Synthetic biology allows for the development
of predictive models that integrate genetic data with drug response
information. These models can simulate how genetic variations
influence drug efficacy and safety, helping to predict how different
patients will respond to specific treatments.
Future potential: Integrating synthetic biology with pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic variations affect an
individual's response to drugs. The integration of synthetic biology with
pharmacogenomics holds the potential to revolutionize drug development
and personalized medicine by optimizing drug efficacy and safety based on
individual genetic profiles.
Potential advancements
1) Tailored drug development: By combining synthetic biology with
pharmacogenomics, researchers can design drugs that are tailored to
the genetic profiles of specific populations or even individual
patients. This approach can lead to the development of personalized
therapies that maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing
adverse effects.
2) Enhanced drug screening: Synthetic biology can enhance
pharmacogenomic studies by providing advanced screening tools
that assess how genetic variations impact drug response. Engineered
cell lines or tissues can be used to test a wide range of genetic
variants and predict how these variations affect drug metabolism
and efficacy.
3) Precision medicine platforms: The integration of synthetic
biology with pharmacogenomics can lead to the creation of
comprehensive precision medicine platforms. These platforms
would combine genetic data, synthetic biology models, and drug
response information to guide personalized treatment decisions,
ensuring that patients receive the most effective and safest therapies
based on their unique genetic makeup.

Page | 12
 4) Real-time monitoring and adaptation: Synthetic biology could
enable real-time monitoring of patient responses to treatments
through engineered biosensors or smart drug delivery systems. This
capability would allow for immediate adjustments to therapy based
on genetic and physiological feedback, further personalizing and
optimizing treatment outcomes.
Conclusion
The role of synthetic biology in understanding individual drug responses
and tailoring treatments is a significant advancement in personalized
medicine. By combining synthetic biology with pharmacogenomics,
researchers and clinicians can develop more effective and safer therapies that
are tailored to the unique genetic profiles of patients. This integration
promises to enhance drug efficacy, minimize adverse effects, and ultimately
lead to more precise and individualized healthcare solutions.
Result and Discussion
When writing the "Results and Discussion" section of a scientific
chapter, it's essential to present and interpret findings in a clear, logical
manner. This section bridges the gap between the presentation of data
(results) and their broader implications (discussion). Below is a structured
approach for creating a comprehensive "Results and Discussion" section for
a chapter on "Synthetic Biology in Medicine".
Results and Discussion: Synthetic biology in medicine
1. Introduction
Contextual Overview:
 Briefly reiterate the key objectives of the experiments or studies
discussed in this section. Outline what you set out to investigate
regarding synthetic biology applications in medicine.
2. Results
2.1 Engineering microorganisms for therapeutic applications
Experimental Outcomes:
 Present results from studies where microorganisms were engineered
to produce therapeutic molecules or perform specific functions.
Include data on the efficacy, stability, and safety of these
engineered microbes.

Page | 13
 Example Data:
 Therapeutic microbes: “Engineered E. coli strains were
successfully used to produce therapeutic proteins with a yield of X
mg/L, demonstrating a Y% increase in production efficiency
compared to traditional methods”.
 Viral vectors: “Modified AAV vectors showed enhanced gene
delivery efficiency in preclinical models, achieving Z%
transduction rates in target tissues”.
Data Presentation:
 Use tables, graphs, or charts to illustrate the key findings, such as
the effectiveness of therapeutic microbes in animal models or the
success rate of viral vector-based gene therapies.
2.2 Synthetic biology-based diagnostics
Experimental Outcomes:
 Summarize findings related to synthetic biology-based diagnostics,
such as the development and validation of biosensors or diagnostic
devices. Include performance metrics like sensitivity, specificity,
and speed.
Example Data:
 Biosensors: “The engineered biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2
showed a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 98% in clinical
samples”.
 Diagnostic devices: “The lab-on-a-chip device demonstrated a
rapid detection time of X minutes with high accuracy,
outperforming conventional diagnostic methods”.
Data Presentation:
 Include data visualizations like receiver operating characteristic
(ROC) curves or precision-recall curves to illustrate diagnostic
performance.
2.3 Personalized medicine and drug development
Experimental Outcomes:
 Discuss results from studies on personalized medicine approaches
using synthetic biology, including custom therapies and drug
development processes. Provide data on the outcomes of
personalized treatments and drug efficacy.

Page | 14
 Example Data:
 Custom therapies: “Personalized cancer vaccines induced a 40%
increase in T-cell response compared to standard treatments in
patient trials”.
 Drug development: “Synthetic biology-based optimization led to a
30% increase in yield and purity of the bioengineered drug
compound X”.
Data Presentation:
 Present clinical trial data, efficacy rates, or production statistics in a
clear and organized format.
2.4 Safety and Ethical considerations
Experimental Outcomes:
 Summarize findings related to the safety and ethical considerations
of synthetic biology applications in medicine. Include data on
adverse effects, regulatory compliance and ethical review outcomes.
Example Data:
 Safety assessments: “No significant adverse effects were observed
in preclinical trials of engineered microbes, with safety profiles
comparable to conventional treatments”.
 Ethical reviews: “Ethical review boards approved the use of
synthetic biology-based therapies with recommended safeguards
and monitoring measures in place”.
Data Presentation:
 Use safety profiles, risk assessments, or ethical review summaries
to present the findings.
3. Discussion
3.1 Interpretation of results
Engineering Microorganisms:
 Discuss the implications of the results related to engineered
microorganisms for therapeutic applications. Consider their
potential impact on treatment efficiency, scalability, and patient
outcomes.

Page | 15
  Interpretation: “The improved production efficiency of
therapeutic proteins demonstrates the potential for engineered
microbes to reduce manufacturing costs and increase accessibility
of these therapies”.
3.2 Implications for diagnostics
Synthetic Biology-Based Diagnostics:
 Analyze the impact of synthetic biology-based diagnostics on
disease detection and management. Discuss how these
advancements might improve diagnostic accuracy, speed, and
patient outcomes.
 Interpretation: “The high sensitivity and specificity of the
synthetic biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 could lead to more rapid and
reliable testing, crucial for managing infectious disease outbreaks”.
3.3 Personalized medicine and drug development
Personalized Therapies:
 Evaluate the implications of personalized medicine approaches
enabled by synthetic biology. Consider how they might transform
treatment strategies and enhance patient care.
 Interpretation: “The success of personalized cancer vaccines
highlights the potential for tailored therapies to improve treatment
efficacy and reduce side effects, offering a more individualized
approach to cancer care”.
3.4 Safety and Ethical considerations
Safety and Ethics:
 Discuss the significance of safety and ethical considerations in the
application of synthetic biology in medicine. Address how safety
profiles and ethical safeguards impact the adoption and acceptance
of these technologies.
 Interpretation: “The robust safety profiles of synthetic biology-
based therapies, combined with comprehensive ethical oversight,
are essential for ensuring their safe integration into clinical
practice”.

Page | 16
3.5 Future directions
Emerging Trends:
 Highlight emerging trends and potential future directions in
synthetic biology for medicine. Discuss areas where further
research is needed and the possible next steps for advancing these
technologies.
 Future outlook: “Future research may focus on optimizing the
precision of personalized therapies and expanding the application of
synthetic biology to a broader range of diseases”.
4. Conclusion
Summary of Findings:
 Summarize the key results and their implications for the field of
medicine.
Impact on Healthcare:
 Effect on how synthetic biology is poised to transform healthcare
and the importance of continued innovation and research in this
area.
5. References
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Chem Biomol Eng. 2012;3:1-31. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-
061010-114217.
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biological networks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012;13(3):207-18.
doi:10.1038/nrm3297.
3. Benner SA, Sismour AM. Synthetic biology. Nat Rev Genet.
2005;6(7):533-43. doi:10.1038/nrg1637.
4. Bhatia SN, Ingber DE. Synthetic biology: From cells to tissues. Nat Rev
Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15(5):286-96. doi:10.1038/nrm3798.
5. Carlson R. The biotech century: Harnessing the gene and remaking the
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6. Church GM, Regis E. Regenesis: How synthetic biology will reinvent
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7. Collins JJ, Yin J. Synthetic biology: New engineering rules for an
emerging discipline. Mol Syst. Biol. 2012;8(1):590.
doi:10.1038/msb.2012.36.

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 Chapter - 2
The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Ancient
Practices to Modern Innovations

Authors
Ali Sayer Wali Atiyah
Department of Biology, University of Kufa/Faculty of Science,
Kufa, Iraq
Ayat Rasool Abdul Hussein Nassif
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of
Babylon, Iraq
Nouran Hesham Jalal Mahmood
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of
Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq
Mansour Mushab Mujed Awad
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of
Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
Halla Qais Kamel Saleh
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of
Babylon, Iraq

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Page | 22
 Chapter - 2
The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Ancient Practices to
Modern Innovations
Ali Sayer Wali Atiyah, Ayat Rasool Abdul Hussein Nassif, Nouran Hesham Jalal
Mahmood, Mansour Mushab Mujed Awad and Halla Qais Kamel Saleh

Abstract
The evolution of biotechnology traces its roots back to ancient practices
where humans harnessed natural biological processes for agriculture, food
production, and medicine. Early civilizations utilized fermentation for
brewing, baking, and cheese-making, laying the foundation for modern
microbiology. As scientific understanding advanced, the 19th and 20th
centuries saw significant breakthroughs, including the discovery of
microorganisms, the development of vaccines, and the advent of antibiotics,
which revolutionized healthcare and disease management. The latter half of
the 20th century marked the dawn of molecular biology, with the discovery
of DNA’s structure and the development of recombinant DNA technology,
paving the way for genetic engineering and the Human Genome Project.
Today, biotechnology stands at the forefront of innovation, encompassing a
wide range of applications from gene editing and synthetic biology to
regenerative medicine and bioinformatics. This journey reflects a profound
transformation from rudimentary natural practices to sophisticated
techniques that have reshaped industries, addressed global challenges, and
continue to drive advancements in personalized medicine, sustainable
agriculture, and environmental preservation. This review explores the
milestones of biotechnology's evolution and its impact on society, illustrating
how ancient wisdom has been integrated with cutting-edge science to forge
new frontiers in human progress.
Keywords: Biotechnology evolution, ancient biological practices, genetic
engineering, molecular biology, modern innovations in biotechnology
1. Introduction to biotechnology
Definition of biotechnology
Biotechnology is defined as the use of biological systems, organisms, or
derivatives to develop or create products that enhance the quality of life and

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contribute to advancements in various fields. It encompasses a wide range of
practices and technologies that leverage the capabilities of living organisms
and biological processes to achieve practical applications. At its core,
biotechnology integrates biology with technology, harnessing cellular and
biomolecular processes to develop innovative products and technologies that
address complex challenges and improve human life.
Scope and Relevance
Biotechnology has a broad scope and a significant impact on numerous
fields, demonstrating its versatility and importance in modern science and
industry. In medicine, biotechnology is essential for developing new
therapies, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, enabling the treatment of diseases
at a molecular level and facilitating personalized medicine approaches. In
agriculture, it plays a critical role in enhancing crop yields, improving
resistance to pests and diseases, and developing genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) that contribute to food security and sustainability.
Environmental science benefits from biotechnological applications in
bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to clean up pollutants, and in
developing biofuels as sustainable energy sources. In industrial processes,
biotechnology is employed to produce bio-based materials, enzymes, and
chemicals, offering greener alternatives to conventional manufacturing
methods. Overall, biotechnology's diverse applications illustrate its
fundamental role in driving innovation and solving global challenges across
multiple sectors.
2. Historical context of biotechnology
Ancient biotechnology
Biotechnology's roots trace back thousands of years, where ancient
civilizations unknowingly harnessed biological processes for practical uses,
laying the groundwork for modern biotechnological practices. One of the
earliest examples of biotechnology is fermentation, a natural process used in
the production of bread, beer and wine. Fermentation relies on
microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria to convert sugars into alcohol,
gases, and acids, which are essential in creating these staple products. The
ancient Egyptians, Sumerians and other early societies mastered
fermentation techniques to produce leavened bread, alcoholic beverages, and
preserved foods, recognizing the transformative effects of microbial activity.
In addition to fermentation, ancient biotechnology also includes the use
of microorganisms in the production of traditional foods like yogurt and
cheese. These foods were developed through the natural process of microbial

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fermentation, where specific bacteria were utilized to ferment milk,
transforming it into products with longer shelf lives and distinctive flavors
and textures. The discovery and refinement of these processes, which relied
heavily on observation and experimentation, highlight humanity's early
understanding of harnessing natural biological systems for food production
and preservation. These ancient practices not only satisfied basic nutritional
needs but also contributed to the cultural and social development of
civilizations, demonstrating the enduring importance of biotechnology
throughout human history.
The birth of modern biotechnology
The advent of modern biotechnology began with a profound
understanding of the molecular basis of life, marked by a series of
groundbreaking discoveries in the mid-20th century. One of the most pivotal
moments was the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953 by
James Watson and Francis Crick, a breakthrough that unveiled the molecular
blueprint for life. This discovery laid the foundation for molecular biology
and transformed our understanding of genetics, heredity, and the
biochemical processes that underlie living organisms.
Key milestones
Following the elucidation of DNA's structure, several key milestones in
biotechnology rapidly unfolded, reshaping the field and expanding its
applications:
 Recombinant DNA technology: In the early 1970s, scientists
developed recombinant DNA technology, a technique that allows
for the insertion of foreign DNA into the genome of a host
organism. This breakthrough enabled the manipulation of genetic
material to create organisms with new properties and capabilities,
ushering in the era of genetic engineering. It paved the way for the
production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the
development of numerous biopharmaceuticals.
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): In 1983, Kary Mullis
invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a revolutionary
technique that allows for the rapid and specific amplification of
DNA sequences. PCR has become a fundamental tool in molecular
biology, genetics, and forensic science, enabling a wide range of
applications, including DNA cloning, gene expression analysis, and
the detection of genetic mutations.

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  Cloning: The successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996
demonstrated the potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer, a
technique that involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell
into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. This
achievement highlighted the possibilities of cloning and
regenerative medicine, sparking ethical debates and advancing the
understanding of developmental biology.
Case study: The Development of Insulin Using Recombinant DNA
Technology.
One of the most notable early successes of modern biotechnology was
the development of human insulin using recombinant DNA technology.
Before this advancement, insulin for diabetic patients was extracted from the
pancreases of pigs and cows, which posed issues of supply, immune
reactions, and variability in potency. In 1978, researchers at Genentech
successfully used recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin in
bacteria. By inserting the human insulin gene into the plasmid of Escherichia
coli bacteria, they were able to produce insulin identical to that naturally
produced in humans. This breakthrough led to the commercial production of
recombinant human insulin, branded as "Humulin," in 1982, revolutionizing
diabetes management and establishing a new paradigm for the production of
therapeutic proteins. The success of recombinant insulin underscored the
potential of biotechnology to transform medicine and opened the door to the
development of many other biopharmaceuticals, marking a significant
milestone in the birth of modern biotechnology.
3. Core technologies in biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Definition and techniques
Genetic engineering is a core technology in biotechnology that involves
the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to achieve
specific traits or functions. This manipulation of DNA allows scientists to
add, remove, or alter genetic information within an organism's genome,
thereby enabling the creation of organisms with new characteristics. Key
techniques in genetic engineering include:
 CRISPR-Cas9: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic
Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein Cas9 is a revolutionary
genome-editing technology that allows for precise, targeted changes
to DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide RNA to locate a specific DNA

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 sequence within the genome, where the Cas9 enzyme then creates a
double-strand break. This break can be repaired by the cell's natural
repair mechanisms, allowing for the addition, deletion, or
modification of genetic material. CRISPR has become a powerful
tool due to its efficiency, accuracy, and ease of use, enabling
widespread applications across various fields.
 Gene cloning: Gene cloning involves the replication of a specific
DNA sequence to create multiple copies, often using a host
organism such as bacteria. This process is typically achieved by
inserting the DNA sequence of interest into a vector, such as a
plasmid, which is then introduced into a host cell. The host cell
replicates, producing numerous copies of the DNA sequence. Gene
cloning is essential for studying gene function, producing proteins,
and developing genetically modified organisms.
 Gene editing: Gene editing refers to a range of technologies that
enable precise modifications to an organism's genome. Besides
CRISPR-Cas9, other gene-editing tools include zinc-finger
nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases
(TALENs). These tools allow for targeted alterations at specific
locations within the genome, facilitating the correction of genetic
mutations, the introduction of new traits, or the inactivation of
genes.
Applications in medicine
Genetic engineering has had a profound impact on medicine, providing
new avenues for treating diseases, improving diagnostics, and creating
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with beneficial traits. Key
applications include:
 Gene therapy: Gene therapy involves the introduction, removal, or
alteration of genetic material within a patient's cells to treat or
prevent disease. It has shown promise in treating a range of genetic
disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and certain types of
cancer, by correcting defective genes or introducing new genes that
provide therapeutic benefits. Advances in gene-editing technologies
like CRISPR have significantly enhanced the precision and
effectiveness of gene therapy, opening new possibilities for curing
previously untreatable conditions.
 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): In medicine, GMOs
refer to organisms whose genetic material has been altered to
produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, or other medical products.

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 For example, genetically engineered bacteria and yeast are used to
produce human insulin, growth hormones, and monoclonal
antibodies. GMOs are also employed in creating animal models for
research, allowing scientists to study disease mechanisms and test
potential therapies in a controlled environment.
Genetic engineering continues to drive innovation in biotechnology,
offering new tools and strategies to tackle complex medical challenges,
improve human health, and advance scientific knowledge.
Proteomics and Genomics
Understanding of proteomics and genomics and their importance
Genomics is the study of the complete set of DNA (the genome) within
an organism, including all of its genes. It involves analyzing the structure,
function, evolution, and mapping of genomes, providing a comprehensive
view of how genetic information governs biological processes. The
importance of genomics lies in its ability to reveal the genetic basis of
diseases, identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and improve
our understanding of evolutionary biology and population genetics. By
comparing genomes across different species or individuals, scientists can
identify genetic variations associated with diseases, traits, and responses to
environmental factors, paving the way for personalized medicine and
tailored healthcare solutions.
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, the functional molecules
encoded by genes. Unlike the genome, which is relatively stable, the
proteome the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism
varies dynamically in response to various biological signals, environmental
conditions, and developmental stages. Proteomics focuses on understanding
the structure, function, interactions, and modifications of proteins, providing
insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms. The importance of
proteomics lies in its ability to elucidate the complex biological networks
and pathways that underlie health and disease, aiding in the discovery of
biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring, as well as in
the development of new drugs.
Tools and Technologies
To advance our understanding of genomics and proteomics, several
cutting-edge tools and technologies have been developed:
 DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing is the process of determining
the exact order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Modern

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 sequencing technologies, such as next-generation sequencing
(NGS) and third-generation sequencing (e.g., nanopore
sequencing), have revolutionized genomics by enabling rapid,
accurate, and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. These
technologies allow researchers to identify genetic variations, study
gene expression, and understand the genetic basis of diseases at an
unprecedented scale. DNA sequencing is fundamental to many
applications in biotechnology, including genetic testing,
evolutionary biology, and personalized medicine.
 Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful
analytical technique used in proteomics to measure the mass-to-
charge ratio of ions, enabling the identification and quantification of
proteins and their post-translational modifications. In proteomics,
MS is often combined with techniques like liquid chromatography
(LC) to separate complex protein mixtures before analysis. This
combination, known as LC-MS, allows for high-resolution, high-
throughput analysis of the proteome, making it possible to study
protein expression patterns, interactions, and modifications
comprehensively. Mass spectrometry has become an essential tool
for understanding protein function, discovering biomarkers, and
developing targeted therapies.
Genomics and proteomics are integral to modern biotechnology,
providing a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of life and
disease. These fields offer powerful insights into the complexity of
biological systems, enabling the development of new diagnostic tools,
therapeutic strategies, and personalized approaches to healthcare. By
leveraging advanced tools and technologies, genomics and proteomics
continue to drive innovation and discovery, shaping the future of medicine
and biotechnology.
Bioinformatics
Role of bioinformatics in analyzing biological data
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology,
computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret
complex biological data. With the advent of high-throughput technologies in
genomics, proteomics, and other areas of biology, vast amounts of data are
generated, requiring sophisticated computational tools and methods for
analysis. Bioinformatics plays a crucial role in organizing, storing,
retrieving, and analyzing this data, enabling researchers to extract
meaningful insights and make informed biological interpretations.

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 The primary functions of bioinformatics include:
 Sequence analysis: Bioinformatics tools are used to analyze DNA,
RNA, and protein sequences to identify genes, predict protein
structures, and understand evolutionary relationships. Sequence
alignment, gene prediction, and motif identification are key areas
where bioinformatics aids in understanding the functional elements
of genomes and proteomes.
 Data management and integration: Bioinformatics is essential for
managing large datasets generated from various biological
experiments, such as genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and
proteomics. It facilitates the integration of diverse datasets, enabling
researchers to correlate genetic information with phenotypic traits,
disease states, and environmental factors.
 Functional and structural genomics: Bioinformatics tools are
used to predict gene function, study gene expression patterns, and
analyze regulatory networks. In structural genomics, bioinformatics
aids in predicting protein structures and functions based on
sequence data, contributing to drug discovery and understanding
molecular mechanisms of diseases.
 Systems biology: Bioinformatics enables the modeling and
simulation of complex biological systems, helping researchers
understand how different components of a system interact and
contribute to overall cellular functions. This systems-level
understanding is crucial for developing targeted therapies and
designing synthetic biological systems.
Examples of software and databases
Several software tools and databases have been developed to support
bioinformatics research, offering a wide range of functionalities for
analyzing biological data:
 BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): BLAST is one of
the most widely used bioinformatics tools for comparing an input
sequence against a database of sequences to find regions of
similarity. This tool helps identify homologous genes, study
evolutionary relationships, and annotate newly sequenced genomes.
It is essential for tasks such as identifying gene functions, locating
conserved domains, and discovering new genes.

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  GenBank: GenBank is a comprehensive public database of
nucleotide sequences and their associated annotations, maintained
by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). It
serves as a primary repository for genomic data, offering a vast
collection of sequences submitted by researchers worldwide.
GenBank is a critical resource for comparative genomics,
evolutionary studies, and functional genomics.
 Bioinformatics software suites: Software suites like Bioconductor
and Galaxy provide integrated environments for bioinformatics
analysis, offering a range of tools for tasks such as sequence
alignment, differential expression analysis, and genome annotation.
These platforms facilitate reproducible research by providing user-
friendly interfaces and pipelines for analyzing complex biological
data.
 Other notable tools and databases: Other important
bioinformatics resources include the Protein Data Bank (PDB) for
protein structure data, Ensembl for genome annotation, and KEGG
(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) for pathway analysis.
Bioinformatics is an essential component of modern biological research,
providing the computational power and tools needed to manage and interpret
the vast amounts of data generated in the life sciences. By enabling the
integration and analysis of complex datasets, bioinformatics advances our
understanding of biological systems, supports the discovery of new drugs,
and drives innovation in biotechnology.
Synthetic biology
Definition and Scope
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles
from biology, engineering, and computer science to design, construct, and
modify biological systems and organisms. It aims to create new, synthetic
life forms or redesign existing ones to perform specific tasks or produce
desired outcomes. Unlike traditional biology, which focuses on
understanding and manipulating natural systems, synthetic biology involves
constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems from scratch or
reengineering existing ones with novel functionalities.

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 The scope of synthetic biology is broad and encompasses several key
areas:
 Design and construction of biological parts: Synthetic biology
involves designing and assembling standardized biological
components, such as genes, proteins, and regulatory elements, into
functional units. These standardized parts, often referred to as
"biobricks", can be combined in modular ways to create new
biological functions or enhance existing ones.
 Genetic circuit design: Synthetic biology enables the creation of
genetic circuits, which are networks of genes and regulatory
elements that can be engineered to control cellular behavior in
response to specific inputs. These circuits can be designed to
regulate gene expression, respond to environmental signals, or
perform complex functions, allowing for precise control over
biological processes.
 System engineering: Synthetic biology applies engineering
principles to biological systems, treating cells and organisms as
"biological machines" that can be programmed to perform specific
tasks. This involves optimizing the design of biological systems for
robustness, reliability, and efficiency.
Applications in designing new organisms and metabolic pathways
Synthetic biology has a wide range of applications, from creating new
organisms to engineering metabolic pathways for various purposes:
 Designing new organisms: Synthetic biology enables the creation
of entirely new organisms with novel capabilities. For example,
researchers can design and synthesize new bacterial strains or yeast
strains with tailored properties, such as the ability to produce
valuable chemicals, degrade environmental pollutants, or serve as
biosensors. These organisms are engineered to carry out specific
functions that are not found in nature, offering potential
applications in biotechnology, environmental remediation, and
industry.
 Engineering metabolic pathways: Synthetic biology allows for the
modification and optimization of metabolic pathways within
organisms to produce valuable products. By introducing or
modifying genes that encode enzymes involved in metabolic
pathways, scientists can engineer microorganisms to produce

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 pharmaceuticals, biofuels, specialty chemicals, or other high-value
products. For example, engineered bacteria or yeast can be used to
produce bio-based plastics, therapeutic proteins, or renewable
energy sources.
 Bioremediation: Synthetic biology can enhance the ability of
organisms to clean up environmental contaminants through
bioremediation. By designing microbes with specific capabilities to
degrade pollutants or transform toxic substances into less harmful
forms, synthetic biology offers innovative solutions for
environmental cleanup and pollution management.
 Synthetic biosensors: Synthetic biology enables the development
of biosensors that can detect specific substances or environmental
conditions with high sensitivity and specificity. These biosensors
can be used for monitoring health, detecting pathogens, or assessing
environmental changes, offering applications in diagnostics, safety
testing, and environmental monitoring.
 Pharmaceutical production: Synthetic biology facilitates the
production of complex pharmaceuticals, including drugs that are
difficult to synthesize using traditional methods. By engineering
microorganisms or cell lines to produce therapeutic compounds,
such as antibiotics or anticancer agents, synthetic biology helps to
overcome challenges in drug production and reduce costs.
Synthetic biology represents a powerful approach to manipulating and
creating biological systems with unprecedented precision and creativity. By
designing and engineering new organisms and metabolic pathways, synthetic
biology has the potential to revolutionize fields such as medicine,
agriculture, environmental science, and industrial biotechnology, offering
innovative solutions to global challenges and advancing our understanding
of life itself.
4. Biotechnological applications in medicine
Drug development
Biopharmaceuticals
Biopharmaceuticals are drugs that are produced using biological
processes rather than traditional chemical synthesis. These drugs include a
wide range of therapeutic products, including monoclonal antibodies,
vaccines, and recombinant proteins, each playing a crucial role in modern
medicine.

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  Monoclonal antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies
produced by a single clone of cells that target a specific antigen.
They are used in the treatment of various diseases, including
cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. By
precisely targeting disease-causing molecules or cells, monoclonal
antibodies can offer high specificity and efficacy. Examples include
trastuzumab (Herceptin) for HER2-positive breast cancer and
adalimumab (Humira) for rheumatoid arthritis.
 Vaccines: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide
immunity against specific diseases by stimulating the body's
immune system. Biotechnology has revolutionized vaccine
development with the advent of recombinant DNA technology and
other methods. Modern vaccines can be produced using
recombinant proteins, virus-like particles, or mRNA technology.
Examples include the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and mRNA-
based COVID-19 vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech's Comirnaty and
Moderna's Spikevax.
 Recombinant proteins: Recombinant proteins are proteins
produced through recombinant DNA technology, where a gene
encoding the protein of interest is inserted into a host cell, such as
bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells. These proteins can be used as
therapeutic agents or diagnostic tools. Examples include insulin for
diabetes, erythropoietin (EPO) for anemia, and growth hormones
for growth disorders.
Personalized medicine
Personalized medicine is an approach to medical treatment that tailors
therapies based on an individual's genetic, genomic, and phenotypic
information. By understanding a patient's unique genetic profile, healthcare
providers can customize treatments to optimize efficacy and minimize
adverse effects. Key aspects of personalized medicine include:
 Genetic profiling: Genetic profiling involves analyzing an
individual's DNA to identify genetic variations that may influence
their susceptibility to diseases, drug metabolism, and response to
treatments. This information helps in selecting the most appropriate
therapies and predicting potential side effects. For example, genetic
testing can identify patients who are likely to benefit from specific
cancer treatments based on the presence of particular mutations.
 Pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics studies how an
individual's genetic makeup affects their response to drugs. By

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 integrating genetic information with drug prescriptions,
pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug efficacy and minimize
adverse drug reactions. This approach can help in selecting the right
dosage and avoiding treatments that may be less effective or
harmful due to genetic variations.
 Targeted therapies: Targeted therapies are designed to specifically
target molecular abnormalities associated with a particular disease.
These therapies are often based on the genetic and molecular profile
of the patient's tumor or disease, allowing for more precise and
effective treatments. For instance, targeted therapies for cancer may
focus on specific genetic mutations or signaling pathways involved
in tumor growth.
 Biomarker discovery: Biomarkers are measurable indicators of
disease or treatment response, often found in blood, tissue, or other
biological samples. Personalized medicine relies on the discovery
and validation of biomarkers to guide diagnosis, treatment, and
monitoring. Biomarkers can indicate disease presence, predict
disease progression, and assess treatment effectiveness.
Biotechnological advancements have significantly transformed drug
development and personalized medicine, offering new opportunities for
more effective, tailored, and targeted treatments. By leveraging
biopharmaceuticals and personalized approaches, modern medicine can
address a wide range of health conditions with greater precision, improving
patient outcomes and advancing the overall quality of healthcare.
Therapeutic microbes and viral vectors
Use of engineered bacteria and viruses in treatment
1. Bacteriotherapy
Bacteriotherapy, also known as microbial therapy, involves the use of
beneficial bacteria to treat or prevent diseases. Engineered bacteria are
designed to perform specific functions that can aid in disease treatment or
health maintenance. Applications of bacteriotherapy include:
 Probiotics: Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health
benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Engineered
probiotics can be designed to enhance their therapeutic effects, such
as by producing beneficial compounds, modulating the immune
system, or outcompeting pathogenic bacteria. For example,
genetically modified strains of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium

Page | 35
 may be used to improve gut health, prevent infections, or treat
inflammatory bowel diseases.
 Bacteriophage therapy: Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses
that specifically infect and kill bacteria. Engineered phages can be
used to target antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, providing an
alternative to traditional antibiotics. Bacteriophage therapy has been
explored for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant
pathogens and for precision targeting of harmful bacteria while
preserving beneficial microbiota.
 Oncolytic bacteria: Oncolytic bacteria are engineered to
selectively target and kill cancer cells while sparing normal tissues.
These bacteria can be designed to produce therapeutic agents, such
as cytotoxins or immune-stimulatory molecules, within the tumor
microenvironment. An example is the use of Clostridium novyi-NT,
which has been engineered to target solid tumors and induce tumor
cell death.
2. Viral vector-based gene therapy
Viral vectors are modified viruses used to deliver genetic material into
cells for therapeutic purposes. By using viruses as delivery vehicles, gene
therapy aims to correct or modify defective genes, introduce new genetic
information, or produce therapeutic proteins. Key applications include:
 Gene therapy for genetic disorders: Viral vectors can be used to
deliver therapeutic genes into the patient's cells to correct genetic
defects or replace missing or dysfunctional genes. For example,
adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been used in gene
therapy trials for conditions such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia,
where the aim is to introduce a functional copy of the defective
gene to restore normal function.
 Cancer gene therapy: Viral vectors can be employed to deliver
genes that produce therapeutic proteins, such as tumor suppressors
or pro-apoptotic factors, directly into cancer cells. Alternatively,
oncolytic viruses, which are engineered to selectively infect and kill
cancer cells, can be used to target tumors while sparing healthy
tissues. Examples include the use of oncolytic adenoviruses and
herpes simplex viruses.
 Vaccines: Viral vectors are also utilized in vaccine development to
induce immune responses against specific pathogens. Recombinant
viral vectors, such as those based on adenoviruses or vesicular

Page | 36
 stomatitis viruses (VSV), can be engineered to express antigens
from pathogens, prompting an immune response that protects
against diseases. The success of this approach is evident in some
COVID-19 vaccines, which use adenoviral vectors to deliver
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein genes.
 Gene editing: Viral vectors can deliver gene-editing tools, such as
CRISPR-Cas9, into target cells to introduce precise genetic
modifications. This approach has potential applications in
correcting genetic mutations, studying gene functions, and
developing treatments for genetic diseases.
The use of engineered bacteria and viral vectors represents a promising
and rapidly advancing area of biotechnology. By harnessing the natural
abilities of microbes and viruses, these therapeutic approaches offer
innovative solutions for treating a range of diseases, from infections and
genetic disorders to cancer. As research progresses, the development and
refinement of these technologies hold the potential to revolutionize medicine
and improve patient outcomes.
Diagnostics
Advances in diagnostic tools
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR is a widely used technique for amplifying specific DNA or RNA
sequences, enabling the detection of minute quantities of genetic material.
This method has revolutionized diagnostics by allowing for highly sensitive
and specific detection of pathogens, genetic mutations, and biomarkers
associated with diseases. PCR applications include:
 Infectious disease detection: PCR is used to identify bacterial,
viral, and fungal infections by amplifying pathogen-specific genetic
sequences. For example, PCR has been crucial in diagnosing
COVID-19 by detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patient samples.
 Genetic testing: PCR is employed in genetic testing to identify
mutations associated with inherited disorders, such as cystic fibrosis
or BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations related to breast cancer susceptibility.
 Quantitative PCR (qPCR): qPCR allows for the quantification of
DNA or RNA, providing information on the viral load in infections
or the expression levels of specific genes.

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2. Rapid antigen tests
Rapid antigen tests are diagnostic tools designed to detect specific
proteins from pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, in a sample. These tests
offer several advantages:
 Speed: Rapid antigen tests provide results within minutes, making
them suitable for point-of-care testing and on-the-spot diagnostics.
 Simplicity: They typically require minimal equipment and can be
performed with ease, facilitating widespread and accessible testing.
 Applications: Rapid antigen tests have been widely used for
detecting SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 testing, and similar tests are
available for other infectious diseases such as influenza and
streptococcus.
3. Biosensors
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine biological components
with a physical transducer to detect and quantify specific analytes. They
offer several key benefits in diagnostics:
 High sensitivity and specificity: Biosensors can detect very low
concentrations of analytes, providing precise and accurate
measurements.
 Versatility: They can be designed to detect a wide range of
substances, including pathogens, biomarkers, and environmental
contaminants.
 Real-time monitoring: Many biosensors provide real-time or near-
real-time data, enabling prompt decision-making and timely
intervention.
 Examples: Glucometers for blood glucose monitoring in diabetes
management, wearable biosensors for continuous health
monitoring, and lab-on-a-chip devices for multiplexed diagnostics.
Impact of biotechnology on early disease detection and personalized
diagnostics:
1. Early disease detection
Biotechnology has significantly improved early disease detection by
enabling the development of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.
Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and improving patient
outcomes. Key impacts include:

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  Enhanced sensitivity: Advances in technologies like PCR and
biosensors have increased the ability to detect diseases at very early
stages, often before symptoms appear. This is critical for conditions
like cancer, where early detection can lead to more effective
interventions.
 Screening programs: Biotechnology-based diagnostic tools are
used in large-scale screening programs for diseases such as cancer
(e.g., mammography, HPV testing) and genetic disorders. Early
detection through screening can identify at-risk individuals and
facilitate early treatment.
2. Personalized diagnostics
Biotechnology has enabled the development of personalized diagnostics,
which tailor medical care to individual patient profiles. This approach
provides several benefits:
 Genetic profiling: Personalized diagnostics involve analyzing a
patient’s genetic information to identify genetic predispositions,
mutations, or variations that may affect disease risk, drug
metabolism, and treatment response. This information helps in
selecting targeted therapies and avoiding ineffective or harmful
treatments.
 Biomarkers: The identification of specific biomarkers associated
with diseases or treatment responses allows for more precise
diagnostics and monitoring. For example, cancer biomarkers can
help in predicting disease progression and assessing treatment
efficacy.
 Tailored treatment plans: Personalized diagnostics enable the
design of individualized treatment plans based on a patient’s unique
biological and genetic characteristics. This approach improves
treatment efficacy and minimizes side effects, leading to better
patient outcomes.
Biotechnology continues to drive advancements in diagnostics, offering
tools and methods that enhance early disease detection and enable
personalized approaches to healthcare. By integrating innovative
technologies, the field of diagnostics is transforming the way diseases are
identified, monitored, and managed, leading to more effective and
individualized medical care.

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Conclusion
Summary of key points
Biotechnology has undergone a remarkable evolution, progressing from
ancient practices to sophisticated modern innovations. Initially rooted in
traditional techniques such as fermentation for food production,
biotechnology has advanced to encompass a diverse array of applications
with profound impacts across various fields.
 Historical evolution: From early fermentation practices to the
discovery of DNA structure and the advent of recombinant DNA
technology, biotechnology has significantly expanded its scope and
capabilities. Milestones such as PCR and the development of
insulin through recombinant DNA technology have paved the way
for numerous applications.
 Core technologies: Key biotechnological advancements include
genetic engineering, proteomics, genomics, and bioinformatics.
Techniques like CRISPR, mass spectrometry, and DNA sequencing
have revolutionized our ability to analyze and manipulate biological
systems, leading to breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and
environmental science.
 Medical applications: Biotechnology has transformed drug
development, introducing biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal
antibodies, vaccines, and recombinant proteins. Personalized
medicine, driven by genetic profiling and pharmacogenomics,
enables tailored treatments for individual patients. Additionally,
therapeutic microbes and viral vectors offer innovative approaches
to treating diseases and engineering new biological functions.
 Diagnostics: Advances in diagnostic tools, including PCR, rapid
antigen tests, and biosensors, have improved early disease detection
and personalized diagnostics. These technologies enhance our
ability to identify diseases at earlier stages and tailor medical care to
individual needs.
Looking ahead
As biotechnology continues to advance, it brings both immense promise
and significant responsibility. The potential for biotechnology to address
global challenges, from health and medicine to environmental sustainability,
is vast. However, with these advancements come ethical considerations and
the need for careful regulation to ensure safe and equitable applications.

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 Encouragement is given to embrace the opportunities that biotechnology
presents while also acknowledging the responsibilities associated with its
use. It is essential to consider the ethical implications, ensure responsible
innovation, and strive for equitable access to biotechnological benefits.
The future of biotechnology holds exciting possibilities for improving
quality of life and addressing complex challenges. By balancing innovation
with responsibility, we can harness the full potential of biotechnology to
benefit society and drive positive change.
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Page | 44
 Chapter - 3
Applications of Statistics in E-Commerce: An
Introduction

Authors
Jarita Das
Department of Statistics, MHCM Science College, Hailakandi,
Assam, India
Abul Kashim Md. Fujail
Department of Computer Science, MHCM Science College,
Hailakandi, Assam, India

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Page | 46
 Chapter - 3
Applications of Statistics in E-Commerce: An Introduction
Jarita Das and Abul Kashim Md. Fujail

Abstract
In the rapidly evolving world of e-commerce, data is a critical asset. The
vast amount of data generated by online transactions provides invaluable
insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and business performance.
Statistics dealing with data collection, analysis, interpretation and
presentation, plays a pivotal role in transforming raw data into actionable
insights. This paper delves into the critical application of statistics in e-
commerce, ranging from pricing strategies and inventory management to
customer segmentation and personalized experiences and implications for
business success. The paper also discusses the evolution of e-commerce in
India and its future prospects. The e-commerce giants available in India are
discussed in the paper.
Keywords: E-commerce evolution, statistics in e-commerce, e-commerce
giants, online shopping
1. Introduction
E-commerce, abbreviated for electronic commerce, refers to the
purchasing and selling of goods and services over the internet. It
encompasses a wide range of activities, including online retailing, electronic
payments, online auctions, and digital marketing (Chanana & Goele, 2012;
Yadav & Nagpal, 2014; Bansode, & Gaikwad, 2021). In e-commerce,
products or services offered by online merchants are browsed and ordered by
the customers through websites and mobile apps.
The introduction of the Internet for general public in India in 1995
marked the inception of e-commerce in the country. The Indian government
initiated online E-Commerce in the year 2002 through IRCTC, allowing
convenient train ticket bookings for the public (Prachi & Nigam, 2023). This
innovation liberated passengers from long queues and time constraints,
offering accessibility and efficiency. Over time, technological advancements
improved the IRCTC online system, enabling one-click booking, easy

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payments, and real-time ticket and train availability checks. With the
introduction of IRCTC, the general populace started recognizing the Internet
as a valuable tool (Patel, 2015).
Over the past decade, the Indian Government has spearheaded initiatives
like Digital India, Start-up India, Make in India, and Skill India, which have
spurred entrepreneurs to launch numerous digital ventures and supported
their sustainability efforts (Thanagamesh, 2018). The widespread adoption of
online services for daily activities such as ticket booking, recharges, bill
payments, grocery shopping, and education has fueled India's e-commerce
sector. India ranks third globally, following China and the US in terms of
online shoppers. For developing country like India has huge potential to
grow the e-commerce market. E-commerce platforms generate vast amounts
of data daily, offering a wealth of insights into customer behavior,
preferences and market trends. The strategic application of statistics in this
context allows businesses to leverage this data effectively, driving informed
decision-making and fostering sustainable growth.
With over 900 million internet users and growing, India has the second-
largest internet user base in the world (Basuroy, 2023). Affordable smart
phones and data plans have further accelerated this trend, making online
shopping accessible to a broader population. The advent of digital wallets,
UPI (Unified Payments Interface), and other fintech innovations have
streamlined online transactions, enhancing consumer confidence in digital
commerce.
2. E-Commerce Giants in India
The e-commerce sector has been dominated by a few key players who
have established themselves as giants in the market (Prachi & Nigam, 2023;
e-Commerce Companies, 2024).
India MART
India MART, founded in 1999, aimed to connect buyers with sellers in
the pre-e-commerce era at the time of limited online user in India. Offering a
vast array of products and services, India MART is a go-to platform for
Business-to-Business (B2B). Any buyers seeking products spanning from
industrial supplies and healthcare products to and chemical dyes, India
MART stands as the best platform. It has 187 millions buyers and 7.8
millions sellers as of December 2023.
MakeMyTrip
MakeMyTrip initiated its operations in India in the year 2005. It is a
pioneering e-commerce travel portal in the Indian market, simplifying travel

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for Indians. The platform facilitates seamless travel bookings for cab, rail,
and flight, as well as the scouting and reservation of villas, hotels, and
apartments for upcoming trips.
Olx
OLX is India's leading consumer-to-consumer (C2C) platform, serving
as the largest marketplace for pre-owned cars, motorbikes, mobile phones,
and personal/household goods. It introduced C2C classifieds in India and
currently dominates in the online C2C trade segment. It has recently been
acquired by CarTrade Tech.
Flipkart
Flipkart, an Indian e-commerce enterprise was established in 2007 by
Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal. Headquartered in Bengaluru, India,
Flipkart has established itself as a leading online retailer offering a diverse
range of products and has become as a household name. In addition to its
core operations, Flipkart boasts subsidiaries such as Myntra, eBay, Ekart,
Jeeves, among others. Flipkart Group also includes Cleartrip, Flipkart
Health+ and ANS Commerce. Notably, Flipkart's “Big Billion Days” event
is renowned as one of the most significant and eagerly anticipated discount
extravaganzas in the Indian e-commerce sphere. The innovative marketing
strategies employed by Flipkart have captured the attention of Walmart,
which acquired Flipkart in 2018.
BookMyShow
BookMyShow is a popular online ticketing platform in India that
provides a seamless way for users to book tickets for movies, events,
concerts, sports, and other entertainment activities. Founded in 2007, it has
revolutionized the way Indians access entertainment by offering a
comprehensive solution for discovering and securing tickets. BookMyShow's
comprehensive service includes detailed information about events, real-time
seat selection, secure payment gateways, and various promotional offers,
making it a go-to destination for entertainment enthusiasts. Its extensive
network and partnerships with major cinema chains and event organizers
have solidified its position as a market leader in the entertainment ticketing
industry
Snapdeal
Snapdeal, founded by Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal in 2010, is a leading
e-commerce platform in India. It offers a wide range of merchandise at
affordable prices, catering primarily to price-conscious buyers in non-metro

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areas. Snapdeal's personalized interface and advanced logistics network
cover over 96% of India's pin codes. The goal is for the platform to evolve
into India’s foremost value lifestyle omni-channel leader by establishing a
holistic ecosystem centered on value commerce, ensuring consumers are
supported across every step of their shopping experience.
Paytm
Paytm initiated the Digital Revolution in India and has emerged as the
country's leading Payments App. Paytm empowers over 20 million
merchants and businesses to accept digital payments seamlessly supported
by over 300 million Indian users who pay at their stores using the app.
Additionally, Paytm facilitates bill payments, recharges, money transfers,
and booking movie and travel tickets. As pioneers of QR payments for
merchants, Paytm is transforming the payments and financial services
scenario in India.
FirstCry
FirstCry is a prominent Indian e-commerce company specializing in
baby and kids' products. Founded in 2010, FirstCry has grown to become
one of Asia's largest online stores for children's items. The company offers a
wide range of products, including clothing, footwear, toys, books, nursing
and feeding essentials, and baby gear such as strollers and car seats. FirstCry
operates on a hybrid business model, combining both online and offline
presence. The online platform provides a convenient shopping experience,
allowing customers to browse and purchase products from the comfort of
their homes. Additionally, FirstCry has established a network of physical
stores across India, ensuring accessibility for customers who prefer in-store
shopping.
Nykaa
Nykaa, founded in 2012 by Falguni Nayar, is a leading Indian e-
commerce platform specializing in beauty, wellness, and fashion products. It
has carved a niche for itself by offering a wide range of products from both
domestic and international brands, catering to diverse consumer needs.
Nykaa’s success is underpinned by its omnichannel approach, combining a
robust online presence with a growing network of physical stores across
major cities in India. The platform is renowned for its curated content,
including tutorials, reviews, and beauty advice, which enhances the shopping
experience and helps customers make informed choices. Nykaa's innovative
marketing strategies, celebrity endorsements, and frequent sales events have
significantly boosted its popularity. Furthermore, the launch of Nykaa

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Fashion has expanded its portfolio to include apparel and accessories,
solidifying its position as a comprehensive lifestyle destination. With a
strong focus on customer satisfaction, authenticity, and continuous
innovation, Nykaa continues to be a dominant force in the Indian beauty and
fashion industry.
Amazon India
Amazon India, a subsidiary of the global e-commerce giant Amazon,
has rapidly emerged as one of the leading online marketplaces in India since
its launch in 2013. Offering a vast array of products across categories like
electronics, fashion, home essentials, groceries, and more, Amazon India has
revolutionized the shopping experience for millions of Indian consumers.
The platform's success is driven by its customer-centric approach, fast and
reliable delivery services, and innovative features such as Amazon Prime,
which offers benefits like expedited shipping, exclusive deals, and access to
Prime Video. Additionally, Amazon India's investments in local
infrastructure, including fulfillment centers and logistics, have significantly
enhanced its operational efficiency. Through initiatives like the "Global
Selling Program", Amazon India also empowers Indian sellers to reach
international markets, contributing to the growth of small and medium-sized
businesses in the country. With continuous innovation and a commitment to
customer satisfaction, Amazon India continues to shape the future of e-
commerce in the region.
The American e-commerce company Amazon was founded in the US in
1994 and began operating in India in 2013 as an online bookstore but has
since expanded to provide a variety of goods. Amazon has rapidly expanded
in India and has emerged as one of Flipkart's key competitors
Meesho
Meesho, founded in 2015 by Vidit Aatrey and Sanjeev Barnwal, is an
innovative Indian social commerce platform that empowers individuals to
start their own online businesses with minimal investment. By leveraging
social networks like WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram, Meesho allows
resellers, primarily homemakers and small business owners, to promote and
sell a wide range of products, including fashion, beauty, home decor and
electronics. The platform handles logistics, inventory, and customer service,
enabling resellers to focus on sales and marketing. Meesho's user-friendly
app provides tools and resources for resellers to manage their businesses
efficiently. With its mission to democratize e-commerce and create
entrepreneurship opportunities, Meesho has garnered significant popularity,

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raising substantial funding and expanding its reach across India. Its
innovative business model and social impact have positioned Meesho as a
key player in the Indian e-commerce landscape.
AJIO
Ajio, launched in 2016 by Reliance Retail, is a prominent Indian online
fashion and lifestyle platform. It offers a diverse and carefully curated
selection of apparel, footwear, accessories, and home decor from both local
and international brands. Ajio stands out with its unique blend of
contemporary fashion and traditional Indian craftsmanship, often featuring
exclusive collections and designer collaborations. The platform caters to a
wide audience with its varied price range and fashion-forward offerings.
Ajio's user-friendly app and website, coupled with its reliable delivery and
return policies, enhance the overall shopping experience. Additionally, the
brand emphasizes inclusivity and sustainability, promoting eco-friendly
products and diverse fashion. As part of Reliance Industries, Ajio benefits
from extensive logistical support and a vast retail network, positioning it as a
significant player in the Indian e-commerce market. With continuous
innovation and a strong focus on customer satisfaction, Ajio continues to
grow its influence and appeal in the fashion industry.
3. Application of Statistics in E-commerce
Application of statistics in e-commerce is diverse and extensive. It plays
a significant role in enhancing decision-making, optimizing operations, and
driving business growth. With the development of technology and growing
competition among business enterprises, the use and application of statistics
has become even greater.
a) Optimizing pricing strategies: One fundamental application of
statistics in e-commerce is the optimization of pricing strategies.
Businesses utilize statistical models to analyze historical sales data,
competitor pricing, and customer behavior to set optimal prices.
Regression analysis helps identify the factors influencing purchase
decisions, enabling businesses to adjust prices dynamically and
maximize revenue.
b) Inventory Management and Demand forecasting: Statistical
models play a crucial role in inventory management by providing
accurate demand forecasts. Time series analysis, regression models,
and machine learning algorithms can predict future demand based
on historical data, allowing businesses to maintain optimal
inventory levels, reduce stockouts, and minimize holding costs.

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 This ensures a seamless shopping experience for customers while
optimizing operational efficiency.
c) Customer Segmentation and Personalization: Statistics enable e-
commerce businesses to categorize their customer base into distinct
segments based on demographics, behavior, and purchasing
patterns. This segmentation facilitates targeted marketing efforts
and personalized experiences. Businesses can tailor promotions,
product recommendations, and marketing messages to specific
customer segments, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and
increasing the likelihood of conversions.
d) A/B Testing for website optimization: The statistical method of
A/B testing is widely employed to optimize website design, layout,
and user experience. By randomly assigning users to different
versions of a webpage and comparing performance metrics,
businesses can identify the most effective design elements. This
iterative testing process ensures that websites are continuously
refined to enhance user engagement and conversion rates
e) Fraud Detection and Security: Statistics contribute significantly
to fraud detection and security in e-commerce. Anomalies in
transaction patterns, user behavior, and payment methods are
identified using statistical techniques, aiding in the early detection
of fraudulent activities. Machine learning algorithms trained on
historical data further enhance the accuracy of fraud detection
systems, safeguarding both businesses and customers.
4. Prospects of E-Commerce Industry in India
Over the last two decades, rising internet and mobile phone penetration
has changed the way we communicate and do business. India has seen a
significant increase in mobile device and internet usage, driven by the
"Digital India" program. The number of internet users in India is expected to
grow from 622 million in 2020 to 900 million by 2025, with a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 45%. In urban areas, 97% of internet users
access it wirelessly, and the number of smartphones is expected to reach one
billion by 2026. The increased penetration of the internet and smartphones
has transformed the business landscape in India. In October 2023, iThink
Logistics, a technology-driven logistics platform, unveiled a strategic
partnership with India Post aimed at enhancing e-commerce deliveries in
remote regions of the country. CEO of Amazon revealed the company's
commitment to investing US$ 26 billion in India. The Company already

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invested US$ 11 billion and aims to reach the target t by 2030. The Indian e-
commerce market is expected to grow to $188 billion by 2025, up from
$46.2 billion in 2020. The market is expected to hit $200 billion by 2026 and
it is projected to reach $325 billion by 2030 (Mary & Shelar, 2022; Statista
2023).
5. Conclusion
The e-commerce industry in India is on a trajectory of remarkable
growth, driven by technological advancements and supportive government
policies. As one of the world's fastest-growing e-commerce markets, India
presents a vast array of opportunities for businesses. The future of e-
commerce in India looks promising, with the potential to transform the
country's retail landscape profoundly. The application of statistics in e-
commerce is indispensable for driving business growth, enhancing customer
experiences, and mitigating risks. From predictive analytics to customer
segmentation, statistical methodologies enable e-commerce enterprises to
extract actionable insights from data, optimize their strategies, and capitalize
on emerging opportunities in the digital marketplace. As e-commerce
continues to evolve, businesses that leverage statistics effectively will be
better positioned to thrive in an increasingly competitive and data-driven
environment.
References
1. Bansode VD, Gaikwad DSB. Future of e-commerce in India. Int. J Sci.
Res Sci. Technol. 2021;9(5):424-7.
2. Chanana N, Goele S. Future of e-commerce in India. Int. J Comput. Bus
Res., 2012, 3(1). ISSN (Online): 2229-6166.
3. Yadav N, Nagpal A. E-commerce in India: Growth, key challenges and
upcoming trends. Int. Res J Manag. Sci. Technol. 2014;7(7):94-6.
4. Patel S. Evolution of online shopping in India & its unparalleled growth.
Int. J Res Manag. Pharm. 2015;4(3):24-6.
5. Basuroy T. Internet usage in India. Statista [Internet]; 2023 Dec. [cited
2024 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/topics/
2157/internet-usage-in-india/#topicOverview
6. Prachi K, Nigam VK. The emergence of e-commerce in India. J Emerg.
Technol. Innov. Res. 2023;10(4):759-67.
7. Mary SM, Shelar S. Growth of e-commerce in India. Int. Res J Modern
Eng. Technol. Sci. 2022;4(6):2251-5.

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8. E-Commerce companies [Internet]. Top 10 best eCommerce companies
in India [reviews, services, features]; 2024 Jan. [cited 2024 Jun 22].
Available from: https://www.clickpost.ai/blog/best-ecommerce-
companies-in-india
9. Thanagamesh M. E-commerce development in India. Shanlax Int. J
Commer. 2018;6(1):162-9.

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Page | 56
 Chapter - 4
English Language in Scientific Writing

Authors
Dr. Neha Mukkamala
Professor, College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
Deemed to be University, Gujarat, India
Dr. G P Kumar
Professor & Dean, College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep
Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Gujarat, India

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Page | 58
 Chapter - 4
English Language in Scientific Writing
Dr. Neha Mukkamala and Dr. G P Kumar

Abstract
With more than 121 languages being spoken in India, the need arises for
a common language of communication, which can help in disseminating
information to a larger audience. English has emerged as an international
language which is used by administrators, policymakers, business and
professional class. In scientific writing, there are some basic rules of English
language to be followed for ease of understanding. Tenses are important in
scientific writing. Each section of the manuscript like title, abstract,
introduction, methodology, results and discussion use different tenses. Use of
active voice is preferred over passive voice, and the use of abbreviations and
acronyms should be avoided in scientific writing. Sentences should be direct
and short, so that the idea is conveyed properly. Paragraphs should be so
formed that they take the reader from familiar ideas in the beginning to newer
ideas at the end.
Keywords: English language, scientific writing
Introduction
The 2011 linguistic census puts the number of languages spoken in India
at 121. Hindi is spoken by 44% of Indians, according to the same census [1].
With such huge diversity in languages it will become impossible for
researchers and academicians to communicate on a common platform. Thus,
the need arises for a common language of communication in research. A
common language will help in expressing one’s ideas, opinions, hypothesis
and insights about research. It helps to disseminate one’s research findings to
a wider audience and helps to collaborate on various research projects.
Indians are non-native speakers of the English language, as English was
introduced to us due to colonization by the Britishers. Most Indians don’t
speak English as a mother tongue but as a foreign language. A 2011 national
census conducted by the Indian government found that 10.2% of the Indian
population speaks English which includes English being spoken as a first,

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second, or third language. India is among the countries with the most English
speakers worldwide. India’s total English-speaking population is second only
to that of the U.S. [2].
India’s commercial activities with other countries led to the need for
acquiring proficiency in English as an international language resulting in
English being used by administrators, policymakers, business and professional
class. India ranks among the top three countries in the world with the highest
number of English speakers, after the USA and UK. Most English speakers in
India are second language speakers, with English being the most widely
spoken second language after Hindi [3].
English is not a subject, but a skill-oriented language. It consists of four
basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. In addition to these four
skills, grammar, vocabulary and punctuation are also important [4]. Spoken
English is different from written English as in spoken English is more informal
and written English is more formal.
Features of academic/scientific English
There are certain features of academic English which should be adhered
to. It should be ‘organized’. English should flow easily from one section to the
next, from one paragraph to the next, from one line to the next, in a logical
fashion. It should be ‘Formal’. Colloquial words and expressions should be
avoided. It should be ‘Precise’. Since we are dealing with the results of
research work, all the facts and figures should be given precisely, along with
the units of measurement. For e.g.: Height (cm/m) and weight (kg).
Vocabulary should also be precise, it is better to use the word ‘compensation’
instead of ‘salary’. It should be ‘Objective’; the main emphasis should be on
the information you want to give, rather than you as a person. There should be
no hidden meanings, all statements should be ‘explicitly’ written. The results
stated should be ‘responsible’, meaning one must be able to provide evidence
and justification for any claims raised after publication [4].
Basic rules of manuscript language
1. Correct spellings
With the advent of technology, correcting spellings has become much
easier with Microsoft Word giving the feature of ‘autocorrect’ for spellings,
which are in American English. There are software like ‘Grammarly’ available
which will correct not only spellings, but also the grammar, with verbs, tenses
and punctuations [5].

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2. Tenses
Proper verb tense is an important aspect of a well-written manuscript but
it can be challenging. Verb tense changes according to the section of the
scientific writing.
The ‘Title’ is always written in the simple present tense. E.g.,
“Relationship between Body Mass Index and physical fitness in healthy
individuals”, “Functional mobility in individuals with lower limb
amputations-an observational study” [5, 6].
The introduction section often includes several verb tenses, each
providing a different context for the statement that it accompanies. When
stating a fact widely accepted, the present tense is appropriate. E.g.: “The
prevalence of diabetes in India is 10%”. When you are referring to a previous
study, use the present perfect tense (such as “have shown” or “has been
shown”). E.g.: Most studies investigating the individual and work-related risk
factors, have been conducted in Europe and North America. When referring
to the methods used in a previous paper, the past tense is best. E.g.: “results of
a previous study showed that eight weeks of exercise therapy decreased neck
pain” [5-6].
The methods section should use the past tense because it is a report of
what has already been done in the study. E.g.: “Participants were recruited….”,
or “Participants who had a history of low back pain were included in the study”
[5, 6]
.
The results section is written in the past tense. E.g.: “all participants
reported a significant reduction in pain”. However, while referring to
individual elements (e.g., figures, tables, sections, results, or data) of the
manuscript, the present tense is needed. E.g.: “Figure 1 shows the percentage
distribution of musculoskeletal disorders,” or “Table 1 shows baseline
characteristics….” [5, 6].
In the discussion when you are referring to specific results or methods,
use the past tense, e.g.: “Besharati et al. indicated that the highest prevalence
rates…” When presenting conclusions, use the present tense, E.g.: “Based on
the results of the study, the design of workstations should be improved”.
However, if directions for additional research are given, the discussion may
include the future tense. E.g.: These findings can be used to guide prevention
efforts for office workers” [5, 6].
For the abstract, the verb tense depends on the section of the text to which
each sentence corresponds. Statements describing the current understanding

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of the issue use the present tense e.g.: Amputation increases the social burden
by affecting the quality of life of an individual. References to previous
research use the present perfect tense e.g.: “Most studies investigating the
individual and work-related risk factors, have been conducted in Europe and
North America.” The methods and results use the past tense. E.g.: “There were
differences between subgroups…” [5, 6].
3. Grammar
Use active voice to shorten sentences, make them clearer and give a
stronger impression [3, 5].
You can use "we diagnosed that...” rather than, "it has been diagnosed
that... or “We collected data from 100 patients” rather than “data were
collected from 100 patients by us”.
Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
 Avoid contractions such as "it's", "isn't", or "weren't" in professional
writing.
 Avoid abbreviations/acronyms except for very well-known ones.
 Avoid using a linking word such as 'and' or 'but' at the beginning of a
sentence.
 Avoid personal pronouns such as I, me, you, your [3, 5].
Avoid too many prepositions in a sentence
Avoid expressions of belief
Write "we show through our analysis that…….” instead of “We
believe…..” Communication of science is about logically developing lines of
evidence that lead one to a hypothesis, theory, or conclusion based on the
evidence, instead of beliefs [5].
Colloquial expressions should be avoided
Eliminate redundant words or phrases
 Use ‘because or since’ instead of ‘due to the fact that’
 Use ‘in case’ instead of ‘in the case that’
 Use ‘and’ instead of ‘and also’
 Use ‘to determine’ instead of ‘in order to determine’ or ‘to try and
determine’

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Articles should be avoided at the beginning of a title [5]
4. Sentences
Sentences should be direct and short, so that the idea is conveyed properly.
The average length of sentences in scientific writing is only 12-17 words.
Only one piece of information per sentence should be included. Sentences
should be constructed in short, factual bursts as long and complicated
sentences tend to confuse readers.
Multiple statements should be avoided in one sentence. Only a single idea
per sentence should be conveyed. Sentences should be linked together within
a paragraph to provide a clear story-line.
Statements should be put in a positive form Positive: "The patient was
happy with his recovery". Negative: "the patient was not sad with his
recovery" [2].
5. Paragraphs
Paragraphs bring the reader from the "familiar" at the start to new ideas
towards the end. There should be one paragraph for each distinct topic. There
should also be a logical transition from one paragraph to another to render a
clear flow. Tenses should be consistent within each paragraph [5].
6. Cross-references and figure captions
Cross-reference equations, figures, and sections both by their number and
by their name.
While writing the manuscript, take special care regarding the captions and
headings in figures, charts, graphs, and photos [5].
Figures should be clear and of high quality along with thorough captions.
Include only those figures that clearly support the work. Let the material not
be repeated in the tables and figures [5].
When possible, embed figures within main text of the submitted
manuscript to avoid reviewers needing to turn pages back and forth, which
may break the reading [5].
Writing & rewriting
When writing, you need to read, edit, read, edit, multiple times till you
are satisfied with the draft of the manuscript. Consider the manuscript from a
different perspective between each edit ➞ read cycle like read it after some
days with a fresh pair of eyes or read it at a different location [5].

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 Patience will reduce time with reviewers/editors and will enhance the
paper’s readability and impact. You can solicit "friendly" reviewer comments
from colleagues.
References
1. Explained: The languages India speaks
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-languages-
india-speaks-7865060/ 10 September, 2024
2. How Many People in India Speak English
https://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/how-many-people-in-india-speak-
english 14 September, 2024
3. The Evolution of English in India. Basu S. International Journal of
English Learning and Teaching Skills; 2021 July;3(4):2480-2496.
4. Rao CS. The use of English language in research. Journal for Research
Scholars and Professionals of English Language Teaching; 2018.
5. Griffies SM, Perrie WA, Hull G. Elements of style for writing scientific
journal articles. Publishing Connect, Elsevier; 2013 Dec. p. 20-50.
6. Verb tense in scientific manuscripts.
https://www.aje.com/arc/search/?search=verb+tense+in+scientific+writi
ng 9 August, 2024
7. Kojima T, Popiel HA. Proper Scholarly Writing for Non-Native English-
Speaking Authors: Choosing Active and Passive Voice, Rewording, and
Refining Texts. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 2022 Nov, 37(44).

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 Chapter - 5
The Mysterious World of Dreams: The
Neurological Basis of Dreams

Author
Dr. Mohammad Ali
Clinical Attache at ARCH, Hillingdon, London, UK

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Page | 66
 Chapter - 5
The Mysterious World of Dreams: The Neurological Basis
of Dreams
Dr. Mohammad Ali

Abstract
Dreams have long been a source of fascination, with their mysterious and
often illogical nature captivating the human imagination. The neural
mechanisms underlying dreaming remain poorly understood, yet it is clear that
dreams play a critical role in our emotional lives. The intricate interplay
between the brain's default mode network, neurotransmitters, and emotional
experiences shapes the content and intensity of dreams, allowing us to process
and consolidate emotional experiences in a simulated environment.
The complex relationship between dreaming and emotions is
bidirectional, with emotional experiences during wakefulness influencing the
content and intensity of dreams, and dreams in turn influencing emotional
regulation and well-being. This dynamic interplay has far-reaching
implications for our understanding of the human experience, with potential
applications in the development of novel therapeutic approaches and the
treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
As we delve into the mysteries of dreaming, we may uncover new insights
into the workings of the human brain, and gain a deeper appreciation for the
intricate and ever-changing landscape of the human mind. The study of
dreams offers a unique window into the neural mechanisms underlying
consciousness, creativity, and emotional regulation, and has the potential to
reveal new secrets about the most complex and fascinating organ in the human
body.
Keywords: Dreams, neural mechanisms, neurotransmitters, emotions,
creativity
Introduction
Dreams have long fascinated humans, and the study of dreams has been
a topic of interest in the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy.

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Despite the significant progress made in understanding the neural mechanisms
of dreaming, the exact function and nature of dreams remain unclear. This
chapter aims to provide an overview of the neurological basis of dreams,
exploring the latest research and theories in the field.
Dreams are a universal human experience, with research suggesting that
approximately 95% of adults report experiencing dreams at least once a week
[1]
. The content of dreams can vary greatly, ranging from vivid and memorable
experiences to vague and fleeting impressions. Despite the variability in dream
content, research has identified certain common themes and characteristics,
including the presence of emotions, the involvement of the self, and the
experience of vivid sensory experiences [2].
The presence of emotions in dreams is a particularly striking feature, with
dreams often evoking strong emotional responses in the dreamer. This
emotional intensity can be attributed to the brain's tendency to process and
consolidate emotional experiences during REM sleep, when most dreams
occur. The involvement of the self in dreams is another common
characteristic, with dreams often featuring the dreamer as the main
protagonist. This self-referential nature of dreams may be related to the brain's
default mode network, which is active during REM sleep and involved in self-
reflection and introspection.
Vivid sensory experiences are also a hallmark of dreams, with dreams
often featuring intense visual, auditory, and tactile sensations. This sensory
intensity can be attributed to the brain's ability to simulate sensory experiences
during REM sleep, creating a virtual reality that is often indistinguishable
from reality. The brain's ability to create these vivid sensory experiences is
thought to be related to the activation of the visual cortex and other sensory
processing areas during REM sleep.
Research has also identified certain stages of sleep that are associated
with dreaming. REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements, increased
brain activity, and vivid dreams, is the stage most closely associated with
dreaming. During REM sleep, the brain's neurotransmitters, such as
norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, are deactivated, which can lead
to the surreal and often illogical nature of dreams. The brain's ability to create
these vivid and often bizarre dream scenarios is thought to be related to the
release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which are
involved in the regulation of emotion and motivation.
The neural mechanisms underlying dreaming are complex and
multifaceted, involving the coordinated activity of multiple brain regions. The

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brain's default mode network, which includes regions such as the medial
prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex, is thought to be involved
in the generation of dreams. The brain's visual cortex, which is responsible for
processing visual information, is also active during REM sleep, contributing
to the vivid visual experiences that are characteristic of dreams.
The study of dreams has also led to a greater understanding of the neural
mechanisms underlying consciousness and the self. Dreams offer a unique
window into the workings of the human mind, providing insights into the
neural processes that underlie our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. The
study of dreams has also led to a greater understanding of the neural
mechanisms underlying psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as
schizophrenia and narcolepsy, which are characterized by abnormalities in
dreaming and REM sleep.
In conclusion, the study of dreams offers a fascinating window into the
workings of the human mind, providing insights into the neural mechanisms
underlying consciousness, emotion, and the self. Despite the significant
progress made in understanding the neural mechanisms of dreaming, much
remains to be discovered, and the study of dreams remains an active area of
research in the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy.
The stages of sleep and dreaming
Dreams, those vivid and often bewildering experiences that occur during
our slumber, have long fascinated humans. But what exactly happens during
these nocturnal adventures, and how do they relate to the sleep-wake cycle?
To delve into the mysteries of dreaming, we must first explore the REM stage
of sleep, where dreams occur.
REM sleep is a critical component of the sleep-wake cycle, characterized
by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and vivid dreams [1]. During
this stage, our brains are almost as active as they are when we're awake, with
neurons firing rapidly and brain waves resembling those of wakefulness. It's
no wonder that our dreams during REM sleep are often so vivid and
memorable.
The sleep-wake cycle is divided into five distinct stages, each with its own
unique characteristics. REM sleep occurs during stages 4 and 5, but let's take
a closer look at each stage to better understand the journey our brains take
during sleep.
In stage 1, we begin to transition from wakefulness to sleep, marked by
slow eye movements and a decrease in brain activity. Our bodies start to relax,
and our minds begin to wind down, preparing us for the sleep ahead.

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 As we enter stage 2, our body temperature and heart rate decrease, and
our brain enters a state of light sleep. Our bodies are now in a state of reduced
activity, and our minds are less responsive to external stimuli.
In stage 3, our brain waves slow down even further, entering a state of
slow delta waves. This is the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, where our
bodies are at their most restorative, repairing and rejuvenating tissues,
building bone and muscle, and strengthening our immune systems.
As we enter stage 4, REM sleep begins, marked by rapid eye movements
and increased brain activity. Our brains are now in a state of heightened
activity, similar to wakefulness, and our dreams become more vivid and
intense.
In stage 5, we experience a return to REM sleep, with our brains entering
a state of vivid dreaming. This is the stage where our most memorable dreams
occur, and our brains are at their most creative, processing and consolidating
memories, and regulating emotions.
Research suggests that REM sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation
of memories and the regulation of emotions [3]. During REM sleep, our brains
process and strengthen memories, transferring information from the
hippocampus to the neocortex for long-term storage. Additionally, REM sleep
helps us regulate our emotions, reducing stress and anxiety, and promoting
emotional well-being.
In conclusion, the sleep-wake cycle is a complex and dynamic process,
with REM sleep playing a vital role in our overall health and well-being. By
understanding the different stages of sleep and the importance of REM sleep,
we can better appreciate the mysteries of dreaming and the importance of a
good night's rest.
The neural mechanisms of dreaming
The neural mechanisms of dreaming are a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon that has garnered significant attention in the fields of
neuroscience and psychology. Studies have shown that the generation of
dreams primarily relies on the activation of the brain's default mode network,
which includes regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior
cingulate cortex, and temporoparietal junction [4]. This network is responsible
for tasks such as mind-wandering, daydreaming, and recalling past events, and
is thought to play a crucial role in the construction of the self [5].
The default mode network is characterized by its high level of activity
during states of relaxation and low levels of attention, making it an ideal

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candidate for the generation of dreams. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine
has also been implicated in the regulation of dreaming, with increased levels
of norepinephrine associated with increased dream intensity [2].
Norepinephrine is involved in the regulation of arousal and attention, and is
thought to play a role in the modulation of the default mode network [6]. This
modulation is thought to occur through the activation of beta-adrenergic
receptors, which are responsible for the regulation of the body's "fight or
flight" response. The activation of these receptors can lead to an increase in
the intensity and vividness of dreams, as well as an increase in the frequency
of nightmares.
In addition to the default mode network and norepinephrine, other brain
regions and neurotransmitters have also been implicated in the regulation of
dreaming. The visual cortex, for example, is responsible for the vivid visual
experiences that are characteristic of dreams, while the amygdala is involved
in the regulation of emotions during dreaming. The neurotransmitter serotonin
has also been shown to play a role in the regulation of dreaming, with
increased levels of serotonin associated with increased dream recall and
intensity.
The neural mechanisms of dreaming are also influenced by the stage of
sleep in which they occur. REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements
and increased brain activity, is the stage most closely associated with
dreaming [7]. During REM sleep, the brain's neurotransmitters, such as
norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, are deactivated, leading to the
surreal and often illogical nature of dreams. The brain's ability to create these
vivid and often bizarre dream scenarios is thought to be related to the release
of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which are
involved in the regulation of emotion and motivation.
Furthermore, research has shown that the neural mechanisms of dreaming
are not fixed and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including age, sleep
quality, and certain medications [2]. For example, older adults tend to have
fewer and less vivid dreams than younger adults, while individuals with
certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, may experience excessive daytime
sleepiness and vivid dreams. Certain medications, such as antidepressants and
sedatives, can also affect the neural mechanisms of dreaming, leading to
changes in dream intensity and frequency.
In conclusion, the neural mechanisms of dreaming are a complex and
multifaceted phenomenon that involves the coordinated activity of multiple
brain regions and neurotransmitters. The default mode network,

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norepinephrine, and other brain regions and neurotransmitters all play a
crucial role in the generation of dreams, and are influenced by a variety of
factors, including age, sleep quality, and certain medications. Further research
into the neural mechanisms of dreaming can provide valuable insights into the
workings of the human brain and the nature of consciousness.
The role of the brainstem in dreaming
The brainstem, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role in the
regulation of sleep and dreaming. This ancient part of the brain, often referred
to as the "reptilian brain", is responsible for controlling the body's autonomic
functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, and is thought to
play a role in the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep [8]. The brainstem's
involvement in dreaming is a complex and multifaceted process, with several
key structures working together to generate the vivid and often bizarre
experiences that characterize dreams.
One of the key structures involved in dreaming is the pontine tegmentum,
a region located in the brainstem that is responsible for generating the rapid
eye movements characteristic of REM sleep. During REM sleep, the pontine
tegmentum sends signals to the muscles that control eye movement, causing
the eyes to move rapidly and erratically, as if scanning a visual scene [7]. This
rapid eye movement is thought to be related to the brain's attempt to process
and consolidate visual information, and is a hallmark of the dreaming state.
Another key structure involved in dreaming is the locus coeruleus, a small
region located in the brainstem that is responsible for regulating
norepinephrine levels. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a
critical role in the regulation of arousal and attention, and is thought to be
involved in the modulation of the default mode network, which is responsible
for generating dreams. The locus coeruleus is thought to play a role in the
regulation of norepinephrine levels during REM sleep, helping to modulate
the intensity and vividness of dreams.
In addition to the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus, other brainstem
structures, such as the raphe nuclei and the ventral tegmental area, are also
thought to play a role in dreaming. The raphe nuclei, for example, are involved
in the regulation of serotonin levels, which are thought to play a role in the
regulation of dream intensity and frequency. The ventral tegmental area, on
the other hand, is involved in the regulation of dopamine levels, which are
thought to play a role in the regulation of motivation and reward processing
during dreams.

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 The brainstem's role in dreaming is not limited to the regulation of
neurotransmitters and brain regions. The brainstem is also thought to play a
role in the regulation of the body's autonomic functions during REM sleep,
such as heart rate and breathing. This is thought to be related to the brain's
attempt to simulate real-world experiences during dreams, and to help the
body prepare for potential threats or dangers [7].
In conclusion, the brainstem plays a critical role in the regulation of sleep
and dreaming, with several key structures working together to generate the
vivid and often bizarre experiences that characterize dreams. The pontine
tegmentum, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and ventral tegmental area are all
thought to play a role in dreaming, and are involved in the regulation of
neurotransmitters, brain regions, and autonomic functions during REM sleep.
Further research into the brainstem's role in dreaming can provide valuable
insights into the neural mechanisms underlying this complex and fascinating
phenomenon.
The role of the limbic system in dreaming
The limbic system, located in the temporal lobe, is a complex network of
structures that play a crucial role in the processing and regulation of emotions,
motivation, and memory. In the context of dreaming, the limbic system is
thought to play a key role in the construction of the emotional content of
dreams, with research suggesting that the amygdala, a key structure in the
limbic system, is active during REM sleep [3]. The amygdala is responsible for
detecting and processing emotional stimuli, and its activation during REM
sleep is thought to contribute to the intense emotional experiences that often
characterize dreams.
The limbic system's involvement in dreaming is not limited to the
regulation of emotions. Research has also shown that the limbic system is
involved in the regulation of memory, with the hippocampus, a key structure
in the limbic system, playing a critical role in the consolidation of memories
during REM sleep [16]. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation and
consolidation of new memories, and its activation during REM sleep is
thought to help strengthen and solidify memories, making them easier to
retrieve and recall.
The limbic system's role in dreaming is also thought to be related to its
involvement in the regulation of the body's stress response. The hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is regulated by the limbic system, is
responsible for responding to stress and anxiety, and its activation during
REM sleep is thought to contribute to the vivid and often disturbing nature of

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dreams. The HPA axis is also thought to play a role in the regulation of the
body's autonomic functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure, during
REM sleep, which can lead to the physical symptoms of anxiety and fear that
often accompany nightmares.
Furthermore, the limbic system's role in dreaming is also thought to be
related to its involvement in the regulation of motivation and reward
processing. The ventral tegmental area, a key structure in the limbic system,
is responsible for the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in
motivation and reward processing, and its activation during REM sleep is
thought to contribute to the sense of pleasure and satisfaction that often
accompanies dreams [7].
In addition, the limbic system's role in dreaming is also thought to be
related to its involvement in the regulation of social behavior and attachment.
The anterior cingulate cortex, a key structure in the limbic system, is
responsible for regulating social behavior and attachment, and its activation
during REM sleep is thought to contribute to the social and emotional themes
that often characterize dreams [5].
In conclusion, the limbic system plays a critical role in the construction
of the emotional content of dreams, the regulation of memory, and the
regulation of the body's stress response, motivation, and social behavior. The
amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ventral
tegmental area, and anterior cingulate cortex are all thought to play a role in
dreaming, and are involved in the regulation of emotions, memory, stress,
motivation, and social behavior during REM sleep. Further research into the
limbic system's role in dreaming can provide valuable insights into the neural
mechanisms underlying this complex and fascinating phenomenon.
Lucid dreaming
Lucid dreaming, the extraordinary ability to become aware of one's
dreaming state during sleep, has fascinated researchers and enthusiasts alike
in recent years. This unique phenomenon has been found to be associated with
distinct neural mechanisms, which set it apart from regular dreaming.
Research has shown that lucid dreaming is linked to increased activity in the
prefrontal cortex, a region responsible for executive control, decision-making,
and problem-solving [9]. This suggests that lucid dreaming requires a high level
of cognitive control, allowing the dreamer to recognize and manipulate their
dream state.
Furthermore, studies have revealed that lucid dreaming is also associated
with decreased activity in the default mode network, a set of brain regions

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involved in introspection, self-reflection, and mind-wandering. This decrease
in default mode network activity is thought to enable the dreamer to break free
from the automatic and habitual thinking patterns that characterize regular
dreaming, and instead, engage in more deliberate and intentional thought
processes.
In addition to the prefrontal cortex, research has also implicated the
anterior cingulate cortex in lucid dreaming [10]. This region is responsible for
error detection, conflict monitoring, and motivation, and its increased activity
during lucid dreaming suggests that the dreamer is able to monitor and control
their own mental states, recognizing when they are dreaming and making
deliberate decisions to manipulate the dream content.
Lucid dreaming has also been linked to enhanced cognitive abilities, such
as executive control, attention, and working memory [10]. These cognitive
mechanisms are thought to enable the dreamer to maintain a sense of
awareness and control during the dream state, allowing them to navigate and
manipulate the dream environment with greater ease.
Moreover, research has suggested that lucid dreaming may be related to
increased activity in the temporoparietal junction, a region involved in
attention, spatial awareness, and mental imagery [11]. This increased activity is
thought to enable the dreamer to maintain a sense of spatial awareness and
orientation during the dream state, allowing them to navigate the dream
environment with greater ease and precision.
The neural mechanisms underlying lucid dreaming are complex and
multifaceted, and further research is needed to fully understand the cognitive
and neural processes involved. However, the existing evidence suggests that
lucid dreaming is a unique and fascinating phenomenon that offers insights
into the workings of the human brain and the nature of consciousness. By
studying lucid dreaming, researchers may uncover new information about the
neural mechanisms underlying self-awareness, executive control, and
cognitive flexibility, and may even develop new techniques for improving
cognitive function and enhancing mental well-being.
Abnormal dreaming
Abnormal dreaming, a phenomenon characterized by recurring
nightmares or disturbing dreams, can have a profound impact on an
individual's quality of life, affecting their emotional well-being, sleep patterns,
and overall mental health. Despite its prevalence, a standardized system for
conceptualizing and classifying disordered and abnormal dreaming has yet to
be developed, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of this complex
phenomenon [12].

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 Research has consistently shown that abnormal dreaming is often
associated with a range of psychological and neurological disorders, including
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders.
For individuals with PTSD, for example, nightmares can be a debilitating
symptom, reliving traumatic experiences and exacerbating feelings of anxiety
and fear. Similarly, individuals with anxiety disorders may experience
recurring dreams that reflect their waking fears and anxieties, perpetuating a
cycle of distress and discomfort.
Studies have also revealed that abnormal dreaming may be linked to
abnormalities in brain structure and function, including reduced volume in the
hippocampus and amygdala [13]. The hippocampus, a region critical for
memory formation and consolidation, may be affected in individuals with
abnormal dreaming, leading to difficulties in processing and consolidating
emotional experiences. The amygdala, responsible for emotional processing
and regulation, may also be impacted, resulting in exaggerated emotional
responses to stimuli.
Furthermore, research has suggested that abnormal dreaming may be
related to disruptions in the normal sleep-wake cycle, including sleep
fragmentation, insomnia, and sleep apnea. These sleep disturbances can lead
to a range of negative consequences, including fatigue, mood disturbances,
and cognitive impairment, which can further exacerbate the distress associated
with abnormal dreaming.
In addition, abnormal dreaming has been linked to a range of other
psychological and neurological conditions, including depression, substance
abuse, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The
complex relationships between these conditions and abnormal dreaming are
not yet fully understood, highlighting the need for further research into the
underlying mechanisms and risk factors [14].
The lack of a standardized system for conceptualizing and classifying
abnormal dreaming has significant implications for diagnosis, treatment, and
research. Without a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and
characteristics of abnormal dreaming, clinicians and researchers are limited in
their ability to develop effective interventions and treatments. Furthermore,
the stigma associated with abnormal dreaming can lead to individuals
suffering in silence, rather than seeking help and support.
In conclusion, abnormal dreaming is a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon that can have a profound impact on an individual's quality of life.
Further research is needed to develop a standardized system for

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conceptualizing and classifying abnormal dreaming, and to uncover the
underlying mechanisms and risk factors associated with this phenomenon. By
improving our understanding of abnormal dreaming, we can develop more
effective treatments and interventions, and provide much-needed support and
relief to individuals affected by this distressing condition.
The function of dreams
The function of dreams has long been a topic of fascination and debate,
with theories ranging from memory consolidation to emotional regulation.
While the exact purpose of dreams remains unclear, research has shed light on
several potential functions that dreams may serve.
One of the most widely accepted theories is that dreams play a role in the
processing and consolidation of emotional experiences. During REM sleep,
the brain replays and revises previously experienced events, strengthening the
connections between neurons and solidifying memories [3]. This process,
known as memory consolidation, is thought to be essential for learning and
memory formation. Dreams may serve as a way for the brain to process and
make sense of emotional experiences, filing away important information and
discarding what is no longer needed.
In addition to memory consolidation, research suggests that dreams may
be involved in the regulation of emotions. Dreams can help to reduce
emotional arousal and promote emotional well-being by allowing the brain to
work through difficult emotions in a safe and controlled environment. This
can be particularly important for individuals who have experienced trauma or
stress, as dreams can provide a way for the brain to process and cope with
these emotions.
Dreams may also play a role in problem-solving and creativity. Research
has shown that dreams can facilitate novel solutions and insights, allowing the
brain to think outside the box and make new connections between seemingly
unrelated ideas [15]. This can be attributed to the brain's ability to freely
associate and generate new ideas during REM sleep, unencumbered by the
logical constraints of the waking world.
Furthermore, dreams may serve as a way for the brain to communicate
with itself, providing insight into unconscious thoughts and desires. By
tapping into the subconscious mind, dreams can offer a unique window into
our motivations, fears, and desires, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding
of ourselves and our place in the world.
The function of dreams is likely to be complex and multifaceted, with
different dreams serving different purposes. While the exact function of

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dreams remains unclear, research continues to uncover the many ways in
which dreams can influence our waking lives, from memory consolidation to
emotional regulation and problem-solving. By continuing to study dreams and
their role in our lives, we may uncover new insights into the workings of the
human brain and the mysteries of the subconscious mind.
The neural correlates of dreaming
The neural correlates of dreaming have been a topic of intense research
in recent years, with studies using neuroimaging techniques such as functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) providing valuable insights into the brain
regions involved in this complex and fascinating process. One of the most
significant findings is the increased activity in the visual cortex, limbic system,
and default mode network during dreaming [3].
The visual cortex, responsible for processing visual information, is
particularly active during dreaming, which is not surprising given the vivid
and often bizarre visual imagery that characterizes dreams. The limbic system,
which includes structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala, is also
highly active during dreaming, suggesting that emotions and emotional
processing play a key role in the dreaming process.
The default mode network, a set of brain regions involved in
introspection, self-reflection, and mind-wandering, is also highly active
during dreaming. This network is typically active when we are not focused on
the outside world and are engaged in internal mental activities, such as
daydreaming or mind-wandering. The fact that it is active during dreaming
suggests that dreams may be a form of internal mental simulation, in which
the brain is free to explore and process internal thoughts and emotions without
the constraints of the external world.
In contrast to these regions, research has also shown that dreaming is
associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a region involved
in executive control and decision-making [9]. This suggests that dreaming may
be related to a decrease in executive control and an increase in automatic
processing, allowing the brain to operate in a more free-associative and
creative mode.
This decrease in prefrontal cortex activity may also be related to the loss
of logical reasoning and critical thinking that characterizes dreams. During
dreaming, the brain is able to make novel connections between seemingly
unrelated ideas and to generate creative solutions to problems, unencumbered
by the logical constraints of the waking world.

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 Furthermore, the neural correlates of dreaming have also been linked to
the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is involved in regulating arousal
and attention. The decrease in norepinephrine levels during REM sleep, when
most dreams occur, may contribute to the surreal and often illogical nature of
dreams.
Overall, the neural correlates of dreaming provide a fascinating window
into the workings of the human brain, revealing a complex interplay between
different brain regions and systems that underlie this mysterious and intriguing
process. By continuing to study the neural correlates of dreaming, researchers
may uncover new insights into the nature of consciousness, creativity, and the
human experience.
The relationship between dreaming and memory
The relationship between dreaming and memory is a complex and
fascinating one, with research suggesting that dreaming plays a critical role in
the consolidation and processing of memories. Studies have consistently
shown that dreams can reflect previously experienced events and emotions,
with the brain replaying and revising previously encoded memories during
REM sleep [3].
The hippocampus, a key structure involved in memory formation, is
particularly active during REM sleep, suggesting that dreams may play a role
in the consolidation of memories [16]. This is supported by research showing
that the hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories, and that
damage to this structure can lead to difficulties in forming and retrieving
memories.
Furthermore, studies have also shown that dreaming can influence
memory consolidation, with research suggesting that dreams can enhance
memory recall and retention [17]. This is thought to occur because dreams allow
the brain to reprocess and strengthen memories, making them easier to retrieve
and recall. In addition, dreams may also help to eliminate unnecessary or
redundant memories, streamlining the memory consolidation process and
improving overall memory efficiency.
The process of memory consolidation during dreaming is thought to
involve the replaying of neural patterns and connections formed during
wakefulness, with the brain strengthening and refining these connections
during REM sleep. This process is essential for the formation of long-term
memories, and research suggests that dreaming plays a critical role in this
process.

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 Moreover, the emotional intensity of dreams can also influence memory
consolidation, with research showing that emotionally salient dreams can lead
to better memory recall and retention [18]. This is thought to occur because
emotions play a key role in memory formation, with emotionally charged
events and experiences being more easily remembered and recalled.
The relationship between dreaming and memory is also bidirectional,
with research suggesting that memory consolidation can also influence
dreaming. For example, studies have shown that the content of dreams can be
influenced by memories formed during wakefulness, with the brain drawing
on these memories to construct the narrative of the dream [19].
Overall, the relationship between dreaming and memory is a complex and
multifaceted one, with research suggesting that dreaming plays a critical role
in the consolidation and processing of memories. By continuing to study the
relationship between dreaming and memory, researchers may uncover new
insights into the neural mechanisms underlying memory formation and
consolidation, and may develop new strategies for improving memory recall
and retention.
The relationship between dreaming and emotions
The relationship between dreaming and emotions is a profound and
intricate one, with research suggesting that dreaming plays a critical role in
the regulation and processing of emotions. Studies have consistently shown
that dreams can reflect and process emotional experiences, with the brain
drawing on emotional memories and experiences to construct the narrative of
the dream.
The amygdala, a key structure involved in emotional processing, is
particularly active during REM sleep, suggesting that dreams may play a role
in the regulation of emotions. This is supported by research showing that the
amygdala is involved in the detection and processing of emotional stimuli, and
that damage to this structure can lead to difficulties in regulating emotions.
Furthermore, studies have also shown that dreaming can influence
emotional regulation, with research suggesting that dreams can reduce
emotional arousal and promote emotional well-being. This is thought to occur
because dreams allow the brain to process and consolidate emotional
experiences in a safe and controlled environment, reducing the emotional
intensity of the experience and promoting emotional resolution.
The process of emotional regulation during dreaming is thought to
involve the replaying of emotional experiences in a simulated environment,

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allowing the brain to reprocess and reevaluate the emotional significance of
the experience. This can lead to a reduction in emotional arousal and an
increase in emotional resilience, as the brain becomes better equipped to
handle emotional challenges.
Moreover, the emotional intensity of dreams can also influence emotional
regulation, with research showing that dreams that elicit strong emotions can
lead to greater emotional release and resolution [20]. This is thought to occur
because the brain is able to process and consolidate emotional experiences
more effectively when they are accompanied by strong emotions, leading to
greater emotional resolution and well-being.
The relationship between dreaming and emotions is also bidirectional,
with research suggesting that emotional experiences during wakefulness can
influence the content and intensity of dreams. For example, studies have
shown that individuals who experience high levels of stress and anxiety during
the day are more likely to have vivid and disturbing dreams at night [2].
Overall, the relationship between dreaming and emotions is a complex
and multifaceted one, with research suggesting that dreaming plays a critical
role in the regulation and processing of emotions. By continuing to study the
relationship between dreaming and emotions, researchers may uncover new
insights into the neural mechanisms underlying emotional regulation, and may
develop new strategies for promoting emotional well-being and resilience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the neurological basis of dreams is a vast and intricate
landscape, with research suggesting that dreams are generated by the
activation of the brain's default mode network and regulated by a delicate
balance of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine. This complex
interplay of neural mechanisms gives rise to the vivid, often bizarre, and
sometimes unsettling experiences that we call dreams.
As we delve deeper into the mysteries of dreaming, it becomes clear that
the brain's ability to create these elaborate scenarios is a testament to its
remarkable plasticity and adaptability. The default mode network, which is
responsible for introspection, self-reflection, and mind-wandering, is thought
to be the primary driver of dream generation, weaving together fragments of
memories, emotions, and experiences into a rich tapestry of consciousness.
However, the neural mechanisms underlying dreaming are far from fully
understood, and further research is needed to uncover the intricacies of this
complex process. For instance, the role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin,

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dopamine, and acetylcholine in regulating dream intensity, content, and
frequency remains to be fully elucidated. Moreover, the neural correlates of
lucid dreaming, nightmares, and other abnormal dreaming patterns are still
shrouded in mystery, awaiting further investigation.
Despite the many unanswered questions, the study of dreams has already
yielded valuable insights into the workings of the human brain, shedding light
on the neural mechanisms underlying creativity, problem-solving, and
emotional regulation. Furthermore, the exploration of dreams has the potential
to inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as dream-
based psychotherapy, and to improve our understanding of neurological and
psychiatric disorders, including sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression.
Ultimately, the pursuit of knowledge about dreams is a journey into the
very fabric of human consciousness, a quest to unravel the mysteries of the
mind and to gain a deeper understanding of ourselves. As we continue to
explore the neural basis of dreams, we may uncover new secrets about the
brain's ability to create, to imagine, and to experience the world around us.
And in doing so, we may gain a profound appreciation for the intricate,
dynamic, and ever-changing landscape of the human mind.
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differences between dreaming and waking cognition: An exploratory
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al. Neural correlates of dream lucidity obtained from contrasting lucid
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Medicine; 2014.
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NS, et al. Sleep disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease: a
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19. Fosse R, Stickgold R, Hobson JA. Thinking and hallucinating: reciprocal
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 Chapter - 6
eèkq dkadfj;k dh Þlyke vkf[kjhß vkSj L=h foe'kZ

Author
tqcyh jk;
gsaxjkckjh] dkyheafnj] xqokgkVh] dke:i esVªks] vle] Hkkjr

Page | 85
Page | 86
 Chapter - 6
eèkq dkadfj;k dh Þlyke vkf[kjhß vkSj L=h foe'kZ
tqcyh jk;

lkjkaf'kdk:
L=h dh fLFkfr le; lkis{k gekjs lekt esa cnyrh jgh gSA vrhr esa L=h dh
tks fLFkfr Fkh og dkykarj ds lkFk vkt cny rks pqdh gS ij ;g cnyko cl
,d ckgjh fn[kkok tSlk gh çrhr gksrk gSA vrhr esa fL=;ksa ds lkFk vR;kpkj
gksrk Fkk vU;k; gksrk Fkk vkt cl mlds rjhds cny pqds gSa vkSj dqN gn rd
orZeku le; esa fL=;ksa dks viuk vfèkdkj çkIr gksus yxk gSaA ij feFkdh; c<+kok
p<+kok ds vkM+ esa vkt Hkh fL=;ksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkj de ugha gq, gS cl dbZ
gn rd ^Normalize* dj fn, x, gSA^ lyke vkf[kjh* miU;kl eèkq dkadfj;k
th dh nwljh pfpZr miU;kl gS] ftldk çdk'ku jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
ls 2002 bZ- esa gqvkA ;g miU;kl eq[;r% os';kvksa ds thou rFkk os';ko`fÙk dh
leL;k ij vkèkkfjr gSA miU;kl esa ysf[kdk us os';kvksa dh ,d jgL;e; lalkj
dk l`tu fd;k gSA dydÙkk egkuxj ds fofHkUu ykyorh bykds tSls lksukxkNh]
ckgqcktkj] dkyh?kkV] cSjdiqj] fofjniqj vkfn xfy;ksa esa clusokys thou ds dq:i
rFkk Hks"kdj u, :i dk fp=.k ij ;g miU;kl vkèkkfjr gSA bl vè;k; esa
os';kvksa ds thou dh =klnh ds fo"k; ij ,d voyksdu çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
blds varxZr os';kvksa fd lkekftd thou rFkk vkfFkZd thou dh =klnh ij
ppkZ fd;k x;k gSA
cht'kCn: os';k] L=h foe'kZ] lyke vkf[kjh] lksukxkNh] dydÙkk] nsgO;kikj] ;FkkFkZ]
=klnhA
1- çLrkouk:
lekt esa L=h dh fLFkfr cnrj gksrh tk jgh gSA vius gh ifjokj esa] vkl
ikl ds yksxksa ds chp fL=;ka lqjf{kr ugha gSA mls gs; çfriUu djus dh vuojr
ps"Vk pyrh jgrh gSA çkphu dky esa L=h dh fLFkfr dqN gn rd mUur Fkh
ysfdu vkt fd L=h 'kksf"kr] ihfM+r] vogsfyr gSA L=h foe'kZ tcls lkfgR; esa
lek;k gS rHkh ls L=h fo"k;d miU;kl] dgkuh] dfork] vkykspukRed iqLrd
vkfn dh jpuk gksus yxh gSA ;g vè;k; Hkh ,d L=h leL;k ij vkèkkfjr miU;kl
ij dsfæar gSA eèkq dkadfj;k th fd miU;kl ^lyke vkf[kjh* miU;kl os';k thou
Page | 87
ds ;FkkFkZ dks mtkxj djus okyk ,d miU;kl gS tks lekt dk os';kvksa ds çfr
gksus okys fHkUu –f"Vdks.kksa ij Hkh ckr djrk gSA
L=h foe'kZ ds :i esa os';k leL;k foLrkfjr :i ls eèkq dkadfj;k ds lkfgR;
esa of.kZr gSAa eèkq dkadfj;k us miU;kl esa os';kvks rFkk os';ko`fÙk ds iwjs ifj–';
dks ns[krs gq,s gekjs Hkhrj mu vlgk; fL=;ksa ds çfr d#.kk dk mæsd djus fd
dksf'k'k dh gSA os';k, Hkh gekjs lekt dh lkèkkj.k L=h gh gS]tks fdlh u fdlh
dkj.ko'k bl rjg ds cnuke vkSj ujdh; O;olk; esa vkt Qalh gqbZ gSA ekuo
lH;rk ds vuq:i ;g euq";rk dk pje iru gSa fd vkt nsg dh lth nqdkuksa
esa ukjh nsg ,d fMikVZesaVy LVksj cu xbZ gSAa tgk ukjh vius vyx vyx vaxks
dk ?kaVks vkSj feuVksa ds fglkc ls vyx vyx lkSnk dj jgh gSA bu nsg cktkjksa
dk bruk ;a=hdj.k gks pqdk gSa dh lHkh ekuoh; vuqHkwfr;ka vkSj e;kZnk,a Lokgk gks
pqdh gSAa ekuo dks bZÜoj dh lokZsÙke HksaV çse bu cnuke xfy;ksa esa lkewfgd
O;fHkpkj esa cny pwafd gSa bUgha vudgs lR;ks dks mtkxj djrk gSa eèkq dkadfj;k
dk miU;kl lyke vkf[kjhA dydÙkk ds bu ykycÙkh bykds esa vBkjg ls
pkyhl&c;kyhl lky dh vusd okjkaxuk,¡ jgrh gS]a ftuesa caxkyh] usikyh vkSj
vkxjkokyh okjkaxuk,a lfEefyr gSAa lLrs rFkk HkM+dhys esdvi esa jkLrs ds fdukjs
ij [kM+h bu lHkh dks dqN mPpLrj fnykus ds fy, ykbuokfy;k¡ Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA 'kkVZ ,oa ykax jsV ij xzkgdksa dks miyCèk gksusokyh ;s ukfj;k ekuks gkM+&ekal
dh thoar nsg u gksdj i'kq cktkj esa j[kk dksbZ xks'r gksA miU;kl dk ,d dFku
blh lanHkZ dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gS] ftlesa ysf[kdk dgrh gS&ÞbZÜoj dh ekuo dks
vewY; HksaV çse vkSj ukjh dh lcls ewY;oku laifÙk 'khy ds [kjhn Qjks[r ds ;s
jkLrsA bUgha jkLrksa ij lekt ds lHkh dksuksa ls yksx viuh ftanxh esa jl] osjk;Vh
vkSj >wBs I;kj cncwnkj] pwuk >M+rh fnokjksa okys] Q'kZ VwVs dejs] tgk¡ ;g nsg
O;kikj pyrk gSA ifjokj] lekt vkSj lHkh çdkj dh e;kZnkvksa ls vutku bu
ykbZuokfy;ks dh vf'k{kk] vfodflr] vifjiDd vkSj vkRefoghurk dks eèkq
dkadfj;k us lw{erkvksa ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k gSA miU;kl i<+us ds ckn ,slk vkHkkl
gksrk gS tSls mu os';kvksa ds eu ds Hkko] 'kkjhfjd ihM+k] vkReXykfu] fdlh ubZ
mEehn dh jkg ns[krh bu ukfj;ksa dks ysf[kdk us cM+h gh utnhdh ls ns[kk gks
muds thou dks eglwl fd;k gks vkSj 'kk;n blh dkj.k ,d efgyk i=dkj
lqdhfrZ uked ik= dk tUe eèkq us fd;k gks] tks lksukxkNh fLFkr vfouk'k dfojkt
LVªhV dh xfy;ksa esa jgusokyh os';kvksa ds fy, dk;Z dj jgh gSA viuh ,d lgsyh
vkSj mlds ;gk¡ dke djusokyh ckbZ dh lquank uked rsjg o"kÊ; yM+dh dks og
ns jgh gSA os';kvksa ds èkèkdrs ;FkkFkZ dks tkuus dh pkg lqdhfrZ ds ekè;e ls
ysf[kdk esa fn[krh gSA

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2- L=h foe'kZ vkSj os';ko`fÙk:
Þ;ksfu ugha gS js ukjh] og Hkh ekuoh çfrf"Br]
mls iw.kZ Lokèkhu djks] og jgs u uj ij voflrAß
iar th dh bu iafä;ksa esa gh L=h foe'kZ dk ewy Loj lekfgr gSAa ukjh dks
ekuo ds :i esa Lohdkj dj ysuk gekjs lH; lekt ds fy, vR;ar gh dfBu
dk;Z lkfcr gqvkA :lks ds vuqlkj rks ukjh dk l`tu gh gqvk Fkk iq#"k dh lsok
djus ds fy,A tks ukjh ,d iq#"k dks tuus dh {kerk j[krh gSa D;k vkidks Hkh
yxrk gSa dh ml ukjh dk l`tu dsoy iq#"k ds lsok tSlh NksVs ls mís'; ds fy,
gh gqvk gSa\ ,sls dbZ ç'uksa ls f?kjk jgk gSa L=h bfrgklA bu ç'uksa dk tokc nsus
ds fy, gh L=h foe'kZ us tUe fy;k] L=h la?k"kZ dk nkSj 'kq: gqvkA
L=h foe'kZ] L=h eqfä] L=hoknh vkanksyu vkfn ij fopkj foe'kZ fd;k tk,
rks buds ewy esa L=h ds vfLrRo] ekSfyd vfèkdkj vkSj mldh eqfä ds ç'u gSaA
L=h foe'kZ ge lkfgR; esa ;k eap ij djrs gSa blhfy, bldh dksbZ loZekU;
ifjHkk"kk nsuk eqf'dy dk;Z gSAa ;g iwjh rjg ls lkekftd] lkaL—frd vkSj
jktuSfrd vkfn laLFkkvksa dh lksp ds ifj.kke Lo:i muds fopkjks dh vfHkO;fä
gSAa L=h foe'kZ esa ^foe'kZ* 'kCn vR;ar O;kid gSAa vr: foe'kZ 'kCn dk O;qRifÙkijd
vFkZ fopkj foe'kZ] lkspuk] le>uk] vkykspuk djuk gSAa 'kCndks"k ds vuqlkj–
“Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements and
ideologies that aim to define and establish the political economic, personal and
social equality of the sexes”. vFkkZr L=hokn lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vkanksyuks
vkSj fopkjèkkjkvksa dh ,d J`a[kyk gSa ftldk mís'; fyaxksa dh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd]
O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd lekurk dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj LFkkfir djuk gSaA
L=h foe'kZ L=h ds leku vfèkdkjksa dh ekax djrk gSa ftlls os vkfndky ls
gh oafpr jgh gSAa bl fir`LÙkkRed lekt us ukjh ij dsoy cafn'ks gh yxk, gS]a
muds fy, dbZ rjg ds uhfr fu;e cuk, x, ftues ls vfèkdre uhfr fu;e rks
vekuoh; rFkk Øwj gh ifjyf{kr gq,A gekjs Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij ,d utj Mkysa
rks ge ns[k ldrs gSa dh vkfndky esa jktkvksa dh dbZ jkfu;ka gksrh Fkh lkFk gh
lkFk muds vU; L=h;ksa ds lkFk Hkh lacèa k gksrs Fks ftudks j[kSy] xf.kdk] ukxjokèkq
vkfn uke ls tkuk tkrk gSAa eè;dky dh rjQ vkxs c<+s rks ns[k ldrs gSa dh
cM+s cM+s riLoh lkèkq larks us ukjh dks eks{kçkfIr ds ekxZ dk dkaVk ekuk gSa mls
ek;k] pyuk vkfn dk ntkZ fn;k gSa vkSj fjfrdky esa rks ukjh dks ukjh ugha oju
,d oLrq ds fglki ls ns[kk x;k tks iq#"kksa ds eu cgykus dk dke djrh Fkh]
mls dsoy HkksxfyIlk] euksjatu vkSj okluk ds ekMy ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k gS]a
lkfgR; esa ;s lkQ çfrQfyr gqvk gSAa vkèkqfud dky esa bu lHkh dkyks ds rqyuk
esa ukjh dh fLFkfr dkQh gn rd cnyus ds fy, vxzlj gqbZ vkSj orZeku le;

Page | 89
esa dkQh gn rd cny Hkh pqdh gSa ij dqN eqís ,sls Hkh gSa tks ges'kk NwV tkrs gSa
vkSj ftu eqíksa ij xgjkbZ ls ckr djus dk le; vc vk pqdk gSa A vkèkqfud dky
esa Hkkjrsanq dky esa ckykcksfèkuh tSlh if=dk çdkf'kr gqbZ ftldk dsaæ ukjh Fkh]
Nk;kokn esa Hkh çlkn us viuh jpukvksa esa ukjh dks nsoh dk ntkZ fn;k ij rc Hkh
ukjh dks ekuo gksus dh Loh—fr ugha fey ikbZ Fkh ij mlds ijorÊ L=h psruk us
bl çdkj viuh vfLerk dh yM+kbZ dks eq[kj fd;k dh dqN gn rd rks mls
ekuo :i esa Loh—fr feyuk 'kq: gks x;k levfèkdkj Hkh feyus yxk ij dqN
eqís rc Hkh vulqy>s ls jg x,A os';ko`fÙk dk bfrgkl vR;Ur çkphu gS] lEiw.kZ
foÜo ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa Hkh vR;Ur çkphu dky ls fo|eku jgh gSA ;|fi
;g lqfuf'pr djuk vR;Ur dfBu gS fd os';ko`fÙk dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ ysfdu
miyCèk çek.kksa ,oa lkfgR; ds vkèkkj ij ;g t:j dgk tk ldrk gS fd lEifÙk
ds vfèkdkj oSokfgd laLFkk ds dBksj fu;eksa ,oa ;q)ksa ds QyLo:i os';ko`fÙk dk
fodkl gqvkA bfrgkl esa oSfnd dky ls os';ko`fÙk ds lk{; feyrs gSaA dqN
bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj oSfnd dky ds iwoZ flUèkq lH;rk esa os';ko`fÙk ds çek.k
feyrs gSaA esgjx< ,oa eksgutksnM+ksa ls urZdh dh ewfrZ feyh gS ysfdu bls iw.kZr;k
çkekf.kd ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjä tks ewfrZ;k¡ miyCèk gS og
vèktyh voLFkk esa çkIr gqbZ gSA vr% çkekf.kd :i ls ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk
fd os';ko`fÙk dk çkjaHk&flUèkq lH;rk ls gqvk gSA vkxs pydj oSfnd dky esa
vk;ksZa ds vkxeu ,oa ;q)ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i oS';ko`fÙk ds çek.k ns[kus dks feyrs
gSAa fdUrq ;gk¡ os';k dh txg nkfl;ksa ;k j[ksy ds çek.k feyrs gSa ftudk foØ;
fd;k tkrk FkkA blds vfrfjä ;g dbZ O;fä;ksa ds ikl jgrh FkhA thrs x,
{ks=ksa dh fL=;ksa dk eks"k.k vk;ksZa us djuk çkjaHk fd;k vkSj ;gk¡ ls o`fÙk ds çek.k
ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA
çkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku ;qx rd os';kvksa dh mifLFkfr lekt esa ikbZ
xbZ gS fdUrq çkphu dky esa tgk¡ bu os';kvksa us lekt dks ,d vyx dyk ,oa
laL—fr ls ;qä fd;k ogha vkt og flQZ oklukiwfrZ dk ;a= ek= cudj jg xbZ
gSA le; dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj os';kvksa us viuk iqjkuk çfrf"Br :i R;kxdj dsoy
viuh nsg dks okluk ds cktkj esa foØ; dh oLrq ds :i esa miyCèk djk fn;k
gS tks fdlh Hkh ns'k rFkk lekt ds fy, vR;Ur Hk;kog gSA os';ko`fÙk uxj dh
ifjos'k esa vfèkd tUe ysrk gSAa tkfgj lh ckr gSa uxj esa vehj xjhc eè;o`Ùk
lHkh oxZ ds yksx jgrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh lkFk uxjksa esa dkSu D;k dj jgk gS bu
ckrksa ij dksbZ vfèkd yxko ugha fn[kkrk lHkh vius vius dkeksa esa O;Lr jgrs gSAa
os';ko`fÙk ,d çkphu O;olk; gSA fookg dh çFkk tcls 'kq: gqbZ rcls gh os';ko`fÙk
dh mRifÙk gks pqdh FkhA fookg ds lacaèk dks ;ksulgpk;Z dh fØ;k ekuk x;k gSA
ij dbZ fookg ;kSu lacaèk ds dkj.k VwV Hkh tkrs gSa] vius ifr ;k iRuh ls larq"V
u gksdj O;fä nwljks ds ikl tkrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj lacèa kksa esa njkj vkuk 'kq:

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gks tkrs gSAa ,slh leL;k,a uxjksa esa vfèkd ns[kus dks feyrs gSa xkao ds rqyuk ls]
ij xkao esa Hkh ,sls leL;k,a t:j gksrs gSAa Hkkjr esa os';ko`fÙk ,d xaHkhj leL;k
gSAa nq[kn igyw ;g gSa dh blesa cgqr de mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks èkdsy fn;k tkrk
gSAa xjhch bldk cgqr cM+k dkj.k gSAa ,d vksj rks Hkkjr esa uSfrdrk ds Åaps
ekunaMksa ds gksus dh ckr dgh tkrh gS nwljh vksj L=h;ksa dk gjsd Lrj ij
vusdkusd çdkj ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSAa vusd yksx bl okD; dks nksgjkrs fey
tkrs gSa fd tgk L=h;ksa dh iwtk gksrh gSA ogk nsorkvksa dk okl gksrk gS]a ijarq
O;ogkj esa fLFkfr fcYdqy myV gSAa eèkq dkadfj;k th us viuh miU;kl ^lyke
vkf[kjh* os';k thou dk ;FkkFkZ rFkk gekjs lH; lekt dks csudkc djrs gq,
fy[kkA bu fnuksa ftl L=h&foe'kZ dh [kkl ppkZ gS- eèkq dkadfj;k dk foe'kZ mlesa
fNis foHkze vkSj varfoZjksèkksa dks dkQh gn rd nwj djrk gSA gkykafd lyke vkf[kjh
esa ysf[kdk us dgha ,slk nkok ugha fd;k gS- u dgha ij mudh ,slh ea'kk O;ä gqbZ
gSA miU;kl L=h&vfLerk ds ç'u dks ysdj gh fy[kk x;k gS- dbZ txg csgn
Hkkouk'khy çlax vk, gS]a laoknksa esa dgha&dgha Hkkoqdrk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ysfdu
miU;kl dgha ij ^ykmM* ;k vrkfdZd ugha yxrkA
3- ^lyke vkf[kjh* esa fpf=r os';k thou:
lyke vkf[kjh* miU;kl os';k thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks vfHkO;ä djus okyh ,d
miU;kl gSAa ;g iqjk miU;kl thoar gS] D;ksafd ik= dkYifud gksrs gq, Hkh
miU;kl dks i<+rs le; iwjh dgkuh thoar gks mBrh gSAa miU;kl ds vanj dbZ
NksVh NksVh dgkfu;ka gSaA lqdhfrZ bu dgkfu;ksa dks ikBd rd igq¡pkus dk] mUgsa
,dlkFk tksMu+ s dk dke djrh gSA bu os';kvksa ds dgkfu;ksa esa dqN ckrsa leku
lh feyrh gSa og gSa lkekftd dBksjrk vkSj vkfFkZd n;uh; fLFkfrA os';kvksa ds
mit ds fy, Hkh ;gh nksuks ewy dkj.k Hkh ekus tkrs gSAa iq#"kksa dk vekuoh;rk
rks lokZsijh jgrk gh gksxk ij ;g fo"k; lkekftd dBksjrk ds vanj gh lekfgr
gks tk;saxsA L=h ij vrhr ls gksrs vk jgs ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] ckSf)d 'kks"k.k Hkh
L=h ds os';k cuus dk dkj.k cudj mHkjds vk jgk gSaA L=h [kqn dHkh os';k ugh
curh mls cuk;k tkrk gSa ij dqN dqN ifjfLFkfr esa L=h [kqn Hkh os';k curh gSa—
ÞeSa mu os';kvksa ds fy, ugh yM+rh tks o;Ld gSa ,oa LosPNk ls bl jkLrs vkbZ gSa
D;ksafd eSaus cM+s ?kjksa dh foèkokvksa] vlarq"V ifRu;ksa] vfookfgr jg tkusokyh cM+h
mez dh dqoa kfj;ksa ,oa dkelq[k dh fofoèkrk pkgus okyh eupfy;ks dks Hkh d‚yxyZ
curs ns[kk gSaAß1
os';kvksa dh ftanxh esa mudh fLFkfr vR;ar nq[kn gksrh gS vkSj os thou ds
dbZ igyqvksa ls oafpr jgrs gSaA mUgsa vDlj lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd mRihM+u ls
xqtjuk iM+rk gS vkSj mudh leL;kvksa dks le>uk vklku ugha gksrk gSAysfdu
os';kvksa ds thou esa =klnh dsoy mudh leL;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gksrh gS]

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cfYd muds ifjokj vkSj leqnk; dks Hkh blls çHkkfor gksrk gSA os';kvksa ds cPpksa
ds fy, f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj fodkl dh lqfoèkk,a cgqr gh de gksrh gSAa bu ckrksa
ij Hkh ysf[kdk us miU;kl esa ppkZ fd;k gSA
pdys dh ekyfdu ehuk dh dgkuh] mlds pdys dh Ng yM+fd;k jek]
ehuk] paik] uwjh] —".kk] ufyuh dh dgkuh] eUukyky dh dgkuh] eS?ksu vkSj fot;
dh dgkuh] fiadh dh dgkuh] ek;k dh dgkuh] js'keh dh dgkuh] baæk.kh nh dh
dgkuh] }kfjdk flag dh dgkuh] bu lHkh dgkfu;ksa dks lqdhfrZ ds tfj, ysf[kdk
us ikBdks ds le{k j[kkA lqdhfrZ miU;kl ds lw=èkkj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gqbZ
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa vkSj bu dgkfu;ksa esa tks ,d Loj lHkh esa Fkk og gSa xgu =klnhA
os';kvksa dk lkekftd thou vDlj =klnhiw.kZ gksrk gSAos';kvksa ds lkekftd
thou dh =klnh dks le>uk vkSj leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk
gSA mudh leL;k,a mUgsa lekt ls vyx dj nsrh gS]a tks mUgsa [kqn dks nqcZy vkSj
foosdghu eglwl djus ds fy, etcwj djrh gSAa blls mUgsa vlqj{kk] csdkjh]
nqHkkZX;] vlarks"k] vkSj vU; nnZukd fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkA gkykafd]
lekt ds rjQ ls bl leL;k dk lekèkku fudkyuk Hkh vko';d gSA gesa os';kvksa
dks lekt esa Lohdk;Zrk nsuh pkfg,] mudh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus ds fy,
mUgsa mi;qä f'k{kk vkSj rduhdh lacafèkr dkS'ky çnku djus dh vko';drk gSA
lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks os';kvksa dks lekt esa vfèkdkj vkSj lEeku nsus dh
t+:jr gS rkfd mUgsa vius Lo;a ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj voljksa dk leku :i ls ykHk
fey ldsAlekt os';kvksa ls ?k`.kk djrk gS D;ksafd lekt esa mUgsa uhpk ns[kk tkrk
gS vkSj mUgsa lekt dh Loh—fr ugha feyrh gSA ;g ?k`.kk muds O;ogkj]
fn'kk&funZs'k vkSj muds O;olk; dks ysdj gksrh gSAos';kvksa dks jaMh] os';k] dehuh]
v'yhyrk] vlarq"V] cnpyu] csbZeku] vkSj vU; ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA blds
vykok] mUgsa usr`Ro] lapkj dkS'ky] rduhdh Kku vkSj vU; dkS'kyksa dh deh ds
dkj.k Hkh ?k`.kk dh tkrh gSAblds lkFk gh] lekt esa os';kvksa ds lkFk O;ogkj
djus ls yksxksa dks yTtk] Hk; vkSj 'keZ Hkh eglwl gksrk gSA blfy,] yksx os';kvksa
ls nwj jgus dh ftn djrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk laokn ugha djrs gSAa
os';kvksa ds fy, lkekftd dfBukb;ka fofHkUu gks ldrh gSAa fuEufyf[kr dqN
eq[; dkj.k 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa:
1- lekt esa udkjkRed –f"Vdks.k: os';kvksa dks lekt esa ,d rkykcanh ds
:i esa ns[kk tkrk gS ftls udkjkRed :i ls ns[kk tkrk gSA ,slk –
f"Vdks.k mUgsa Lohdk;Zrk] lEeku vkSj lekt esa vfèkdkj nsus ls jksd
ldrk gSA
2- èku dh deh: os';kvksa dks vDlj vkfFkZd :i ls detksj cuk;k tkrk gS
tks mUgsa lekt esa lEeku vkSj vfèkdkj ls oafpr dj ldrk gSA

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 3- lapkj dh deh: os';kvksa dks vkerkSj ij lekt esa lapkj dh deh gksrh
gS] ftlls mUgsa lekt esa viuh vkokt mBkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
4- LokLF; leL;k,a: os';kvksa dks LokLF; leL;k,a gksrh gSa tks mUgsa lekt
esa vyx cukus vkSj mUgsa lekt esa udkjkRed :i ls ns[kus dk dkj.k
cu ldrh gSaA
5- os';kvksa dks fQftdy vkSj lsDlqvy vVSd djuk vkfnA
bfrgkl crkrk gSa dh caxky esa os';ko`fÙk vius fdlh u fdlh :i esa Lo:i
esa 1690 ds vklikl 'kq: gqbZ FkhA miU;kl dk i`"BoHkwfe caxky dh os';kvksa ij
vkèkkfjr gSa ij caxky ds orZeku lkekftd <kaps esa iyh c<+h os';kvksa ds thou
dks miU;kl esa fn[kk;k x;k gSaA miU;kl esa caxky os';ko`fÙk ds fy, e'kgwj 'kgj
lksukxkNh ifjos'k fdl çdkj os';kvksa dk =kln thou lkal ysrk gS]a lkekftd
:i ls mUgsa fdl çdkj dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dks >syrk iM+rk gSa bu lc fo"k;ksa ij
ysf[kdk us b'kkjk fd;k gSaA
bu xfy;ksa esa os';kvksa dk ijaijkxr pdyk ns[kus dks feyrk gSAa bldk jsr
vis{kk—r vfèkd gksrk gSA bl pdyk?kjksa esa ,d ekyfdu gksrh gSa tks ,d ls
vfèkd yM+fd;ksa dks jgu lgu [kku iku dh lqfoèkk çnku djrh gSa vkSj muds
}kjk O;olk; djrh gS vkSj tks Hkh iSlk çkIr gksrk gSa mlls bu yM+fd;ksa dh
ra[kok ugh Hkh nsrh gSAa ij dqN pdyk?kjksa esa ru[ok ugh Hkh nh tkrh gSA ftl
pdyk?kj ds tSls fu;e gSa oSls gh pyrk gS lc dqNA bu pdyk?kjksa esa NksVh
mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks Hkh xSjdkuwuh :i ls j[kk tkrk gSa vkSj muls mudh vfèkd
equkQk gksrk gSA ;g yM+fd;k xzkgd dh igyh ilan gksrh gSAa miU;kl esa Hkh ,sls
pDyk?kj dk mYys[k gqvk gSA bl pdyk?kj dh ekyfdu gSa ehuk vkSj mlds
vèkhu Ng ykbuokfy;k gSa— uwjh] —".kk] jek] ufyuh] twyh] paikA miU;kl esa
ns[kk x;k gSa dh T;knkrj os';k, xk¡o ls py diV djds 'kgjh esa yk;h tkrh
gS vkSj mlds ckn muds os';k cuus dh çfØ;k 'kq: gksrh gSaA dbZ yM+fd;k xk¡o
ls 'kgj esa dke <wa<us vkrh gSa vkSj dqN :ih euq";ksa ds paxqy esa iM+dj os';ko`fÙk
dks f'kdkj cu tkrs gSa vkSj fu:ik; gksdj blh o`fÙk dks og thfodLo:i viuk
Hkh ysrh gSa ij vius ?kj esa bl ckr dh tkudkjh rd og ugha gksus nsrh D;ksafd
rc ml ds ?kjokys mls dHkh u viuk,axsA lkFk nsus dh ;k mldh lgk;rk djus
fd ckr rks cgqr nwj gh gSA ehuk ds pdys dh ,d os';k lqdhfrZ ls dgrh gS: a –
ÞeSa gj eghus vius xk¡o] vius ek¡–cki dks NksVs HkkbZ cguksa ds fy, gtkj :i;s
ds vklikl Hkstrh gw¡A ;g dgdj dh esa fdlh dkj[kkus esa dke djrh gw¡ vkSj
vBkjg lkS :i;s eghus dekrh gw¡A ;fn ekywe iM+ tk, mUgsa dh esa dSls dkj[kkus
esa gw¡ rks esjk eqag rd u ns[ks os…iSlk ysuk rks nwj…-Aß blls ;g Li"V gSa dh
vfuLpk—r :i ls os';ko`fÙk esa vk tkus ds i'pkr Hkh ,d L=h dks vifo=

Page | 93
dyafdr ;g lc vk[;k gh feyrh gSa mlds ?kjokys Hkh mldh lgk;rk djusds
fy, rRij ugh gksrs oju mldk eq¡g rd ns[kus ds fy, jkth ugha gksrsA
bu pdyk?kjksa esa ukckfyx yM+fd;ksa dks ykdj Hkh csp fn;k tkrk FkkA
ukckfyx yM+fd;ksa dks ekyfdu vfèkd nke esa Hkh [kjhn ysrh Fkh D;ksfa d dekbZ
Hkh cgqr vfèkd gksrh FkhA lqdhfrZ ds iwNus ij ncrh gqbZ vkokt esa paik mlls
dg jgh Fkh dh Þpqdjh dHkh viuh bPNk ls ugh vkrh gS] pksjh ls ykbZ tkrh gSa
vkSj fQj fdlh Hkh pdys esa csp nh tkrh gSaA ,d ckj ,d eksVh jde esa mldks
[kjhn ysus ij fQj gj jkst dh mldh dekbZ ekyfdu dh iwjh viuh ekyfdu
dks cl mls [kkuk diM+k Hkj nsuk iM+rk gSA Nqdfj;ksa dk jsV cgqr ^gkbZ* gksrk gSA
xjkgdksa esa mudh ek¡x Hkh lcls T;knk gksrh gSA vjs uksV Nkirh gSa ;s----ysfdu
mudks j[kus esa >esyk Hkh mruk gh gSA dkuwu----iqfyl--- dpgjh dksVZ---- lHkh dkAß
3 xSj dkuwuh gksrs gq, Hkh ;g dk;Z os';ko`fÙkvks esa pyrk gh gSAa lekt gh bldk
yqRQ Hkh mBrk gSAa lekt rks bu xSj dkuwuh :i ls os';k gqbZ okfydkvks dks Hkh
[kjkc –f"V ls gh ns[krh gSAa ysf[kdk miU;kl ds çlax esa mYys[k djrh gSa tc
lqdhfrZ NksVh Fkh vius ek¡ ds lkFk flriqjdh tkus dksu lh xyh esa ?kqlh dh vkxs
tkdj igq¡p xbZ bu ykycÙkh bykdks esa vkSj ogk ,d drkj esa lth èkth]
fyifLVd yxk,] pedhyh lkfM+;ksa esa bruh vkSjrksa dks ns[kdj og cky lqyHk
ftKklk ls eqXèk gks mBh Fkh vkSj vius ek¡ ls ç'u dj mBh dkSu gSa ;g yksx D;k
dj jgs gSa A lqdhfrZ dh ek¡ us mÙkj fn;k Fkk Þml rjQ er Vkdks cqjh vkSjr gSa
;sAßij ç'u ;g mBrk gSa fd budks cqjk cuk;k fdlus vkSj vxj [kqn cqjh cuh
rks D;ksa cuh\ Þifjokj] lekt vkSj lHkh çdkj dh e;kZnkvksa ls dVh] lfg".kqrk dh
foÜocSad ;s ykbuokfy;k¡!ß Þvf'kf{kr] vfodflr] vifjiDo vkSj vkRefoghu bu
rax xfy;ksa ds leku rax fnekxokyh ,slh gtkjksa ykbuokfy;k¡!ß lekt ifjokj
ls curk gSa] ifjokj lnL;ksa ls curk gSa] ij bu ykbuokfy;ks ds ikl rks dqN Hkh
ugh gSAa u e;kZnk u uhfr u f'k{kk u igpkuA budk ekufld fodkl dHkh gqvk
gh ughaA
ysf[kdk miU;kl esa fy[krh gSa fd Þ,dne 'kq: esa fgEer ugh gksrh Fkh
mldh bu ykbuckfy;ksa ls cfr;kus dhA tkus dSlk [kkSQ] jgL;] vkrad ,oa la'k;
èkalk jgrk Fkk mlds vUrj esa budks ysdjA budh [kqnxftZ;ksa] budk
VqPpk&yqPpkiu] lwvjiu--- ;s dqVuh gksrh gS]a cckZn dj nsrh gSa vknfe;ksa dks
cnuke dj Mkyrh gSa---A gj oä vUrj esa mBrh jgrh ,d vkokt&^ch osvj] ch
osvj!!ß ij buls ckr djus ds ckn lqdhfrZ dk buds fo"k; esa tks –f"Vdks.k Fkk
og cny x;k Fkk] og tku xbZ Fkh dh ;g ykbuokfy;k Hkh lkèkkj.k L=h dh
rjg gh vanj ls dksey ij ckgj dkeuk vkSj okluk dh f'kdkj gSaA lkèkkj.k gh
Fkh ;g Hkh budks [kjkc Hkh lekt us fd;k Fkk fd;k gSa vkSj djrs jgsaxsA

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4- os';ko`fÙk:L=h –f"Vdks.k:
L=h –f"Vdks.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa os';kvksa ¼lsDl odZlZ½ ds çfr foHkkftr gksrk
gSA blesa lkekftd] lkaL—frd] èkkfeZd vkSj uSfrd i{k 'kkfey gksrs gS]a tks L=h
–f"Vdks.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSAa vfèkdka'k ekU;rkvksa esa] lekt os';kvksa dks
udkjkRed vkSj vuqfpr ekurk gSA fL=;k¡ tks os';kvksa dk dke djrh gS]a mUgsa
lekt esa voekfur fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa ,d leku vkSj lEekfur fLFkfr esa
ugha ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g èkkfeZd vkSj lkaL—frd ekU;rkvksa] vuqlkj vkifÙktud
gksrk gS fd efgyk,a os';kvksa dk dke djrh gSAa vfèkdka'k L=h;k os';ko`fÙk dks
udkjkRed –f"V ls ns[krh gSa] muds vuqlkj os';k,a [kjkc L=h gksrh gSa og yksxks
dk ?kj rksMr+ h gSa ,sls fopkj èkkjk lekt esa çpfyr gSA ukjh gh ukjh dh 'k=q ds
:i esa dHkh dHkkj lekt esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSAa ij lkFk gh lkFk ,slh efgyk,
Hkh gSa tks bu os';kvksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr j[krh gSa vkSj dqN efgyk, ,slh Hkh gksrh
gSa tks bu os';kvksa ds fy, dqN djuk pkgrh gSa mudh lgk;rk mudk cpko
vkfnA dqN efgyk, os';kvksa ds cPpks dks laxz{k.k nsus dk Hkh ftEek mBkuk pkgrh
gSAa
Þ,d ckj ek¡ ds lkFk ntÊ ds ikl tk jgh Fkh og ek¡ dks jkLrksa dk mruk
Kku ugha FkkA ;s fpriqj dh tkus dkSu lh xyh esa ?kql fd vkxs tkdj igq¡p xbZ
bu ykycÙkh bykdksa dh xyh esa ,d drkj esa lth&èkth fyifLVd yxk,]
pedhyh lkfM+;ksa esa bruh vkSjrksa dks ns[kdj ;g cky&lqyHk ftKklk ls eqXèk gks
mBh Fkh---- dkSu gSa ;s yksx D;w¡ [kM+h gS]a ek¡ ls iwNk Fkk mlus ek¡ us viuh pky
vuk;kl rst dj nh Fkh vkSj vthc mrkoyh fn[kkrs gq, mls MiV fn;k Fkk] ^ml
rjQ er rkdks] cqjh vkSjrsa gSa ;s vkt brus o"kksZa ckn Hkh vius gFksfy;ksa ds ml
nnZ dks eglwl dj ik jgh gS lqdhfrZ ftl csnnÊ vkSj dBksjrk ds lkFk ek¡ us
mldh ueZ gFksfy;ksa dks vius iatksa esa tdM+dj yxHkx nkSMk+ rs gq, mls] xyh ikj
dh FkhAß
bu iafä;ksa esa ;g lkQ tkfgj gSa fd lekt esa os';kvksa dks efgyk, Hkh cqjh
vkSjr gh ekurh gSAa os';k,a Hkh vius vki dks [kjkc gh ekurh gSAa muyksxks ds
vuqlkj mudks lekt ls tks Hkh vlEeku feyrk gSa tks ghu cksèk dk Hkko lekt
muls djokrk gS og mlhdh gdnkj gSA og vius fdLer dks blh çdkj dh
ekudj vkxs pyrh jgrh gSaA
Þrqeus ns[kk gS] ;s fdruh ew[kZ vkSj di eaMwd gksrh gSaA ,d cPps dh rjg
Hkksyk A eu gksrk gS budk lgt gh fdlh dh Hkh ckr dk foÜokl dj ysrh gSa ;s
igys gS dh os';k,¡ rks fQj Hkh fj>kus] tykus vkSj rM+ikus ds xqj tkurh Fkha ij
vkt dh ykbuokfy;ksa rks [kqn gh bruh tyh&Hkquh] fpM+fpM+h ,oa rih jgrh gSa
fd ;s ;g Hkh ugha le> ikrh gSa fd xzkgd buls flQZ nsg gh ugha] buds ukjhRo

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dh xfjek dks Hkh Hkksxus vkrk gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa us dksMs+ ekj&ekjdj budh 'keZ]
budk Lo vkSj budh vUrfuZfgr xfjek] lHkh dqN Nhu fy;k gSA rqe vc bu
lw[kh BBfj;ksa ls dSls vkRelEeku dh mEehn djrs gks\ tkurs gks] cSjdiqj dh
,d efgyk dks igys rks iqfyl idM+dj ys xbZ] jkg pyrs jkgxhjksa dks ijs'kku
djus ds vkjksi esa mlus vkukdkuh dh] fojksèk trk;k rks mls ?klhVk vkSj fQj
Fkkus esa mlds lkFk lkewfgd :i ls cykRdkj fd;kA Ýh&QaM esa feys vkuUn dks
tks NksM+ ns og Hkkjrh; iqfyl gh D;k--- ml os';k us tc fgEer djds èkedh nh
fd eSa lhfu;j iqfyl ls bldh f'kdk;r d:axh] rks ogk¡ [kM+s lHkh iqfylokys
g¡l iM+s-- os';k ds lkFk cykRdkj ! la;ksx ls nwljs gh fnu esa ogk¡ igq¡p xbZ FkhA
igys rks mlus eq>ls ckr rd djus ls budkj dj fn;k] D;k djsaxh vki gekjs
nq%[k tkudj] dksbZ eg¡xkbZ rks oV ugha tk,xh] pkoy mrus gh #i;s fdyks
fodsxk&ikuh ds fy, oSlh gh fdYyr epsxhA iqfyl oSls gh gekjk thuk gjke
djsxh esa 'kkUr lqurh jgh cSBh jghA ij mlds dqN okD;ksa us esjh psruk esa bruh
xkM+h ydhjsa [khaph gSa tks dHkh feV ugha ldrhA ftUgsa eSa dHkh Hkqyk ugha ldrhA
mlus dgk] lkys dqÙks dk Hkh ,d ekfyd gksrk gS ,d BkSj fBdkuk gksrk gS] gj
dksbZ mls gM+dk ugha ldrkA ij gekjk D;k gS] jkLrs esa iM+h dqfr;k ls Hkh cnrj
ftUnxh gS gekjh dksbZ Hkh ekj ns Bksdj tks Hkh Mke ns nks iSls] cl mlh ds vkxs
fcN tkuk iM+rk gSA D;ksfa d ge fdlh dh Hkh ugha gS] u ek¡ dh] u cki dh u
HkkbZ dh] u cgu dhA u fgUn dh vkSj u gh fgUnqLrku dhA fdlh dh Hkh ughaA
Þvc rqEgha crkvksa fot;] bu v)Z&fodflr] dqpyh] yqVh&fiVh efgykvksa ls rqe
dSls vkRelEeku dh mEehn j[k ldrs gksAß
lqdhfrZ ds ekè;e ls ysf[kdk us vius os';ko`fÙk fo"k; –f"Vdks.kksa dks miU;kl
esa miLFkkiu fd;k gSA baæk.kh uked ,d lekt lsfodk ds ekè;e ls lekt esa
c<+ jgs ng'kr ds Åij tks –f"Vdks.k vkSj rdZ gSa mldks n'kkZus dh dksf'k'k Hkh
ysf[kdk us fd;k gSaA
ÞbUæk.kh nh dh ckr dk fcuk dqN v{k; fn, mlus nwljh gh ckr tkuuh
pkgh] ÞeSua s dbZ txg i<+k gS] db;ksa ls lquk Hkh gS fd cgqr lh os';kvksa dk çFke
;kSu 'kks"k.k vius gh ,dne utnhdh fj'rsnkjksa] leu HkkbZ ;k firk }kjk gh gqvk-
-- mUgksaus gh igq¡pk fn;k mUgsa bl jkLrs--- v[kckjksa esa Hkh ,slh ?kVuk,¡ dbZ ckj
i<+ha--- ysfdu fQj Hkh xys ugha mÙkjrh---Aß
Þgk¡ dbZ ?kVuk,a ,slh Hkh vkbZ gSa] tgk¡ firk us gh iq=h ds lkFk---ysfdu lkSHkkX;
ls ;s ?kVuk,¡ mruh la[;k esa ugha vkSj tks ?kVh Hkh gSa ;s csgn uhps rcds ds yksxksa
ds nks ?kaVh gSaA vHkh dqN fnu igys gh tks ?kVuk çdk'k esa vkbZ Fkh] mlesa firk
,d dkj[kkus esa etnwj FkkA ,d NksVh lh [kijSy dh >ksiM+h esa firk viuh nks
;qok iqf=;ksa ds lkFk jgrk FkkA ;gha ugkuk] ogha diM+s cnyuk] ogha lksuk--- vjs]

Page | 96
buds tSlk thou ge vkSj vki ,d fnu Hkh ugha th ik,¡xhA vfèkdka'k ifjokjksa
esa [kfV;k ds Åij eh ;ki ;k HkkbZ HkkStkbZ vkSj [kfV;k ds uhps dqoa kjh cgusa ;k
cPps Åij lc dqN gksrk jgrk gS] çse] jksekal-- uhps ;qok cgu] fd'kksj cPps le;
iwoZ gh idrs jgrs gSA ;g crh cq>kdj viuh vk¡[kksa dh FkksMh+ cgqr 'keZ cpk yh
tkrh gSAgk¡] rks tks okd;k eSa crk jgh Fkh mlesa dkj[kkus esa etnwjh djrs Jfed
dh iRuh dh Hkh cgqr igys e`R;q gks pqdh FkhA ,d gh dejs esa jgus dh etcwjh
esa firk&iqf=;ksa ds chp 'keZ&g;k ;w¡ Hkh cgqr gn rd fudy pqdh FkhA fnu&Hkj
dh gkM+rksM+ esgur vkSj dkj[kkus dh mckÅ] v¡èksjs vkSj gj iy viekfur djrs
jgusokys ekgkSy esa firk ds thou esa ,slk dqN Hkh rks ugha Fkk tks mlds Fkds eu
vkSj cq>h vkRek dks tkuoj gksus ls cpk ldsA u dksbZ laxhr] u dfork] u
lkfgR;] u dksbZ fe=] u gh euksjatuA ftUnxh us pwl pwldj gj çdkj ds
uSfrd&cksèk dh gok fudky nh FkhA ?kj vHkkoksa dk Hk;adj taxyA firk&iq=h esa
iSlksa dks ysdj vDlj Hk;adj >xM+s ,oa ekjihV rd gks tkrhA lEcUèkksa dh Hkwfe
iwjh rjg rM+dh gqbZA ,sls esa gh ,d jkr ns'kh nk: ds u'ks esa mlus mlh >ksaiM+h
esa diM+s cnyrh iq=h dks ns[k fy;k--- vkSj VwV iM+kA rks lqdhfrZ th] ,slh ?kVukvksa
ds ewy esa gS ftUnxh dh Hk;adj cspkjxh] nk#.k vHkko ,oa gj çdkj dh
fodYighurkA cgqr lEHko gS fd ogh O;fä ;fn fdlh le`) ,oa ifj"—r ifjos'k
esa jgrk] thou bl dnj gìhrksM+ ,oa vHkkoxzLr ugha jgrk] FkksM+h [kq'kgkyh jgrh
ftUnxh esa rks mlds Hkhrj dk balku ;w¡ iwjh rjg ugha ejrk]og nfjUnk gksus ls
cp tkrkA firk&iq=h] HkkbZ&cgu bu lkjs lEcUèkksa dh [kq'kcw balkuksa ds chp curh
gS] ij ftUgsa ftUnxh us tUrq gh cuk Mkyk gks---ß
Þysfdu eSaus lquk gS fd mPpoxksZa ds chp Hkh---ß
Þgk¡] ,slh Hkh dbZ ?kVuk,¡ vkbZ gS]a ij muls esjh dksbZ lgkuqHkwfr ugha gSA ogk¡
O;fä ;fn nfjUnxh ij mrjrk Hkh gS rks blesa mldh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk dksbZ gkFk
ugha jgrk] ,sls O;fä viuh ewy psruk ls gh i'kq gksrs gSaA cgqr igys gekjh gh
rhu ih<+h iwoZ dh ,d ?kVuk gS tgk¡ ,d ifjokj Fkk] iwjh rjg ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa
Mwck gqvkA flQZ peM+h dks NksMd + j flj ls iSj rd iwjh rjg vaxzstA ?kj dh gj
phtsa] iksVsVks fpIl ls ysdj ekbØks fpIl rd lHkh fons'khA mlh ifjokj ds ,d
yM+ds us viuh cgu ls gh---gk¡] lkSrsyh ij firk nksuksa dk ,d Fkk] fookg djuk
pkgk FkkAß
bu dFkuks esa L=h fparkèkkjk ls :c: gksus dk ekSdk ysf[kdk us ikBdks dks ns
fn;k gSAa D;ksafd iwjk miU;kl gh os';ko`fÙk fo"k;d L=h fparu dks gh mtkxj
djrk gSa rks L=h fparu gh bl miU;kl dk vkèkkj Hkh gSA çR;sd L=h ik= ds
vyx vyx –f"Vdks.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

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5- lyke vkf[kjh miU;kl dk mís';:
lyke vkf[kjh miU;kl esa eèkq dkadfj;k th us os';k thou ds f?kukSus lp
dks ikBdks ds le{k mtkxj djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSAa fdl çdkj os';kvksa ds çfr
lekt dk –f"Vdks.k cgqr gh ghu gSAa fo'ks"kdj iq#"kksa ds –f"V esa os';ko`fÙk ,d
lkèkkj.k lh ckr gSa ftlls mudks dksbZ vlqfoèkk Hkh ugh gSaA ysf[kdk ds vkRedF;
dks i<+dj ;gh le> esa vkrk gSa dh ysf[kdk dk mís'; gSa os';kvksa dks Hkh vke
balku dh rjg le>k tkuk pkfg,A miU;kl ds dbZ fgLlksa esa ysf[kdk mYys[k
djrh gSa dh fdl rjg os';kvksa dks vke balku ugh le>k tkrk gSa A— Þvke
vkneh dks balku dh xfjek nsus ds fy, :l] phu] D;wck] vkSj fo;suke esa Økafr;k¡
gqbZ] ij bu ykycÙkh bykdks dk vaèksjk ?kuk gh gksrk tk jgk gSa D;ksafd bUgsa vke
vkneh le>k gh ugha tkrk gSAa efgyk laxBu bUgs mRikn cukus ij rqys gSAa
ljdkjh [kkrs esa ;s fHk[kkfj;ksa ds led{k gS]a budh vk; ij dksbZ vk;dj ugh
yxk;k tkrk D;wafd ;g vuSfrd <ax ls dek;k tkrk gSAa ß9 Þ;g cs:g nqfu;k
áweu Dyksfuax vkSj baVjusV rd igq¡p tkusokyh…;g nqfu;k D;k efgykvksa ls ,d
balku dh rjg is'k vkuk dHkh fl[k ik,xh\ß vFkkZr os';kvksa ds çfr lekt dh
tks cqjh –f"Vdks.k gSa mldk la'kksèku djus dh dksf'k'k ysf[kdk us miU;kl esa
oS';k cuus dh çfØ;k dks fn[kkrs gq, fd;k gSaA os';k, lekt gh cukrh gSa bfrgkl
Hkh bldk lk{kh gSa ij vrhr esa mUgsa FkksMk+ ekuoh; vknj lEeku tks Hkh lkekftd
:i ls feyrk Fkk mldk guu orZeku le; esa gks x;k] bl ckr dks ysf[kdk us
viuk;k esa mtkxj fd;k vkSj bls cnyus dh dksf'k'k Hkh dh gSAa miU;kl dk
mís'; Hkh blh ckr ls tqM+k gqvk gS] ij vxj ewy mís'; ns[kk tk, rks os';kvksa
ds çfr lekt ds –f"Vdks.k dks cnyus dh dksf'k'k miU;kl ds tfj, ysf[kdk us
fd;k gSaA
6- fu"d"kZ:
;g vè;k; L=h foe'kZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA os';k,a lekt }kjk 'kksf"kr ,d leqnk;
gS ftudks lnSo vius vfèkdkjksa ls cafpr jguk iM+kA ;g vè;;u os';ko`fÙk ij
vkèkkfjr miU;kl ^lyke vkf[kjh* vkSj os';k thou dks lefiZr gSA bl vè;k;
esa ewyr os';ko`fÙk ds =klnh ij ppkZ fd;k x;k gSA L=h thou ;k muds ,d
lewg os';kvksa ds thou fd n;uh; voLFkk ij çdk'k Mkyus ds mís'; ls gh ;g
vè;;u fd;k x;kA lkekftd :i ls] vkfFkZd :i ls os';kvksa dks vusd leL;kvksa
dk lkeuk djuk ijrk Fkk vkSj bu fo"k;ksa ij bl vè;k; esa cgqr ls rF;ksa ij
vè;;u fd;k x;kA os';ko`fÙk dks uxjh; lH;rk fdl çdkj gok nsrh gS lkFk
gh lkFk fdl çdkj os';kvksa ds thou dks vkSj Hkh vfèkd d"V nk;d cukrk gS
bu lc fo"k;ksa ij –f"V Mkyk x;k gSA

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7- lanHkZ lqph
1. dkadfj;k] eèkq] lyke vkf[kjh] i`"B la[;k– 153] jktdey çdk'ku] rhljk
laLdj.k] 2016
2. dkadfj;k] eèkq] lyke vkf[kjh] i`"B la[;k– 27] jktdey çdk'ku] rhljk
laLdj.k] 2016
3. dkadfj;k] eèkq] lyke vkf[kjh] i`"B la[;k– 29] jktdey çdk'ku] rhljk
laLdj.k] 2016
4. dkadfj;k] eèkq] lyke vkf[kjh] i`"B la[;k– 19] jktdey çdk'ku] rhljk
laLdj.k] 2016
5. dkadfj;k] eèkq] lyke vkf[kjh] i`"B la[;k– 18] jktdey çdk'ku] rhljk
laLdj.k] 2016
6. ogh
7. ogh
8. nslkbZ] uhjk] Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,] i`"B la[;k&45] jk"Vªh; iqLrd U;kl]
Hkkjr] 2008
9. ogh
10. dLrokj] js[kk] L=h fparu dh pqukSfr;k] i`"B la[;k&27] jktdey çdk'ku]
ubZ fnYyh
11. https://egyankosh.ac.im/bitstream/123456789/82740/1/unit-2pdf
12. https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/82

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Page | 100
 Chapter - 7
A Brief Introduction of Bhagavad Gita

Author
Santanu Chakrabortty
State Aided College Teacher, Department of Sanskrit, Raja
Rammohun Roy Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

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Page | 102
 Chapter - 7
A Brief Introduction of Bhagavad Gita
Santanu Chakrabortty

Abstract
Bhagavad Gita is one of the most popular of the ancient texts not only
among the Indians but also among the westerners. In fact Robert
Oppenheimer who successfully exploded the first atom bomb on July 16,
1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico was greatly attracted by Gita. Watching
this event from a distance, he was supposedly uttering a phrase from
Bhagavad Gita. Bhagavad Gita has inspired many of our national leaders and
provided them strength, moral courage and clarity of thought with which
they have led the country in its struggle. Arguably, these are important
elements of making a good manager or a leader today. Here lies the
motivation for today’s talk. But what really is interesting is that the ideas that
we will see today are available not only in Bhagavad Gita but also in the ten
Upanishads and for that matter in several ancient Indian texts. Bhagavad
Gita is one of the most popular books of Hindu. Holy Gita is considered to
be the greatest contributions of India to the World.
Keywords: Bhagavad gita, religious philosophy, self-realization, spiritual
realization, yogin
Introduction
There are many misconceptions about Bhagavad Gita. One of them is
that it is a book to be read in retirement. Another one is that it is a highly
philosophical text amenable to only scholars. Yet another belief is that it is
the sacred scripture only for Hindus.
The truth is that Gita belongs to the whole humanity, not just to Hindus.
It contains many aspects of human life, such as management, psychology,
leadership, and motivation. In this paper I argue that it is useful for everyday
life and can be used by people of all age-groups and at every stage of life.
The principles enunciated in Gita are universal.
In the following sections, I discuss some issues related to everyday life
and how Gita offers a solution to them. These issues are especially

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concerned for youth. This analysis is very useful for young men and women
who daily face these questions. The topics analyzed are:
1) How much to eat.
2) How long to sleep.
3) What type of people eat which type of food.
4) What is the right attitude towards work.
5) How strong desires lead one to the path of destruction.
6) How to maintain equanimity of mind; and how to take successes
and failures in life.
7) How to cope with death of near and dear. Lord Krishna provides
clear and logical answers to these issues.
‘Bhagavad Gita’ which is literally known as the “Song of Lord”, it is
one of the essential Indian ancient scriptures like Vedas, Puranas and
Upanishads. It guides us by showing various spiritual paths through which
we can enhance our self-knowledge as well as divine inner- peace. It is a acts
as a medicine for modern human life and provides all that which is required
to develop the highest level of consciousness.
Lord Krishna preached ‘Bhagavad Gita’ to Arjuna for motivating him to
perform his task and duty when he was facing an ethical dilemma whether
not to defeat and kill his relatives and friends in the war field of
‘Kurukshetra’. ‘Bhagavad Gita’ is like the river Ganga, in which knowledge,
duty and deed are emphasised upon. As river Ganga has been flowing for
many eras on this Earth, it quenches the thirst of every thirsty man without
asking him about the caste, colour and creed or to which country he belongs
to, so also Bhagavad Gita, like the river Ganga, is flowing for the welfare of
mankind irrespective of the caste, creed, religion and country.
Research methodology: In this paper qualitative research methodology
is applied with analytical view.
Literature review: Although Bhagavad Gita is a short text of 700
verses, it generated an enormous literature in many languages. The beauty of
the Gita lies in the fact that its meaning, interpretation, and significance
depends on how one looks at it. It encompasses religion, philosophy,
psychology, motivation, management, leadership, communication skills etc.
Depending on their perspective and purpose, different authors looked at it
from different angles. Thus, the early studies are concerned about the
philosophical aspects of Gita (e.g. classical commentaries by Adi
Sankaracharya, Ramanuja, Madhva, Abhinavagupta, Bhaskara, Nimbarka,

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Vallabha, Madhusudana Saraswati, Chaitanya, etc.). Among modern
commentators on Gita are Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, Sarvepalli
Radhakrishnan, Chinmayananda, and Swami Ranganathananda.
In recent years, there is a growing interest in Gita from Management
field (e.g., Jayamani, 2013; Hee, 2007). For example, Hee presents a
management grid to link the profit-orientated approach with a purpose-
orientated approach in running a business. Some other studies focus on Gita
and leadership (e.g., Rarick and Inge, 2008; Chatterjee, 2012). Rarick and
Inge examine how Gita offers advice on humanistic and inclusive leadership.
Some studies analyze Gita from psychology perspective (Bhawuk, 2008).
In summary, the extant literature on Gita focusses on philosophical
aspects and more recently, on management issues. Bhashyams
(commentaries) by Acharyas are amenable to very highly intellectual people.
Studies on management, psychology, leadership etc. are intended for high
level professionals. Beyond the above two categories of people, there is a
vast majority which includes youngsters, and uneducated people. When a
common man asks, “What is in there for me? Why should I study Gita?”
there is no answer in the existing literature. This paper attempts to fill that
gap by analyzing day-to-day problems of common people.
Etymology: The Gita in the title of the Bhagavad Gita literally means
"song". Religious leaders and scholars interpret the word Bhagavad in a
number of ways. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as, "the song of
God"; "the word of God" by the theistic schools, "the words of the
Lord", "the Divine Song", and "Celestial Song" by others.
In India, its Sanskrit name is often written as Shrimad Bhagavad Gita or
Shrimad Bhagavadgita (Jhen~ Hkxon~ xhrk or Hkxon~xhrk) where the Shrimad
prefix is used to denote a high degree of respect. The Bhagavad Gita is not to
be confused with the Bhagavata Puran, which is one of the eighteen
major Puranas dealing with the life of the Hindu God Krishna and various
avatars of Vishnu.
The work is also known as the Iswara Gita, the Ananta Gita, the Hari
Gita, the Vyasa Gita, or the Gita.
Date: Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary
considerably. The text is generally dated to the second half of the first
millennium BCE. Some scholars accept dates from the 5th century BCE to
the 2nd century BCE as the probable range, the latter likely. The Hinduism
scholar Jeaneane Fowler, in her commentary on the Gita, considers second
century BCE to be the probable date of composition. J.A.B. Van

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Buitenen also states that the Gita was likely composed about 200 BCE.
According to the Indologist Arvind Sharma, the Gita is generally accepted to
be a 2nd-century-BCE text.
Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, in contrast, dates it a bit earlier. He states that
the Gita was always a part of the Mahabharata, and dating the latter suffices
in dating the Gita. On the basis of the estimated dates of Mahabharata as
evidenced by exact quotes of it in the Buddhist literature by Asvaghosa (c.
100 CE), Upadhyaya states that the Mahabharata, and therefore the Gita,
must have been well known by then for a Buddhist to be quoting it. This
suggests a terminus ante quem (latest date) of the Gita to be sometime prior
to the 1st century CE. He cites similar quotes in the dharmasutra texts,
the Brahma sutras, and other literature to conclude that the Bhagavad Gita
was composed in the fifth or fourth century BCE. According to Arthur
Basham, the context of the Bhagavad Gita suggests that it was composed in
an era when the ethics of war were being questioned and renunciation to
monastic life was becoming popular. Such an era emerged after the rise
of Buddhism and Jainism in the 5th century BCE, and particularly after the
semi-legendary life of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Thus, the first version
of the Bhagavad Gita may have been composed in or after the 3rd century
BCE.
Winthrop Sargeant linguistically categorizes the Bhagavad Gita as Epic-
Puranic Sanskrit, a language that succeeds Vedic Sanskrit and precedes
classical Sanskrit. The text has occasional pre-classical elements of the
Vedic Sanskrit language, such as aorists and the prohibitive mā instead of
the expected na (not) of classical Sanskrit. This suggests that the text was
composed after the Pāṇini era, but before the long compounds of classical
Sanskrit became the norm. This would date the text as transmitted by the oral
tradition to the later centuries of the 1st-millennium BCE, and the first
written version probably to the 2nd or 3rd century CE. According to
Jeaneane Fowler, "the dating of the Gita varies considerably" and depends in
part on whether one accepts it to be a part of the early versions of
the Mahabharata, or a text that was inserted into the epic at a later date. The
earliest "surviving" components therefore are believed to be no older than
the earliest "external" references we have to the Mahabharata epic.
The Mahabharata-the world's longest poem – is itself a text that was likely
written and compiled over several hundred years, one dated between "400
BCE or little earlier, and 2nd century CE, though some claim a few parts can
be put as late as 400 CE", states Fowler. The dating of the Gita is thus
dependent on the uncertain dating of the Mahabharata. The actual dates of

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composition of the Gita remain unresolved. While the year and century is
uncertain, states Richard Davis, the internal evidence in the text dates the
origin of the Gita discourse to the Hindu lunar month of Margashirsha (also
called Agrahayana, generally December or January of the Gregorian
calendar).
Authorship: In the Indian tradition, the Bhagavad Gita, as well as the
epic Mahabharata of which it is a part, is attributed to the sage Vyasa, whose
full name was Krishna Dvaipayana, also called Veda-Vyasa. Another Hindu
legend states that Vyasa narrated it when the lord Ganesha broke one of his
tusks and wrote down the Mahabharata along with the Bhagavad Gita.
Scholars consider Vyasa to be a mythical or symbolic author, in part because
Vyasa is also the traditional compiler of the Vedas and the Puranas, texts
dated to be from different millennia.
Swami Vivekananda, the 19th-century Hindu monk and Vedantist, stated
that the Bhagavad Gita may be old but it was mostly unknown in Indian
history until the early 8th century when Adi Shankara (Shankaracharya) made
it famous by writing his much-followed commentary on it. Some infer, states
Vivekananda, that "Shankaracharya was the author of Gita, and that it was he
who foisted it into the body of the Mahabharata". This attribution to Adi
Shankara is unlikely in part because Shankara himself refers to the earlier
commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, and because other Hindu texts and
traditions that compete with the ideas of Shankara refer to much older
literature referencing the Bhagavad Gita, though much of this ancient
secondary literature has not survived into the modern era.
J.A.B. van Buitenen, an Indologist known for his translations and
scholarship on Mahabharata, finds that the Gita is so contextually and
philosophically well-knit within the Mahabharata that it was not an
independent text that "somehow wandered into the epic". The Gita, states
van Buitenen, was conceived and developed by the Mahabharata authors to
"bring to a climax and solution the dharmic dilemma of a war". According
to Alexus McLeod, a scholar of Philosophy and Asian Studies, it is
"impossible to link the Bhagavad Gita to a single author", and it may be the
work of many authors. This view is shared by the Indologist Arthur Basham,
who states that there were three or more authors or compilers of Bhagavad
Gita. This is evidenced by the discontinuous intermixing of philosophical
verses with theistic or passionately theistic verses, according to Basham.
Structure: The Bhagavad Gita is a poem written in the Sanskrit
language. Its 700 verses are structured into several ancient Indian poetic

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meters, with the principal being the shloka (Anushtubh chanda). It has 18
chapters in total. Each shloka consists of a couplet, thus the entire text
consists of 1,400 lines. Each shloka has two quarter verses with exactly eight
syllables. Each of these quarters is further arranged into two metrical feet of
four syllables each. The metered verse does not rhyme. While the shloka is
the principal meter in the Gita, it does deploy other elements of Sanskrit
prosody (which refers to one of the six Vedangas, or limbs of Vedic
statues). At dramatic moments, it uses the tristubh meter found in the Vedas,
where each line of the couplet has two quarter verses with exactly eleven
syllables.
Character
 Arjuna, one of the five Pandavas.
 Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer and guru who was actually an
incarnation of Vishnu.
 Sanjaya, counselor of the Kuru king Dhritarashtra (secondary
narrator).
 Dhritarashtra, Kuru king (Sanjaya's audience) and father of the
Kauravas.
Narrative: The Gita is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna right
before the start of the climactic Kurukshetra War in the Hindu epic
Mahabharata. Two massive armies have gathered to destroy each other. The
Pandava prince Arjuna asks his charioteer Krishna to drive to the center of
the battlefield so that he can get a good look at both the armies and all those
"so eager for war". He sees that some among his enemies are his own
relatives, beloved friends, and revered teachers. He does not want to fight to
kill them and is thus filled with doubt and despair on the battlefield. He
drops his bow, wonders if he should renounce and just leave the battlefield.
He turns to his charioteer and guide Krishna, for advice on the rationale for
war, his choices and the right thing to do. The Bhagavad Gita is the
compilation of Arjuna's questions and moral dilemma and Krishna's answers
and insights that elaborate on a variety of philosophical concepts.
Chapters and Content: The Bhagavad Gita contains 18 chapters and
700 verses found in the Bhishma Parva of the epic Mahabharata. Because of
differences in recensions, the verses of the Gita may be numbered in the full
text of the Mahabharata as chapters 6.25-42 or as chapters 6.23-40. The
number of verses in each chapter vary in some manuscripts of the Gita
discovered on the Indian subcontinent. However, variant readings are
relatively few in contrast to the numerous versions of the Mahabharata it is
found embedded in.

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 The original Bhagavad Gita has no chapter titles. Some Sanskrit editions
that separate the Gita from the epic as an independent text, as well as
translators, however, add chapter titles. For example, Swami
Chidbhavananda describes each of the eighteen chapters as a separate yoga
because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and the mind". He labels
the first chapter "Arjuna Vishada Yogam" or the "Yoga of Arjuna's
Dejection". Sir Edwin Arnold titled this chapter in his 1885 translation as
"The Distress of Arjuna".
The chapters are:
Chapter Name of Chapter Total Verses
1. Arjuna Vishada Yoga 46
2. Samkhya Yoga 72
3. Karma Yoga 43
4. Jnana Karma Sanyasa Yoga 42
5. Karma Sanyasa Yoga 29
6. Atma Samyama Yoga 47
7. Jnana Vijnana Yoga 30
8. Akshara Brahma Yoga 28
9. Raja Vidya Raja Guhya Yoga 34
10. Vibhuti Yoga 42
11. Vishvarupa Darshana Yoga 55
12. Bhakti Yoga 20
13. Kshetra Kshetrajna Vibhaga Yoga 35
14. Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga 27
15. Purushottama Yoga 20
16. Daivasura Sampad Vibhaga Yoga 24
17. Shraddha Traya Vibhaga Yoga 28
18. Moksha Sanyasa Yoga 78
Total 700

Chapter 1: Arjuna Vishada Yoga (46 Verses)

This chapter is known as Arjuna Vishada-yoga, Prathama Adhyaya, The
Distress of Arjuna, The War Within, or Arjuna's Sorrow. The Bhagavad Gita
is opened by setting the stage of the Kurukshetra battlefield. Two massive
armies representing different loyalties and ideologies face a catastrophic war.
With Arjuna is Krishna, not as a participant in the war, but only as his
charioteer and counsel. Arjuna requests Krishna to move the chariot between
the two armies so he can see those "eager for this war". He sees family and

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friends on the enemy side. Arjuna is distressed and in sorrow. The issue is,
states Arvind Sharma, "is it morally proper to kill?" This and other moral
dilemmas in the first chapter are set in a context where the Hindu epic and
Krishna have already extolled ahimsa (non-violence) to be the highest and
divine virtue of a human being. The war feels evil to Arjuna and he
questions the morality of war. He wonders if it is noble to renounce and
leave before the violence starts, or should he fight, and why.
Chapter 2: Sankhya Yoga (72 Verses)
This chapter is known as Sankhya Yoga, The Book of Doctrines, Self-
Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy). The second
chapter begins the philosophical discussions and teachings found in the Gita.
The warrior Arjuna whose past had focused on learning the skills of his
profession now faces a war he has doubts about. Filled with introspection
and questions about the meaning and purpose of life, he asks Krishna about
the nature of life, Self, death, afterlife and whether there is a deeper meaning
and reality. Krishna teaches Arjuna about the eternal nature of the soul
(atman) and the temporary nature of the body, advising him to perform his
warrior duty with detachment and without grief. The chapter summarizes the
Hindu idea of rebirth, samsara, eternal Self in each person (Self), universal
Self present in everyone, various types of yoga, divinity within, the nature of
knowledge of the Self and other concepts. The ideas and concepts in the
second chapter reflect the framework of the Samkhya and Yoga schools
of Hindu philosophy. This chapter is an overview for the remaining sixteen
chapters of the Bhagavad Gita. Mahatma Gandhi memorized the last 19
verses of the second chapter, considering them as his companion in his non-
violent movement for social justice during colonial rule.
Chapter 3: Karma Yoga (43 Verses)
This chapter is known as Karma yoga, Virtue in Work, Selfless Service,
or The Yoga of Action. After listening to Krishna's spiritual teachings in
Chapter 2, Arjuna gets more confounded and returns to the predicament he
faces. He wonders if fighting the war is "not so important after all" given
Krishna's overview on the pursuit of spiritual wisdom. Krishna replies that
there is no way to avoid action (karma), since abstention from work is also
an action. Krishna states that Arjuna has an obligation to understand and
perform his duty (dharma), because everything is connected by the law of
cause and effect. Every man or woman is bound by activity. Those who act
selfishly create the Karmic cause and are thereby bound to the effect which
may be good or bad. Those who act selflessly for the right cause and strive to

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do their dharmic duty are doing God's work. Those who act without craving
for fruits are free from the Karmic effects because the results never motivate
them. Whatever the result, it does not affect them. Their happiness comes
from within, and the external world does not bother them. According to
Flood and Martin, chapter 3 and onwards develops "a theological response to
Arjuna's dilemma".
Chapter 4: Jnana Karma Sanyasa Yoga (42 Verses)
This chapter is called as Jñāna-Karma-Sanyasa yoga, The Religion of
Knowledge, Wisdom in Action, or The Yoga of Renunciation of Action
through Knowledge. Krishna reveals that he has taught this yoga to the
Vedic sages. Arjuna questions how Krishna could do this, when those sages
lived so long ago, and Krishna was born more recently. Krishna reminds him
that everyone is in the cycle of rebirths, and while Arjuna does not remember
his previous births, he does. Whenever dharma declines and the purpose of
life is forgotten by Man, says Krishna, he returns to re-establish
dharma. Every time he returns, he teaches about the inner self in all beings.
The later verses of the chapter return to the discussion of motiveless action
and the need to determine the right action, performing it as one's dharma
(duty) while renouncing the results, rewards, fruits. The simultaneous outer
action with inner renunciation, states Krishna, is the secret to the life of
freedom. Action leads to knowledge, while selfless action leads to spiritual
awareness, state the last verses of this chapter. The 4th chapter is the first
time where Krishna begins to reveal his divine nature to Arjuna.
Chapter 5: Karma Sanyasa Yoga (29 Verses)
This chapter is known as Karma-Sanyasa yoga, Religion by Renouncing
Fruits of Works, Renounce and Rejoice, or The Yoga of Renunciation. The
chapter starts by presenting the tension in the Indian tradition between the
life of sannyasa (monks who have renounced their household and worldly
attachments) and the life of grihastha (householder). Arjuna asks Krishna
which path is better. Krishna answers that both are paths to the same goal,
but the path of "selfless action and service" with inner renunciation is better.
The different paths, says Krishna, aim for-and if properly pursued, lead to-
Self-knowledge. This knowledge leads to the universal, transcendent
Godhead, the divine essence in all beings, to Brahman-to Krishna himself.
The final verses of the chapter state that the self-aware who have reached
self-realization live without fear, anger, or desire. They are free within,
always. Chapter 5 shows signs of interpolations and internal contradictions.
For example, states Arthur Basham, verses 5.23-28 state that a sage's

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spiritual goal is to realize the impersonal Brahman, yet the next verse 5.29
states that the goal is to realize the personal God who is Krishna.
Chapter 6: Atma Samyama Yoga (47 Verses)
This sixth chapter is known as Dhyana yoga, Religion by Self-Restraint,
The Practice of Meditation, or The Yoga of Meditation. The chapter opens as
a continuation of Krishna's teachings about selfless work and the personality
of someone who has renounced the fruits that are found in chapter 5. Krishna
says that such self-realized people are impartial to friends and enemies, are
beyond good and evil, equally disposed to those who support them or oppose
them because they have reached the summit of consciousness. The verses
6.10 and after proceed to summarize the principles of Yoga and meditation
in the format similar to but simpler than Patanjali's Yogasutra. It discusses
who is a true yogi, and what it takes to reach the state where one harbors no
malice towards anyone. Verse 6.47 emphasizes the significance of soul's
faith and loving service to Krishna as the highest form of yoga.
Chapter 7: Jnana Vijnana Yoga (30 Verses)
This chapter as Jnana-Vijnana yoga, Religion by Discernment, Wisdom
from Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge and Judgment. The seventh
chapter opens with Krishna continuing his discourse. He discusses jnana
(knowledge) and vijnana (realization, understanding) using the Prakriti-
Purusha (matter-Self) framework of the Samkhya school of Hindu
philosophy and the Maya-Brahman framework of the Vedanta school. The
chapter states that evil is the consequence of ignorance and attachment to the
impermanent, the elusive Maya. Maya is described as difficult to overcome,
but those who rely on Krishna can easily cross beyond Maya and attain
moksha. It states that Self-knowledge and union with Purusha (Krishna) are
the highest goal of any spiritual pursuit.
Chapter 8: Akshara Brahma Yoga (28 Verses)
This chapter is called as Aksara-Brahma yoga, Religion by Devotion to
the One Supreme God, The Eternal Godhead, or The Yoga of the
Imperishable Brahman. The chapter opens with Arjuna asking questions
such as what is Brahman and what is the nature of karma. Krishna states that
his own highest nature is the imperishable Brahman, and that he lives in
every creature as the Adhyatman. Every being has an impermanent body and
an eternal Self, and that "Krishna as Lord" lives within every creature. The
chapter discusses cosmology, the nature of death and rebirth. This chapter
contains eschatology of the Bhagavad Gita. Importance of the last thought
before death, differences between material and spiritual worlds, and light and

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dark paths that a Self takes after death are described. Krishna advises Arjuna
about focusing the mind on the Supreme Deity within the heart through
yoga, including pranayama and chanting sacred mantra "Om" to ensure
concentration on Krishna at the time of death.
Chapter 9: Raja Vidya Raja Guhya Yoga (34 Verses)
This ninth chapter is known as Raja-Vidya-Raja-Guhya yoga, Religion
by the Kingly Knowledge and the Kingly Mystery, The Royal Path, or The
Yoga of Sovereign Science and Sovereign Secret. Chapter 9 opens with
Krishna continuing his discourse as Arjuna listens. Krishna states that he is
everywhere and in everything in an unmanifested form, yet he is not in any
way limited by them. Eons end, everything dissolves and then he recreates
another eon subjecting them to the laws of Prakriti (nature). He equates
himself to being the father and the mother of the universe, to being the Om,
to the three Vedas, to the seed, the goal of life, the refuge and abode of all.
The chapter recommends devotional worship of Krishna. According to
theologian Christopher Southgate, verses of this chapter of the Gita
are panentheistic, while German physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard
Weinstein deems the work pandeistic. It may, in fact, be neither of them, and
its contents may have no definition with previously developed Western
terms.
Chapter 10: Vibhuti Yoga (42 Verses)
This chapter is known as Vibhuti-Vistara-yoga, Religion by the
Heavenly Perfections, Divine Splendor, or The Yoga of Divine
Manifestations. When Arjuna asks of the opulences (Vibhuti) of Krishna, he
explains how all the entities are his forms. He reveals his divine being in
greater detail as the ultimate cause of all material and spiritual existence, as
one who transcends all opposites and who is beyond any duality.
Nevertheless, at Arjuna's behest, Krishna states that the following are his
major opulences: He is the atman in all beings, Arjuna's innermost Self, the
compassionate Vishnu, Surya, Indra, Shiva-Rudra, Ananta, Yama, as well as
the Om, Vedic sages, time, Gayatri mantra, and the science of Self-
knowledge. Krishna says, "Among the Pandavas, I am Arjuna". Implying he
is manifest in all the beings, including Arjuna. He also says that he
is Rama when he says, "Among the wielders of weapons, I am Rama".
Arjuna accepts Krishna as the purushottama (Supreme Being).
Chapter 11: Vishvarupa Darshana Yoga (55 Verses)
This chapter is knownas Vishvarupa-Darshana yoga, The Manifesting of
the One and Manifold, The Cosmic Vision, or The Yoga of the Vision of the

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Cosmic Form. On Arjuna's request, Krishna displays his "universal form"
(Viśvarūpa). Arjuna asks Krishna to see the Eternal with his own eyes. The
Krishna then "gives" him a "heavenly" eye so that he can recognize the All-
Form Vishvarupa of the Supreme God Vishnu or Krishna. Arjuna sees the
divine form, with his face turned all around, as if the light of a thousand suns
suddenly burst forth in the sky. And he sees neither end, middle nor
beginning. And he sees the gods and the host of beings contained within
him. He also sees the Lord of the gods and the universe as the Lord of time,
who devours his creatures in his "maw". And he sees people rushing to their
doom in haste. And the Exalted One says that even the fighters are all
doomed to death. And he, Arjuna, is his instrument to kill those who are
already "killed" by him. Arjuna folds his hands trembling and worships the
Most High. This is an idea found in the Rigveda and many later Hindu texts,
where it is a symbolism for atman (Self) and Brahman (Absolute Reality)
eternally pervading all beings and all existence. Chapter 11, states Eknath
Eswaran, describes Arjuna entering first into savikalpa samadhi (a particular
form), and then nirvikalpa samadhi (a universal form) as he gets an
understanding of Krishna. A part of the verse from this chapter was recited
by J. Robert Oppenheimer in a 1965 television documentary about the
atomic bomb.
Chapter 12: Bhakti Yoga (20 Verses)
This chapter is known as Bhakti yoga, The Religion of Faith, The Way of
Love, or The Yoga of Devotion. In this chapter, Krishna glorifies the path of
love and devotion to God. Krishna describes the process of devotional
service (Bhakti yoga). Translator Eknath Easwaran contrasts this "way of
love" with the "path of knowledge" stressed by the Upanishads, saying that
"when God is loved in [a] personal aspect, the way is vastly easier". He can
be projected as "a merciful father, a divine mother, a wise friend, a
passionate beloved, or even a mischievous child".[152] The text states that
combining "action with inner renunciation" with the love of Krishna as a
personal God leads to peace. In the last eight verses of this chapter, Krishna
states that he loves those who have compassion for all living beings, are
content with whatever comes their way, and live a detached life that is
impartial and selfless, unaffected by fleeting pleasure or pain, neither craving
for praise nor depressed by criticism.
Chapter 13: Kshetra Kshetrajna Vibhaga Yoga (35 Verses)
This chapter is known as Ksetra-Ksetrajna Vibhaga yoga, Religion by
Separation of Matter and Spirit, The Field and the Knower, or The Yoga of

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Difference between the Field and Field-Knower. The chapter opens with
Krishna continuing his discourse. He describes the difference between the
transient perishable physical body (kshetra) and the immutable eternal Self
(kshetrajna). The presentation explains the difference between ahamkara
(ego) and atman (Self), from there between individual consciousness and
universal consciousness. The knowledge of one's true self is linked to the
realization of the Self. The 13th chapter of the Gita offers the clearest
enunciation of the Samkhya philosophy, states Basham, by explaining the
difference between field (material world) and the knower (Self), prakriti and
purusha. According to Miller, this is the chapter which "redefines the
battlefield as the human body, the material realm in which one struggles to
know oneself" where human dilemmas are presented as a "symbolic field of
interior warfare".
Chapter 14: Gunatraya Vibhaga Yoga (27 Verses)
This fourteenth chapter is known as Gunatraya-Vibhaga yoga, Religion
by Separation from the Qualities, The Forces of Evolution, or The Yoga of
the Division of Three Gunas. Krishna continues his discourse from the
previous chapter. Krishna explains the difference between purusha and
prakriti, by mapping human experiences to three Guṇas (tendencies,
qualities). These are listed as sattva, rajas and tamas. All thoughts, words
and actions are filled with sattva (truthfulness, purity, clarity), rajas
(movement, energy, passion) or tamas (darkness, inertia, stability). These
gunas influence future rebirths, with sattva leading to higher states, rajas to
continued material existence, and tamas to lower forms of life. Whoever
understands everything that exists as the interaction of these three states of
being can gain knowledge, transcend all three gunas and achieve
liberation. When asked by Arjuna how he recognizes the one who has
conquered the three gunas, Krishna replies that it is one who remains calm
and composed when a guna 'arises', who always maintains equanimity, who
is steadfast in joy and sorrow, who remains the same when he is reviled or
admired, who renounces every action (from the ego), detaches himself from
the power of the gunas. Liberation can also be reached by unwavering
devotion to Krishna, which enables one to transcend the three gunas and
become one with Brahman. All phenomena and individual personalities are
thus a combination of all three gunas in varying and ever-changing
proportions. The gunas affect the ego, but not the Self, according to the text.
This chapter also relies on Samkhya theories.

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Chapter 15: Purushottama Yoga (20 Verses)
This chapter is called as Purushottama yoga, Religion by Attaining the
Supreme Krishna, The Supreme Self or The Yoga of the Supreme Purusha.
The fifteenth chapter expounds on Krishna's theology, in the Vaishnava
Bhakti tradition of Hinduism. Krishna discusses the nature of God wherein
Krishna not only transcends the impermanent body (matter) but also
transcends the atman (Self) in every being. The chapter uses the metaphor of
the Ashvattha (banyan) tree to illustrate the material world's entanglements,
emphasizes detachment as the means to liberation, highlights the importance
of true knowledge, and explains that those who realize this knowledge
transcend the need for Vedic rituals. It follows an image of an upside tree
with roots in the sky, without beginning and without end. It is necessary to
cut down its shoots (sense objects), branches and the solid root with the axe
of equanimity and detachment and thereby reach the original person (adyam
purusham). Later, Krishna says that he is known as Purushottama in both
common speech and the Veda, sustaining and governing the entire threefold
world, and that he is greater than the kshara (perishable), which includes all
living beings, and the akshara (imperishable), which is beyond kshara.
Whoever truly recognizes this has reached the ultimate goal. According to
Franklin Edgerton, the verses in this chapter, in association with select
verses in other chapters, make the metaphysics of the Gita to be dualistic.
However, its overall thesis, according to Edgerton, is more complex because
other verses teach the Upanishadic doctrines and "through its God the Gita
seems after all to arrive at an ultimate monism; the essential part, the
fundamental element, in every thing, is after all One-is God".
Chapter 16: Daivasura Sampad Vibhaga Yoga (24 Verses)
This chapter is known as Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga yoga, The
Separateness of the Divine and Undivine, Two Paths, or The Yoga of the
Division between the Divine and the Demonic. According to Easwaran, this
is an unusual chapter where Krishna describes two types of human nature:
divine (daivi sampad), leading to happiness, and demonic (asuri sampad),
leading to suffering. He states that truthfulness, self-restraint, sincerity, love
for others, desire to serve others, being detached, avoiding anger, avoiding
harm to all living creatures, fairness, compassion and patience are marks of
the divine nature. The opposite of these are demonic, such as cruelty,
conceit, hypocrisy and being inhumane, states Krishna. Some of the verses in
Chapter 16 may be polemics directed against competing Indian religions,
according to Basham. The competing tradition may be the materialists
(Charvaka), states Fowler.

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Chapter 17: Shraddhatraya Vibhaga Yoga (28 Verses)
This chapter is known as Shraddhatraya-Vibhaga yoga, Religion by the
Threefold Kinds of Faith, The Power of Faith, or The Yoga of the Threefold
Faith. Krishna qualifies various aspects of human life, including faith,
thoughts, deeds and eating habits, in relation to the three gunas (modes):
sattva (goodness), rajas (passion), and tamas (ignorance). Krishna explains
how these modes influence different aspects of human behavior and
spirituality, how one can align with the mode of goodness to advance on
their spiritual journey. The final verse of the Chapter stresses that genuine
faith (shraddha) is essential for spiritual growth. Actions without faith are
meaningless, both in the material and spiritual realms, highlighting the
significance of faith in one's spiritual journey.
Chapter 18: Moksha Sanyasa Yoga (78 Verses)
This chapter is calles as Moksha-Sanyasa yoga, Religion by Deliverance
and Renunciation, Freedom and Renunciation, or The Yoga of Liberation
and Renunciation. In the final and longest chapter, the Gita offers a final
summary of its teachings in the previous chapters. It gives a comprehensive
overview of Bhagavad Gita's teachings, highlighting self-realization, duty,
and surrender to Krishna to attain liberation and inner peace. It begins with
the discussion of spiritual pursuits through sannyasa (renunciation, monastic
life) and spiritual pursuits while living in the world as a householder. It
teaches "karma-phala-tyaga" (renunciation of the fruits of actions),
emphasizing the renunciation of attachment to the outcomes of actions and
performing duties with selflessness and devotion.
Importance of Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is a prominent and
influential Hindu scripture. While Hinduism is known for its diversity and
the synthesis derived from it, the Bhagavad Gita holds a unique pan-Hindu
influence. Gerald James Larson-an Indologist and scholar of classical Hindu
philosophy, states that "if there is any one text that comes near to embodying
the totality of what it is to be a Hindu, it would be the Bhagavad Gita." The
Bhagavad Gita is part of the Prasthanatrayi, which also includes
the Upanishads and the Brahma sutras. These three form the foundational
texts of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. The Brahma sutras
constitute the Nyāya prasthāna or the "starting point of reasoning canonical
base", while the principal Upanishads constitute the Sruti prasthāna or the
"starting point of heard scriptures", and the Bhagavad Gita constitutes
the Smriti prasthāna or the "starting point of remembered canonical
base". While Upanishads focuses more on knowledge and the identity of the

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self with Brahman, the Bhagavad Gita shifts the emphasis towards devotion
and the worship of a personal deity, specifically Krishna. The Bhagavad Gita
forms a central text in the Vaishnava tradition.
The Gita is one of the key texts for Vedanta, a school of thought that
provides one of the theoretical foundations for Hinduism, and one that has
had an enormous influence over time, becoming the central ideology of the
Hindu renaissance in the 19th century. Some Hindus give it the status of an
Upanishad, and some consider it to be a "revealed text". There are alternate
versions of the Bhagavad Gita (such as the one found in Kashmir), but the
basic message behind these texts are not distorted.
The Bhagavad Gita draws heavily from the philosophical ideas
presented in the Upanishads, incorporating and expanding upon them
throughout the text. For example, in the Bhagavad Gita's second chapter,
Krishna explains to Arjuna about the eternal nature of the soul, a concept
echoed from the Katha Upanishad. It talks about the concept of karma yoga,
mentioned in the Isha Upanishad, and ideal times for departing from life,
echoing teachings from the Chandogya Upanishad.
Some Impotant verses in Bhagavad Gita for Everyday Life: Some
imporants verses of Gita provides answers to everyday problems leading to
universal welfare. It helps us lead a healthy, purposeful and meaningful life.
These are following:
मुक्तसङ्गोऽनहंवादी धृत्युत्साहसमन्वित: |
ससद्ध्यससद्ध्योसनिसविकार: कताि सान्विक उच्यते || 18.26||
“One who is free from egotism and attachment and endowed with
enthusiasm and determination is Sattvic”.
रागी कमिफलप्रेप्सुलुिब्धो सहं सात्मकोऽशुसि: |
हर्िशोकान्वित: कताि राजस: पररकीसतित: || 18.27||
“One who craves the fruits of the work, is covetous, violent-natured,
impure, and moved by joy and sorrow, is Rajasic”.
सविधमािन्पररत्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज |
अहं त्ां सविपापेभ्यो मोक्षसिष्यासम मा शुि: || 18.66||
“Leave all religious and come to me. I will free you from your sins,
there is no doubt it”.
अिुक्त: प्राकृत: स्तब्ध: शठो नैष्कृसतकोऽलस: |
सवर्ादी दीर्िसूत्री ि कताि तामस उच्यते || 8.28||

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 “One who is undisciplined, vulgar, stubborn, deceitful, slothful,
despondent, and procrastinating, is Tamasic”.
न सह कसित्क्षणमसप जातु सतष्ठत्यकमिकृत् |
काििते ह्यवश: कमि सवि: प्रकृसतजैगुिणै: || 3.5 ||
“Verily, none can ever rest for even an instant, without performing
action (karma); for all are made to act, helplessly indeed, by the gunas
(Sattva, Raja, Tama) born of prakrti (nature)”.
सनितं कुरु कमि त्ं कमि ज्यािो ह्यकमिण: |
शरीरिात्रासप ि ते न प्रससद्ध्येदकमिण: || 3.8 ||
“Perform your obligatory action; for action is superior to inaction; and
even the bare maintenance of the body will not be possible if you are
inactive”.
कमिण्येवासधकारस्ते मा फलेर्ु कदािन |
मा कमिफलहे तुर्ूिमाि ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकमिसण ||2. 47 ||
“You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but never to the
fruits thereof. May you not be motivated by the fruits of actions; nor let your
attachment towards inaction”.
तस्मादसक्त: सततं कािं कमि समािर |
असक्तो ह्यािरन्कमि परमाप्नोसत पूरुर्: || 3.19 ||
“Therefore, without being attached to the fruits of activities, one should
act as a matter of duty, for by working without attachment one attains the
Supreme”.
श्रेिान्स्वधमो सवगुण: परधमाित्स्वनुसष्ठतात् |
वधमे सनधनं श्रेि: परधमो र्िावह: || 3.35 ||
“Better is one's own dharma, though imperfect, than the dharma of
another well performed; better is death in one's own dharma; another
person's dharma is fraught with danger”.
क्रोधाद्भवसत सम्मोह: सम्मोहात्स्मृसतसवभ्रम: |
स्मृसतभ्रंशाद् बुन्विनाशो बुन्विनाशात्प्रणश्यसत ||2.63 ||
“From anger, complete delusion arises, and from delusion loss of
memory. When memory is bewildered, it results in ruin of discriminative
power, and as a result the person perishes”.

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 दु :खेष्वनुसिग्नमना: सुखेर्ु सवगतस्पृह: |
वीतरागर्िक्रोध: न्वथितधीमुिसनरुच्यते || 2.56 ||
“One whose mind is not shaken or disturbed by adversity, nor elated by
happiness, who is free from blind attachment, fear and anger, is indeed a
muni or sage of steady wisdom”.
जातस्य सह ध्रुवो मृत्युध्रिुवं जन्म मृतस्य ि |
तस्मादपररहािेऽिे न त्ं शोसितुमहि सस || 2.27 ||
“Whoever is born is sure to die; to the dead, birth also is certain. It is
not, therefore, fit for you to mourn for this unavoidable fact”.
न जािते सििते वा कदासि
नािं र्ूत्ा र्सवता वा न र्ूि: |
अजो सनत्य: शाश्वतोऽिं पुराणो
न हन्यते हन्यमाने शरीरे || 2.20 ||
“For the soul (Atma) there is neither birth nor death at any time. It has
not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being.
It is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval. It is not slain when the body
is slain”.
वासांसस जीणािसन ििा सवहाि
नवासन गृह्णासत नरोऽपरासण |

तिा शरीरासण सवहाि जीणाि

न्यन्यासन संिासत नवासन दे ही || 2.22 ||
“As a person puts on new garments, giving up old ones, the soul
similarly accepts new material bodies, giving up the old and useless ones”.
नैनं सिन्दन्वि शस्त्रासण नैनं दहसत पावक:|
न िैनं क्लेदिन्त्यापो न शोर्िसत मारुत: || 2.23 ||
“Weapons do not cleave the soul, fire does not burn it, waters do not wet
it and wind does not dry it”.
िोगथि: कुरु कमािसण सङ्गं त्यक्त्वा धनञ्जि |
ससद्ध्यससद्ध्यो: समो र्ूत्ा समत्ं िोग उच्यते || 2.48 ||
“By being established in Yoga, O Dhananjaya, undertake actions,
casting off attachment and remaining equipoised in success and failure.
Equanimity is called Yoga”.

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 िदा िदा सह धमिस्य ग्लासनर्िवसत र्ारत |
अभ्युत्थानमधमिस्य तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम् || 4.7 ||
“Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O
descendant of Bharata, and a predomininant rise of irrelifion-at that time I
desend Myself”.
पररत्राणाि साधूनां सवनाशाि ि दु ष्कृताम् |
धमिसंथिापनािािि सम्भवासम िुगे िुगे || 4.8 ||
“To deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to re-
establish the principles of religion, I Myself appear, millennium after
millennium”.
श्रिावान् लर्ते ज्ञानं तत्पर: संितेन्विि: |
ज्ञानं लब्ध्वा परां शान्विमसिरे णासधगच्छसत || 4.39 ||
“With deep and dedicated faith, one Can control one’s mind and senses
and eventually attain divine Knowledge”.
Others Important Sloks
ध्याितो सवर्िान्पुंस: सङ्गस्तेर्ूपजािते |
सङ्गात्सञ्जािते काम: कामात्क्रोधोऽसर्जािते || 2.62 ||

न कमिणामनारम्भान्नैष्कम्यं पुरुर्ोऽश्नुते |
न ि संन्यसनादे व ससन्विं समसधगच्छसत || 3.4 ||

न सह कसित्क्षणमसप जातु सतष्ठत्यकमिकृत् |

काििते ह्यवश: कमि सवि: प्रकृसतजैगुिणै: || 3.5 ||

िद्यदािरसत श्रेष्ठस्तत्तदे वेतरो जन: |

स ित्प्रमाणं कुरुते लोकस्तदनुवतिते || 3.21 ||

जन्म कमि ि मे सदव्यमेवं िो वेसत्त तित:|

त्यक्त्वा दे हं पुनजिन्म नैसत मामेसत सोऽजुिन || 4.9 ||

वीतरागर्िक्रोधा मन्मिा मामुपासश्रता:|

बहवो ज्ञानतपसा पूता मद्भावमागता: || 4.10 ||

ज्ञेि: स सनत्यसंन्यासी िो न िे सि न काङ् क्षसत |

सनिि न्स्िो सह महाबाहो सुखं बन्धात्प्रमुच्यते || 5.3 ||

ित्साङ् यै: प्राप्यते थिानं तद्योगैरसप गम्यते |

एकं साङ् यं ि िोगं ि ि: पश्यसत स पश्यसत || 5.5 ||

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 िं संन्याससमसत प्राहुिोगं तं सवन्वि पाण्डव |
न ह्यसंन्यस्तसङ्कल्पो िोगी र्वसत किन || 6.2 ||

िदा सह नेन्वििािेर्ु न कमिवनुर्ज्जते |

सविसङ्कल्पसंन्यासी िोगारूढस्तदोच्यते || 6.4 ||

ज्ञानं तेऽहं ससवज्ञानसमदं वक्ष्याम्यशेर्त: |

िज्ज्ञात्ा नेह र्ूिोऽन्यज्ज्ञातव्यमवसशष्यते || 7.2 ||

मनुष्याणां सहस्रेर्ु कसिद्यतसत ससििे |

िततामसप ससिानां कसिन्मां वेसत्त तित: ||7.3||

िं िं वासप स्मरन्स्र्ावं त्यजत्यिे कलेवरम् |

तं तमेवैसत कौिेि सदा तद्भावर्ासवत: || 8.6 ||

तस्मात्सवेर्ु कालेर्ु मामनुस्मर िुध्य ि |

मय्यसपितमनोबुन्विमािमेवैष्यस्यसंशिम् || 8.7 ||

सविर्ूतासन कौिेि प्रकृसतं िान्वि मासमकाम् |

कल्पक्षिे पुनस्तासन कल्पादौ सवसृजाम्यहम् || 9.7 ||

पत्रं पुष्पं फलं तोिं िो मे र्क्त्या प्रिच्छसत |

तदहं र्क्त्युपहृतमश्नासम प्रितात्मन: || 9.26 ||

िो मामजमनासदं ि वेसत्त लोकमहे श्वरम् |

असम्मूढ: स मत्येर्ु सविपापै: प्रमुच्यते || 10.3 ||

बुन्विज्ञािनमसम्मोह: क्षमा सत्यं दम: शम: |

सुखं दु :खं र्वोऽर्ावो र्िं िार्िमेव ि || 10.4 ||

र्वाप्यिौ सह र्ूतानां श्रुतौ सवस्तरशो मिा |

त्त्त: कमलपत्राक्ष माहात्म्यमसप िाव्यिम् || 11.2 ||

एवमेतद्यिात्थ त्मात्मानं परमेश्वर |

द्रष्टु समच्छासम ते रूपमैश्वरं पुरुर्ोत्तम || 11.3 ||

अि सित्तं समाधातुं न शक्नोसर् मसि न्वथिरम् |

अभ्यासिोगेन ततो मासमच्छाप्ुं धनञ्जि || 11.9 ||

अभ्यासेऽप्यसमिोऽसस मत्कमिपरमो र्व |

मदििमसप कमािसण कुविन्विन्विमवाप्स्स्यसस || 11.10 ||

तेर्ामहं समुिताि मृत्युसंसारसागरात् |

र्वासम नसिरात्पािि मय्यावेसशतिेतसाम् || 12.7 ||

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 मय्येव मन आधत्स्व मसि बुन्विं सनवेशि |
सनवससष्यसस मय्येव अत ऊर्ध्वं न संशि: || 12.8 ||

क्षेत्रज्ञं िासप मां सवन्वि सविक्षेत्रेर्ु र्ारत |

क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञिोज्ञािनं ित्तज्ज्ञानं मतं मम || 13.2 ||

तत्क्षेत्रं िच्च िादृक्च िसिकारर िति ित् |

स ि िो ित्प्रर्ावि तत्समासेन मे शृणु || 13.3 ||

लोर्: प्रवृसत्तरारम्भ: कमिणामशम: स्पृहा |

रजस्येतासन जाििे सववृिे र्रतर्िर् || 14.12 ||

रजसस प्रलिं गत्ा कमिससङ्गर्ु जािते |

तिा प्रलीनस्तमसस मूढिोसनर्ु जािते || 14.15 ||

िासवमौ पुरुर्ौ लोके क्षरिाक्षर एव ि |

क्षर: सवािसण र्ूतासन कूटथिोऽक्षर उच्यते || 15.16 ||

उत्तम: पुरुर्स्त्वन्य: परमात्मेत्युदाहृत: |

िो लोकत्रिमासवश्य सबर्त्यिव्यि ईश्वर: || 15.17 ||

असहं सा सत्यमक्रोधस्त्याग: शान्विरपैशुनम् |

दिा र्ूतेष्वलोलुप्स्त्ं मादि वं ह्रीरिापलम् || 16.2 ||

तेज: क्षमा धृसत: शौिमद्रोहोनासतमासनता |

र्वन्वि सम्पदं दै वीमसर्जातस्य र्ारत || 16.3 ||

िजिे सान्विका दे वान्यक्षरक्षांसस राजसा: |

प्रेतान्स्र्ूतगणांिान्ये िजिे तामसा जना: || 17.4 ||

अशास्त्रसवसहतं र्ोरं तप्यिे िे तपो जना: |

दम्भाहङ्कारसंिुक्ता: कामरागबलान्विता: || 17.5 ||
Impact of bhagavad gita on many eminent scholars: In Bhagavad
Gita there are 700 verses (Slokas) written in 18 chapters, which addresses
the spiritual, mental, intellectual, and health problems of mankind. Many of
our legendary leaders like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Henry David Thorean,
Sri Rishi Aurobindo, Swami Vivekananda, Srila Prabhupada, Sri
Madhvacharya, Adi-Shankaracharya, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, Sri
Ramkrishna Paramahansa, and many eminent scholars wrote comments and
delivered inspiration from the Gita.
‘Dr. Radhakrishnan’ said that what Gita is about, it is the knowledge
that has been given in our Upanishad, Shastras and epics, has been collected

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in totally, collected in one epic and the significant essence of all this is
depicted. This significant essence of the scriptures is what Bhagavad Gita is.
‘Mahatma Gandhi’ The father of the Nation, too had said that
whenever he felt confused or faced a difficult situation which fails to show
him the right path, at that time he used to take the support of Bhagavad Gita
and he found an answer to his solution and strength which he did not get
elsewhere.
‘Lokmanya Tilak’ had stated that Bhagavad Gita is like a lustrous and
tender diamond amongst all our scriptures and epics. It makes everyone
realize the greatness of mankind and the importance of spirituality. It also
makes everyone realize about the devotion and knowledge by the impact of
Shastras on them. When the desponded people of the world, read the Gita, it
gives them peace and also encourages them perform selfless work in their
life.
‘Albert Einstein’ has stated that he was so deeply inspired by the
Bhagavad Gita that once he started thinking of on how God went about
forming the universe, he found everything else take and of no after effect.
‘Aldous Huxley’ stated that the Bhagavad–Gita is the most complete
description of never-ending Philosophy.
Specialty of Bhagavad Gita: The Supreme Philosophy: What is so
special or uniqueness about Bhagavad Gita. It is that of 4 different yoga’s
mentioned there in which are spiritual objective and work for all who care to
apply the same in their lives. Lord Krishna never passed any judgment on
anyone, neither had he specified any moral conduct of ‘Right’ and ‘Wrong’.
He also never imposed any rigid Do’s and Don’ts either. His message from
Bhagavad Gita teaches mankind to free himself of his all fetters, while
staying in ‘Samsara’, it also tells to realize the actual nature of his self-
awareness and go beyond the human limitations of sorrow, anger, ego and
death.
Present scenario of mankind: Today’s human life is very much busy,
with its hectic work pressure, all kind relations getting stressed with too
much violence, and corruption. The present youth generation pursuing their
education does not have the time for anything at all. In the pinch of time they
manage to spare themselves, they often put to fall prey to various
distractions that life showcases before them. Working people is constantly
running to earn more money in order provide their family and children with
more luxuries and material desirables. In this rat race, mankind lose
themselves and their identities, they also forget their actual purpose of life.

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 Relevance of ‘Bhagavad Gita’ in today’s scenario: In an era when
spirituality is regularly on the straightaway on the universal scale and
pragmatism rules the roost, most individual in this scenario are confused
about the efficacy of teachings such as the Bhagavad Gita. The greatest
confusion that arises in the minds of the common people is that whether it is
truly applicable to today’s life or whether it is simply meant for chanting
exclusively. Today people do not remember that the ‘Bhagavad Gita’ means
the ‘Song of God’. and hence, it is found to be a rebellious statement for the
eternity. The Divine, Bhagavad Gita, literally pulsates with our divine gifted
human life and energy; and it is immensely alive for all those individuals,
who care to turn to the divine Gita for their inspiration and support. There
are individuals who vow by the experience that they have faced a particular
problem in their personal life and open the recital to read it, they constantly
found that they have turned to a page of the divine Bhagavad Gita which
holds an answer or the solution to that particular question or problem they
are facing in their life. Such is the divine power of the Bhagavad Gita.
Bhagavad Gita for present generation: Today’s youth is a precious
asset for our nation. Shaping and moulding them properly and helping them
to enhance their personalities will let their hearts feel with complete purity
and putting a step ahead by making them better citizens of the universe, who
would go ahead and create a better world tomorrow. The modern youth of
the universe are currently experiencing a lot of stress, tensions and worries.
They gravitate to age quicker and inviting to various illness and diseases.
The teachings mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita can be utilized by helping
them with positive vision of their own lives, from a different mindset
cultivating them spiritually and by telling them lead to a quality and peaceful
life. The fascinating thing about Bhagavad Gita is that it does not defend the
adherent to sacrifice anything in this material world. It only purifies the mind
and soul, that completely distresses the individual and helps him realize the
inner-self and the supreme one. Further, it helps to enhance values and ethics
in the youth, moulding them into better global citizens for the new Golden
Era for India and the rest of the universe. Reading regularly the Bhagavad
Gita and by understanding the teachings and slokas, leading a life of day-to-
day’s tensions and worries helps are remain young for life and add life to
your years with peaceful life ahead for the youth.
Conclusion
Bhagvad Gita transfers the ideal philosophy ‘Karma Yoga’, a base for
human action or karma. Each individual in the universe has its own potential
of infinity. The ideal vision of infinity showcase that every individual in the

Page | 125
universe has equal boundless potential as of infinite. It is a matter of
demonstration of that divine potential that everyone has in the inner-
consciousness. It is the responsibility of all human beings on the earth to
realize it and strive for the ultimate excellence in their own profession to
meet socially desired targeted goals. It is also the responsibility of the
organizations to understand the need of the employees in this competitive
world. Organizations need to focus on the up-gradation of their employees
through effective training and development. Government needs to put
attention on the allocation of the reasonable amount for the human resource
development by promoting quality education to all the fellow citizens of the
nation. It will enhance the competitive advantage of the individual and
would create a source of resourceful human capital within the country.
References
1. Bhagawan Sri Satya Sai Baba. Man Management-A Values-based
Management Perspective. Andhra Pradesh: Sai Publications; 2005 Dec.
2. Bhaktivedanta AC, Prabhupada Swami. Bhagavad-Gita as it is. New
Delhi: Thomas Press (India) Limited; 2013.
3. Balachandran S, Raja KCR, Nair BK. Ethics, Indian Ethos and
Management. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Shroff Publishers and Distributors
Pvt. Ltd.; 2008.
4. Bhawuk DPS. Anchoring Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior in Desire:
A Model from the Bhagavad-Gita. In: Rao KR, Paranjpe AC, Dalal AK.
editors. Handbook of Indian Psychology. New Delhi, India: Cambridge
University Press; 2008. p. 390-413.
5. Chatterjee D. Timeless Leadership: 18 Leadership Sutras from The
Bhagavad Gita. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
6. Dharmaratnam K. Bhagavad-Gita in Action. Klang, Malaysia: Nathan
Publishing; 1987.
7. Dasgupta S. A History of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal
Banarasidas; 1991, vol. 1. (Published 1922).
8. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy
density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:6-16.
9. Fairburn CG, Harrison PG. Eating Disorders. The Lancet.
2003;361:407-16.
10. Hee CCH. A Holistic Approach to Business Management: Perspectives
from the Bhagavad Gita. Singapore Management Review, 2007, 29(1).

Page | 126
11. Muniapan B. Managerial Effectiveness from the Perspectives of the
Bhagavad-Gita. Punjab Journal of Business Studies. 2007;2(2):30-8.
12. Mahadevan CS. The Glories of the Gita: Stories from the Padma Purana.
New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers; 2001.
13. Mulla ZR, Krishnan VR. Karma-Yoga: Construct validation using value
systems and emotional intelligence. South Asian Journal of
Management. 2007;14(4):116-36.
14. Mahadevan B. Bhagwat Gita: Ideas for Modern Management. Talk
delivered at seminar on “Towards a New Paradigm of Business
Management-Alternative Perspectives from Ancient Indian Wisdom;
IIM Bangalore; 2009 Dec.
15. Subramaniam K. Mahabharata. 11th ed. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya
Bhavan; 2001.
16. Ranganathananda S. The Universal Message of Gita. Kolkata: Advaita
Ashrama. 2000;1:430-7.

Page | 127
Page | 128
 Chapter - 8
NUn% 'kkL= ,oa xf.kr dk vUr%lEcUèk

Authors
fnus'k eksgu tks'kh
ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku foHkkx] Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku]
eqEcbZ] Hkkjr
fxjh'kHkê fc
fl)kUrT;kSfr"k'kkL= esa fo|kokfjfèk'kksèkPNkÙj jkf"Vª;laL—r
foÜofo|ky;] fr#ifr] vkaèkz çns'k] Hkkjr

Page | 129
Page | 130
 Chapter - 8
NUn% 'kkL= ,oa xf.kr dk vUr%lEcUèk
fnus'k eksgu tks'kh ,oa fxjh'kHkê fc

lkjka'k
tgka ,d rjQ NUn dks osn ekuk x;k gS ogha nwljh vksj dkO; dh vkRekA
blls c<dj Hkh NUn dk vfLrRo ns[kus dks feyrk gSA xf.kr ds dfri; fl)kUrksa
ds çLQqj.k esa NUn :ih Hkwfe dh vR;fèkd Hkwfedk jgh gSA vfèkdrj osn NUnksc)
gSa blfy;s osnksa dks NUn dgk tkrk gSA ikf.kfu us vius xzUFk v"Vkè;k;h esa ÞfoHkk"kk
NUnflß] Þcgqya NUnflß] ÞNUnL;usdefi lkdk³~{keß] ÞprqF;ZFkZs cgqya NUnflß
bR;kfn lw=ksa esa NUn 'kCn dk ç;ksx osnksa ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k gSA dkfynkl us
j?kqo'a k esa NUn dks osn dk i;kZ;okph ekuk gS&
vklhUeghf{krkek|% ç.ko'NUnlkfeo॥1
çLrqr 'kksèk i= esa ge ,rsgkfld –f"Vdks.k ls NUn%'kkL= ,oa xf.kr ds
vUrlZEcUèkksa dks çekf.kr djus dk ç;kl djsaxAs
NUn% 'kkL= dh miifÙk
NUn%'kkL= dh miifÙk ds fo"k; esa cgqr lh nUrdFkk;sa çpfyr gSAa ge bl
'kksèk i= esa ek= ,d gh dFkk ds fo"k; esa crk;saxs tks çk—riS³~xy ds Vhdkdkj
y{ehukFkHkê us viuh Vhdk esa çFke 'yksd ds lUnHkZ esa nh gSA dFkk fuEufyf[kr
çdkj ls gS&
^iknkfyUnh rj.Mks ukS%* bfr gkjkoyhA laL—rs Rok|dfookZYehfd%A çk—rs
'kkfyokgu%A Hkk"kkdkO;s fi³~xy%A vo ,r çFkeinksiknkuEA çfl)a pkSrYyksds
dFkkudE&,dnk 'ks"kukxks eeksifj fd;rh HkwfejLrhfr i`fFkO;k foLrkja ftKklq%
fi³~xyukek czkã.kkS HkwRok HkqoeokrjRA vuUrja p x#M% çfl)oSjRokr~ ra
ft?kRlqnZwjknèkkor~ rnk fi³~xyLreoknhr~ – ^vga dfoeZe dkS'kya i'; ;nsd=
fy[kkfe u rnU;=sfrA ;|sddkdkje³~da i';fl rnk eka [kkfn";lhfr rsukuqer
,dk{kjkfn"kfM~oa'kR;{kj¼i;ZUra½ çLrkja —Rok leqærhji;ZUra xrokUA xRok ra

1
j?kqoa'k] çFke lxZ] 'yksd 11b.

Page | 131
 o¥~pf;Rok tya çfoos'kA vFk lka;kf=d% fi³~xy% L;kPNs"kukxks·fi fi³~xy bfr
dks"kefgEuk l fi³~xy% iksrof.kXt;frA2
Åij fn;s x;s x| dk HkkokFkZ bl çdkj ls gS ,d ckj 'ks"kukx] fi³~xy
uked czkã.k dk :i èkkj.k dj i`Foh ij ;g ns[kus vk;s fd mudh Q.k ij
fdruh Hkwfe fLFkr gSA 'ks"kukx ds 'k=q x#M us 'ks"kukx dk jkLrk jksdkA x#M ls
cpus ds fy;s ,d ;qfä yxkbZA mlus x#M ls dgk fd D;k rqEgsa irk ugha eSa
fdruk egku dfo gwa\ ns[kks eSa fdl çdkj ls fHkUu fHkUu NUnksa dh jpuk djrk
gwAa vxj rqeus eq>s NUnksa dh iqujko`fÙk djrs gq;s ik;k rks eq>s [kk ysukA ,lk
lqudj x#M lger gqvk vkSj fi³~xy ¼'ks"kukx½ us NUnksa dh jpuk çkjEHk dj
nhA fi³~xy us fHkUu fHkUu çLrkjksa ds lkFk NUn jpuk dhA blesa 1 ls ysdj 26
v{kj FksA vUr esa fi³~xy ikuh esa dwn x;k vkSj viuh tku cpk yhA
NUn%'kkL= dh çklkf³~xdrk
osn ds N% v³~x gS& a f'k{kk] dYi] O;kdj.k] fu#ä] T;ksfr"k ,oa NUnLA tSls
euq"; ds v³~x vka[k] dku] ukd] eqga ] gkFk vkSj ikao gksrs gSa oSls gh osnksa dh vka[k
T;ksfr"k gS] dku fu#ä gS] ukd f'k{kk gS] eq[k O;kdj.k gS] gkFk dYi gS rFkk ikao
NUn gSAa ikf.kfu f'k{kk esa dgk Hkh x;k gS&
NUn% iknLrq osnL; gLrkS dYiks·Fk iBîrsA
T;ksfr"kke;ua p{kqfuZ#äa Jks=eqP;rs॥
f'k{kk vkSj NUn ls Bhd Bhd jhfr ls mPpkj.k vkSj iBu dk Kku gksrk gS]
bl çdkj oSfnd lkfgR; dk NBk v³~x NUn gSA _Xosn lEiw.kZ i|e; gSA
lkeosn ,oa vFkoZosn Hkh i|e; gh gSAa dsoy ;tqoZsn esa i| vkSj x| nksuksa gSAa
i| vFkok NUnksa dh l³~[;k ,oa çdkj vxf.kr gSA
NUn dk çèkku ç;kstu Hkk"kk dk ykfyR; gSA x| dks lqudj dku vkSj eu
dks og r`fIr ugha gksrh tks i| dks lqudj gksrh gSA i| ;kn Hkh tYnh gksrs gSa
vkSj cgqr dky rd Lej.k jgrs gSAa lkFk gh os xEHkhj ls xEHkhj Hkko la{ksi esa
O;ä dj nsrs gSaA ;g rks NUnksa dk lkèkkj.k xq.k gqvk] ijUrq osnkè;;u esa NUn dk
Kku vfuok;Z gSA NUnksa dks tkus fouk osnkè;;u iki ekuk tkrk gSA c`gísork esa
dgk Hkh x;k gS&
vfofnRok _f"ka NUnks nSora ;ksxeso pA
;ks·è;ki;sTtis}kfi ikih;k¥~tk;rs rq l%॥3

2
çk—riS³~xy] 1.1
3
c`gísork] 8.136.

Page | 132
 NUn dks vijk fo|k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA eq.Mdksifu"kn~ esa dgk x;k gS&
r=kijk _Xosnks ;tqoZsn% lkeosnks·FkoZosn%A
f'k{kk dYiks O;kdj.ka fu#äa NUnks T;ksfr"kfefrA4
dkR;k;u us Hkh ;g l³~dsr fn;k gS fd tks NUn ds Kku ds vkHkko esa osn
ikB djrk gS vFkok djokrk gS og iki djrk gS&
;ks fg vfofnrk"kZs;PNUnks nSorczkã.ksu eU=s.k ;kt;fr ok vè;ki;fr ok LFkk.kqa
oPNZfr xrZs ikR;rs çeh;rs ok ikih;ku~ HkofrA5
lk;u us rks ,ls O;fä dks tks NUn ds Kku ds vkHkko esa osn ikB djrk gS
mldks eU=d.Vd rd dg fn;k gSA
_f"kPNUnksnSorkfu czkã.kkFkZa LojknfiA
vfofnRok ç;q¥~tkuks eU=d.Vd mP;rs॥6
NUn% 'kkL= ds çeq[kkpk;Z ,oa muds xzUFk
uhps nh xbZ lkfj.kh l³~[;k 1 esa dkyØekuqlkj NUn%'kkL= lEcUèkh xzUFkksa
dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl lkfj.kh esa xf.kr'kkL= ds mu xzUFkksa ds uke Hkh
tksMs x;s gSa ftuesa NUn% 'kkL= lEcUèkh ppkZ feyrh gSA
Table 1: NUn%'kkL= ds çfl) xzUFk ,oa muds jpf;rk
Ø- e- xzUFk uke xzUFkdrkZ jpuk dky
1. NUn% 'kkL= fi³~xykpk;Z 300 BC
2. ukVî'kkL= Hkjreqfu 100 BC
3. c`gRlafgrk ojkgfefgj 550 AD
4. czãLQqVfl)kUr czãxqIr 628 AD
5. o`ÙktkfrleqPp; fojgk³~d 650 AD
6. xf.krlkjl³~xzg egkohj 850 AD
7. e`rl¥~thouh ¼NUn% 'kkL= Vhdk½ gyk;qèk 950 AD
8. o`ÙkjRukdj dsnkjHkê 1000 AD
9 NUnkuq'kklu gsepUæ 1200 AD
10 xf.krdkSeqnh ukjk;.kif.Mr 1350 AD
11 ok.khHkw"k.k nkeksnj 1500 AD
12 ukjk;.kh ¼o`ÙkjRukdjVhdk½ ukjk;.kHkê 1550 AD

4
eq.Mdksifu"kn~] 1-1-5.
5
dkR;k;u dh lokZuqØe.kh
6
_Xosn] lk;.k Hkk";

Page | 133
oSfnd NUn
NUnksa dks osn dk pj.k crk;k x;k gSA ftu NUnksa dk ç;ksx lafgrkvksa esa
gqvk gS os vkSj fdlh xzUFk esa ugha ik;s tkrsA osn ds czkã.k ,oa vkj.;d [k.M esa
oSfnd NUnksa ds fo"k; esa cgqr lh dFkk;sa vk;h gSa ij muls NUn ds fo"k; dk
fo'ks"k Kku ugha gksrkA dkR;k;u dh 'lokZuqØef.kdk' esa lkr NUnksa dk mYys[k
gS&
Table 2: oSfnd NUn
Ø- e- NUn uke o.kZ l³~[;k
1. xk;=h 24
2. mf".kD 28
3. vuq"VqI 32
4. c`grh 36
5. if³~ä 40
6. f="VqI 44
7. txrh 48

,lk çrhr gksrk gS fd txrh ls cMs NUn oSfnd dky esa ugha curs FksA osn
dk cgqr Hkkjh eU=Hkkx bUgha lkr NUnksa esa gS vkSj buesa ls lcls vfèkd xk;=h
NUn dk O;ogkj gqvk gSA dkR;k;u us bu lkr NUnksa ds vusd Hksn fLFkj fd;s
gSAa mu lc Hksnksa dks tkuus ds fy;s dkR;k;u dh jph lokZuqØef.kdk ns[kuh
pkfg;sA
bUgha lkr NUnksa dks ewy ekudj O;kogkfjd Hkk"kk esa vuUr NUnksa dk fuekZ.k
gqvk gSA mÙkjjkepfjr esa fy[kk gS fd igys igy vkfndfo okYehfd ds eq[k ls
ykSfdd vuq"Vqi~ NUn dh jpuk gqbZ FkhA blds dqN gh fnu ckn vk=s;h us ounsork
ls ckrksa ckrksa esa bldh ppkZ dhA bl ij ounsork cksyh ÞD;k vk'p;Z dh ckr gS
! ;g rks osn ls vfrfjä fdlh u;s NUn dk vkfo"dkj gks x;kßA bl dFkk ls
tku iMrk gS fd HkoHkwfr ds vuqlkj igyk ykSfdd NUn vuq"Vqi~ gS vkSj igys
ykSfdd dfo okYehfd FksA okYehfd jkek;.k esa Hkh bl rjg dh dFkk nh gqbZ gS
ijUrq okYehdh; jkek;.k] ckydk.M] nwljs lxZ ds 15 osa 'yksd dh Vhdk djrs
gq;s jkekuqt Lokeh ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd ykSfdd NUnksa dk ç;ksx okYehfd ls
igys py pqdk FkkA
dkR;k;u dh lokZuqØef.kdk ds ckn NUn%'kkL= ds lcls çkphu fuekZrk
egf"kZ fi³~xy gq;sA bUgksua s 1] 61] 66] 216 çdkj ds o.kZo`Ùkksa dk mYys[k fd;k
gSA laL—r lkfgR; esa bl Hkkjh l³~[;k esa ls yxHkx 50 çdkj ds NUn O;ogkj
esa vkrs gSAa vU; ykSfdd Hkk"kkvksa esa laL—r dh vis{kk cgqr çdkj ds NUnksa dk
O;ogkj gqvk ijUrq mudh fxurh osnk³~x esa ugha gSA
Page | 134
oSfnd ,oa ykSfdd lkfgR; esa NUn% 'kkL=
vkj.;d ,oa czkã.k lkfgR; esa NUn fo"k;d lUnHkZ miyCèk gSAa ,srjs;
vkj.;d esa NUn dks Nknd ds lUnHkZ esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS ,oa ;g euq"; dks
iki deksZa ls cpkrk gS ,lk fy[kk x;k gSA ;Fkk&
Nkn;fUr g ok ,ua NUnkafl ikikRdeZ.kks ;L;ka dL;kafpfíf'k dke;rs ; ,oesrP-
NUnlka NUnLRoa osn bfrA rnqäe`f"k.kk bfrA7
blh çdkj rSfÙkjh; lafgrk esa NUn ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS&
çtkifrjfXuefpuqR] l {kqjifoHkZwRok·fr"BÙka nsoka foH;rks uksik;Urs NUnksfHkjkRekua
Nknf;Roksik;UrjPNUnlka NUnrLRoEA 8
NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ esa dgk x;k gS fd nsork e`R;q ds Hk; ls NUn ls <ds gq;s
gSAa
nsok oS e`R;ksfcZH;rL=;ha fo|ka çkfo'kaLrs NUnksfHkjkRekuePNkn;u~ ;nsfHkjPNkn;aL-
rPNUnlka NUnLRoEA9
'kriFk czkã.k esa jlkS oS NUnkafl 10 dgk x;k gSA blh çdkj dkSf'krfdczkã.k
esa çk.kk oS NUnkafl 11 dgk x;k gSA blls ,lk çrhr gksrk gS fd gekjs _f"k NUn
dks oSfnd ok³~xe; dh vkRek ekurs FksA
vxj laL—r lkfgR; dh ckr djsa rks Hkjreqfu us ukVî'kkL= esa NUn ds fo"k;
esa bl çdkj dgk gS&
NUnksghuks u 'kCnks·fLr u NUn''kCnoftZrEA12
vFkkZr~ u dksbZ 'kCn NUn ls ghu gS vkSj u dksbZ NUn 'kCnksa ls jfgr gSA
n.Mh ds dFkukuqlkj&
सा विद्या नाौवििविक्षूणाां गम्भीरां काव्यसागरम्॥13

काव्यरूप सागर में तरण करने वालों के ललये छन्द ज्ञान नौका रूप है। लिस çdkj ukSdk
ysdj leqæ esa tusokys vO;klUuHkko ls LokHkh"V jRukfnlaxzg.k esa leFkZ gqvk djrs

7
,srjs; vkj.;d] 2-1-6.
8
rSfÙkjh; lafgrk] 5.6.61.
9
NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~] 1-4-2.
10
'kriFkczkã.k] 7-3-1-37.
11
dkSf'krfdczkã.k] 7-9, 11-8, 17.2.
12
ukVî'kkL=] prqnZ'kks·è;k;] 'yksd 47a.
13
dkO;kn'kZ] çFke ifjPNsn] 'yksd 12b.

Page | 135
gSa vU;Fkk vlQy jgrs gS]a mlh rjg NUnksKku lEiUu tu dkO;lkxj esa 'kCnk-
FkZjRu dk l³~xzg dj ikrs gSaA vU;Fkk ughaA
NUn%'kkL= dk cht :i xf.kr
NUn%'kkL= esa xf.kr dh ,d fo'kky ijEijk jgh gSA bl gsrq NUn%'kkL= esa
vl³~[; çek.k miyCèk gSAa vkèkqfud xf.kr'kkL= dh dlkSVh ij NUn%'kkL=h;
fl)kUrksa dks fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA NUn dh fuEufyf[kr fofèkvksa ds vUrxZr
xf.kr'kkL= dh egrh Hkwfedk jgh gS&
1- çLrkj fofèkA
2- çLrkj es fn;s x;s veqd Øe ij fn;s x;s y?kq&xq# dh O;oLFkk dks
Kkr djukA
3- çLrkj es fn;s x;s y?kq&xq# ds vkèkkj ij mldk Øe Kkr djukA
4- çLrkj ds veqd Øe esa xq.kk³~d ¼coefficient½ Kkr djukA
;g pkjksa fcUnq xf.kr'kkL= dh –f"V ls vR;fèkd egRoiw.kZ gSaA
fi³~xy ds NUn%'kkL= ds 8osa vè;k; dh lw= l³~[;k 20 ls 35 rd lHkh
lw= xf.kr ls lEcfUèkr gSAa bu lHkh lw=ksa dh ppkZ ge xf.kr ds ifjis{; esa bl
'kksèki= esa djsaxsA
çR;;ksa ds uke
;g lw= eq[; :i ls çR;; ds vUrxZr vkrs gSAa eq[; :i ls çR;; 6
çdkj ds gksrs gSa] o`ÙkjRukdj ds jpf;rk dsnkjHkê ds vuqlkj çR;; fuEuçdkj ls
gS&
a
çLrkjks u"Veqfí"Va ,d};kfn yxfØ;kA
l³~[;k pkSokèo;ksx'p "kMsrs çR;;k% Le`rk%॥14
Table 3: çR;;ksa ds uke ,oa vk³~Xy esa muds led{k vFkZ
Ø- e- çR;; uke vk³~Xy esa vFkZ vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k
1. çLrkj Spread 8.20-23
2. u"VE Lost 8.24-25
3. mfí"VE Indicated 8.26-27
4. l³~[;k Count 8.28-31
5. vèo;ksx Space measure 8.32

14
o`ÙkjRukdj] 6.1.

Page | 136
 6. yxfØ;k Short-long exercise 8.33-34

lkfj.kh 3 esa çR;;ksa dks vk³~Xy Hkk"kk lfgr O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSA dkSu
ls lw= fdl çR;; ls lEcfUèkr gSa bldks Hkh lkfj.kh esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ge
Øe'k% lHkh çR;;ksa dk fooj.k uhps ns jgs gSaA
çLrkj çR;;
lw= 8-20&23 çLrkj çR;; ls lEcfUèkr gSa tks Øe'k% bl çdkj ls gSa&
Table 4: çLrkj çR;; lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.20 f}dkS XykS
8.21 feJkS p
8.22 i`Fkx~ Xyks·feJk%
8.23 olofL=dk%

;gka xq# ,oa y?kq dk ç;ksx cgqr ckj gqvk gSA ge xq# dks G ,oa y?kq dks
L ls bf³~xr djsaxsA
lw= 8-20 esa XykS ls xq# ¼G½ ,oa y?kq ¼L½ vfHkçsr gSAa lw= esa dgk x;k gS
fd xq# ¼G½ ,oa y?kq ¼L½ dks Øe ls nks ckj fy[ksaA
G
L
G
L
lw= 8-21 ds vuqlkj xq#] xq# ,oa y?kq y?kq dks GLGL ds lkFk nkbZa rjQ
yEcor~ tksM nsaA
G G
L G
G L
L L
lw= 8-22 rhu o.kksZa ds NUn ds çLrkj gsrq fn;k x;k gSA blesa dgk x;k gS
fd xq# y?kq dks iwoZ dh if³~ä ¼lw= 8-21 ds vuqlkj cuk;s x;s çLrkj esa f}rh;
if³~ä½ dh vis{kk nqxquk dj nsa] vFkkZr~ f}rh; if³~ä ¼lw= 8-21 ds vuqlkj nwljh
if³~ä½ esa 2 xq#] 2 y?kq dk Øe py jgk gS] mldks r`rh; if³~ä esa nqxquk djds
4 xq#] 4 y?kq dk Øe pykrs jgsaA çFke if³~ä esa 1 xq#] 1 y?kq gS] f}rh; if³~ä
esa 2 xq#] 2 y?kq gS]a r`rh; if³~ä esa 4 xq#] 4 y?kq gSAa blh çdkj vkxs dh
if³~ä;ksa esa Øe pyrk jgsxkA bldks lkfj.kh 5 esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS&

Page | 137
 Table 5: fi³~xykpk;kZuqlkj çLrkj çR;;
1 G G G
2 L G G
3 G L G
4 L L G
5 G G L
6 L G L
7 G L L
8 L L L

dsnkjHkê ds vuqlkj çLrkj çR;;

ikns loZxqjkok|kYy?kqa U;L; xqjksjèk%A
;Fkksifj rFkk 'ks"ka Hkw;% dq;kZneqa fofèkE॥
Åus n|kn~ xq:uso ;kor~ loZy?kqHkZosRA
çLrkjks·;a lek[;kr% NUnksfofpfrosfnfHk%॥ 15
loZ xq# okys ikn esa loZ çFke xq# ds uhps y?kq fy[ksaA fQj nkfguh vkSj dh
js[kk dks Åij okyh js[kk ds leku j[k nsaA blh çdkj 'ks"k LFkkuksa esa xq#] y?kq
ek=k dks LFkkfir djsaA ;fn ckabZa vkSj dk LFkku [kkyh gks rks ml LFkku ij rc
rd xq# o.kksZa dks gh fy[ksa tc rd loZ y?kqikn dh çkfIr u gks tk;sA NUn%'kkL=
osÙkk blh fofèk dks *çLrkj* dgrs gSaA
lkfj.kh 6 esa çLrkj çR;; fofèk dks crk;k x;k gS tks bl çdkj gS&
Table 6: o`ÙkjRukdj ds vuqlkj çLrkj çR;;
çLrkj Øe ç- o.kZ f}- o.kZ r`- o.kZ prq- o.kZ i- o.kZ
1 G G G G G
2 L G G G G
3 G L G G G
4 L L G G G
5 G G L G G
6 L G L G G
7 G L L G G
8 L L L G G
9 G G G L G

15
o`ÙkjRukdj] 6.2-3.

Page | 138
 10 L G G L G
11 G L G L G
12 L L G L G
13 G G L L G
14 L G L L G
15 G L L L G
16 L L L L G
17 G G G G L
18 L G G G L
19 G L G G L
20 L L G G L
21 G G L G L
22 L G L G L
23 G L L G L
24 L L L G L
25 G G G L L
26 L G G L L
27 G L G L L
28 L L G L L
29 G G L L L
30 L G L L L
31 G L L L L
32 L L L L L

bl iwjs fooj.k dks fuEufyf[kr 5 fcUnqvksa ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1. lcls Åij xq# ¼G½ fy[ksaA
2. lcls ck;sa esa tks xq# ¼G½ gS mlds uhps y?kq ¼L½ fy[k nsaA
3. nkabZ rjQ okys xq# ¼G½] y?kq ¼L½ tks Hkh gksa mudks ;Fkkor~ jgus nsaA
4. iqu% lcls ck;ha fn'kk esa fLFkr xq# ¼G½ ds uhps y?kq ¼L½ fy[k nsa ,oa
nkbZa fn'kk okys xq# ¼G½] y?kq ¼L½ dks oSls gh j[ksaA
5. ,lk Øe rc rd pyrk jgsxk tc rd lHkh ¼L½ ugha gks tkrsA
bl iwjs Øe dks çLrkj dgrs gSaA uhps nh xbZ lkfj.kh 6 esa 5 o.kksZa okys NUn
dk çLrkj fn;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ikBd bldks lUnHkZ :i esa ç;ksx esa yk
ldrs gSaA
bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ftrus Hkh o.kZ l³~[;k ys ds ge çLrkj cuk;saxs
mruh l³~[;k dks mrus ckj 2 dh 2 ls xq.kk djrs tk;saA lkfj.kh 6 esa

Page | 139
mnkgj.kLo:i 5 o.kZ fy;s x;s gSa vr% 2×2×2×2×2 djus ij xq.kuQy 32 çkIr
gqvkA blls ;g fl) gqvk fd 5 o.kZ okys NUn ds 32 çdkj ds NUn cu ldrs
gSAa vkèkqfud xf.kr esa NUn dh o.kZ l³~[;k dks vxj n eku fy;k tk;s rks lw=
2^n cusxkA
u"V çR;;
eku yhft;s fd fdlh NUn dk çLrkj vkius fy[kk gS vkSj fdlh dkj.ko'k
og vkils feV x;k rks vki ml çLrkj dks dSls çkIr dj ldrs gSa\ vkpk;Z us
bl gsrq ds fy;s u"V 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA
lw= 8-24&25 esa le ,oa fo"ke çLrkj dh l³~[;k esa y?kq xq# ds Øe dks
tkuus dh fofèk crkbZ xbZ gSA lw= fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls gSa–
Table 7: u"V çR;; lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.24 yèkZs
8.25 lSds X

lw=ksa dk vFkZ bl çdkj gS&

1. lw= 8-24 crkrk gS fd vxj vkèkk djuk lEHko gS rks vkèkk djsa] y?kq
vFkkZr~ L fy[ksaA
2. lw= 8-25 ds vuqlkj [l³~[;k fo"ke gksus ij] vkèkh djus ls iwoZ 1 tksM
nsa] fQj xq# G fy[ksaA
tc rd 1 'ks"k u jg tk;s rc rd ;g Øe pykrs jgsaA
u"V çR;; dk mnkgj.k
lkfj.kh 6 esa fn;k x;k çLrkj 5 o.kksZa okys NUn ls lEcfUèkr gSA bl çLrkj
dh 14oha tks fd le if³~ä gS esa xq# y?kq dh O;oLFkk D;k gksxh bldks tkurs
gSAa geus ;gka l³~[;k 14 dks n ekukA fuEufyf[kr çfØ;k ls le>us dk ç;kl
djrs gSaA
 14 le l³~[;k gS] L fy[ksa] fQj vkèkk dj nsa [14@2¾7]
 7 fo"ke l³~[;k gS] vkèkk djus ls iwoZ 1 tksM nsa] G fy[ksaA
[7$1¾8]8@2¾4]
 4 le l³~[;k gS] L fy[ksa] fQj vkèkk djsaA [4@2¾2]
 2 le l³~[;k gS] L fy[ksa] fQj vkèkk dj nsaA [2@2¾1]
 1 fo"ke l³~[;k gS] vkèkk djus ls iwoZ 1 tksM nsa] G fy[ksaA

Page | 140
 geus ik;k fd lw=ksa ds vuqlkj lkfj.kh 6 esa fn;s x;s çLrkj esa 14oha if³~ä
dh O;oLFkk LGLLG cuh] fujh{k.k djus ij ;g lgh ik;k x;k gSA
dsnkjHkê ds vuqlkj u"V çR;; dh çfØ;k
dsnkjHkê }kjk çfrikfnr çLrkj çR;; lEcUèkh çfØ;k fi³~xykpk;Z }kjk
çfrikfnr çfØ;k ds leku gh gSA dsnkjHkê dk fuEufyf[kr 'yksd çLrkj çR;;
dk çfriknu djrk gS&
u"VL; ;ks Hkosn³~dLrL;kèkZs·èkZs les p y%A
fo"kes pkSdekèkk; rL;kèkZs·èkZs xq#HkZosR॥16
;fn fdlh çR;; dk Hksn Kkr u gks rks mldks Kkr djus dh jhfr dk uke
Þu"VçR;;ß gSA ;fn u"Vo`Ùk dk v³~d le ¼2] 4] 6] 8 bR;kfn½ gks rks igys y?kq
¼L½ fy[kuk pkfg;sA blh Hkkafr lEiw.kZ o`Ùk ds lekIr gksus rd mls vkèkk&vkèkk
djrs jgsaA ;fn og vkèkk Hkkx le v³~d okyk gks rks ogka mls y?kq ¼L½ fy[ksa
vkSj ;fn fo"ke v³~d gks rks mls xq# ¼G½ fy[ksaA tc fo"ke v³~d vkèkk u gks
rks mlesa ,d l³~[;k tksMdj mls le cuk ysa fQj mls vkèkk djsaA
bl çfØ;k dks u"V çR;; ds mnkgj.k ds vUrxZr çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA
mfí"V çR;;
;g çfØ;k u"Ve~ ls foijhr gSA u"Ve~ çfØ;k esa çLrkj dh if³~ä l³~[;k
ds ekè;e ls xq# y?kq Øe dks Kkr djuk gksrk gS vkSj mfí"Ve~ çfØ;k ls y?kq
xq# Øe ls çLrkj dh if³~ä l³~[;k Kkr djuh gksrh gSA fi³~xykpk;Z ds mfí"V
çR;;ksa ds lw=ksa dks lkfj.kh 8 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS&
Table 8: mfí"V çR;; lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.26 çfryksexq.ka f}ykZ|ZE
8.27 rrks X;sda tákR

lw= 8-26 esa nk;sa ls ckbZa fn'kk dh çfØ;k dks crk;k gSA çFke y?kq fpà ij
2 fy[ksaA vkxkeh fpàksa ij iwoZ l³~[;k dks nqxquk djrs tk;saA vxj çFke fpà
xq# ¼G½ gS rks 2 esa ls ,d ?kVk nsa ¼2&1¾1½A fQj 'ks"k dks nqxquk djsaA
lw= 8-27 esa crk;k x;k gS fd tc fpàksa ij nqxquh l³~[;k fy[k jgs gSa rc
vkxs xq# ¼G½ fpà vkus ij ml çkIr l³~[;k esa ls 1 ?kVk ysaA

16
o`ÙkjRukdj] 6.4.

Page | 141
mfí"V çR;; dk mnkgj.k
lkfj.kh 6 esa 5 o.kZ okys NUn ds çLrkj esa LGGGL bl xq# y?kq dh if³~ä
lEcUèkh l³~[;k dks Kkr djuk gS rks blds lkèku gsrq çfØ;k fuEufyf[kr gksxh&
nk;sa ls ck;sa çkjEHk djsaA y?kq gksus ij 2 fy[ksaA fQj 2 dks f}xqf.kr dj nsaA
vxj vkxs okyk o.kZ xq# ¼G½ gS rks f}xqf.kr okys eku esa ls 1 ?kVk nsa] fQj ?kVs
gq;s eku dks f}xqf.kr dj nsaA tgka xq# ¼G½ vk;s ogka 1 ?kVkus ds ckn f}xqf.kr
djuk gSA ;g leLr çfØ;k lkfj.kh 9 ls Li"V gSA lkfj.kh 9 es ekè;e ls ;g
fl) gqvk fd LGGGL lkfj.kh 6 dh 18oha if³~ä ls lEcfUèkr gSA
Table 9: fi³~xy çfrikfnr mfí"V çR;; dk mnkgj.k ¼nka;sa ls cka;sa½
18 10-1=9 6-1=5 4-1=3 2
18 9 5 3 2
लघु गु रु गु रु गु रु लघु
L G G G L
⟸ ⟸ ⟸ ⟸ ⟸

dsnkjHkê ds vuqlkj mfí"V çR;;

mfí"Va f}xq.kk|k|qi;Z³~dkUlekfy[ksRA
y?kqLFkk ;s rq r=k³~dkLrS% lSdSfeZfJrSHkZosR॥ 17
dsnkjHkê us mfí"V çR;; gsrq ck;sa ls nkabZa fn'kk esa gksus okyh çfØ;k dks
crk;k gSA dsnkjHkê ds dFku dks lkfj.kh 10 ds ekè;e ls Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
Table 10: dsnkjHkê ds mfí"V çR;; ij vkèkkfjr mnkgj.k ¼cka;sa ls nka;sa½
1 2 4 8 16
y?kq xq# xq# xq# y?kq
L G G G L
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒

çfØ;k bl çdkj gS ckbZa rjQ ls 1 ls çkjEHk djds f}xqf.kr djrs jgsaA y?kq
¼L½ okys v³~dksa ls lEcfUèkr l³~[;kvksa dk ;ksx djus ds ckn 1 vkSj tksM nsaA
tks l³~[;k çkIr gks ogh çLrkj dh if³~ä dh l³~[;k gSA
lkfj.kh 10 esa L dk eku Øe'k% 1 ,oa 16 gSa vr% lw=kuqlkj 1$16$1¾18
gqvkA lkfj.kh 6 esa ;g 18oha if³~ä gqbZA

17
o`ÙkjRukdj] 6.5.

Page | 142
 bl çfØ;k dks xq.kksÙkj Js<h ¼Geometric progression½ dgk tkrk gSA ;gka
çFkek³~d ¼first term½ 1 gS ,oa lkekU; vuqikr ¼common ratio½ 2 gSA fi³~xykpk;Z
dh çfØ;k nk;sa ls ck;sa gSa vkSj dsnkjHkê dh ck;sa ls nk;saA
l³~[;k çR;;
l³~[;k fofèk ds }kjk o`Ùk ds dqy Hksnksa dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA bl gsrq
fi³~xykpk;Z us vkBosa vè;k; ds lw= 28 ls 31 rd bl fofèk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
lkfj.kh 11 esa l³~[;k çR;; lEcUèkh lw= fn;s x;s gSa tks bl çdkj gSa&
Table 11: l³~[;k çR;; lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.28 f}jèkZs
8.29 :is 'kwU;E
8.30 f}% 'kwU;s
8.31 rkonèkZs rn~xqf.krE

lw=ksa dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls gS&

 8-28 lw= dgrk gS fd l³~[;k dks vkèkk djsa vkSj Þ2ß fy[ksaA
 8-29 lw= ds vuqlkj ;fn l³~[;k vkèkh u dh tk lds rks ml l³~[;k
esa ls 1 ?kVk ysaA Þ0ß LFkkfir djsaA
 8-30 lw= ds vuqlkj Þ0ß gksus ij 2 ls xq.kk djsaA
 8-31 lw= ds vuqlkj Þ2ß gksus ij oxZ djsaA
l³~[;k çR;; dk mnkgj.k
eku yhft;s fd 8 o.kksZa dk NUn gSA bldks xf.krh; Hkk"kk esa n¾8 dgk tk
ldrk gSA l³~[;k 8 ds lkèku dh fofèk tks lw= 8-28&31 rd crkbZ xbZ gS
mldks mnkgj.k ds ekè;e ls Li"V djus dk ç;kl djsaxsA mnkgj.kLo:i&
8
 =4→2
2
4
 =2→2
2
2
 =1→2
2

 1 − 1 =→ 0
Øe'k% 2] 2] 2] 0 çkIr gqvkA

Page | 143
 Table 12: l³~[;k çR;; lEcUèkh mnkgj.k
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
2 16 = 256 ∨ 28
2

2 42 = 16
2 22 = 4
0 2↑

lw= esa nh xbZ çfØ;k dks lkfj.kh 12 esa Åij dh fn'kk esa çnf'kZr fd;k x;k
gSA QyLo:i 2^8 çkIr gqvkA ;gh mÙkj visf{kr FkkA
dsnkjHkê ds erkuqlkj l³~[;k çR;;
yxfØ;klUnksgs HkosRl³~[;k fofefJrsA
mfí"Vk³~dlekgkj% lSdks ok tu;sfnekek॥18
yxfØ;k v³~d lewg dks vkil esa feyk nsus ls l³~[;k uked çLrkj Hksn
fl) gks tkrk gS vFkok mfí"V çR;; ds v³~d lewg esa ,d l³~[;k vfèkd tksM
nsus ls l³~[;k uked çR;; dh flf) gksrh gSA
lkfj.kh 10 esa mfí"V çR;; ds lkèku gsrq Øe'k% 1] 2] 4] 8] 16 v³~d fn;s
gq;s gSaA dsnkjHkê ds fu;ekuqlkj bu lcdk ;ksx ,oa fQj 1 tksMus ij
1$2$4$8$16$1¾32 çkIr gqvkA ;gh 5 o.kksZa okys NUn esa l³~[;k vk;sxhA bldks
xf.krh; çfØ;k esa 2^n dgk tkrk gS] tgka n¾5 gS vr% 2×2×2×2×2¾32 çkIr
gqvkA
vèo;ksx çR;;
fufnZ"V l³~[;k rd ds Hksnksa ds Kku ds fy;s ml l³~[;k rd ds ftrus
Hksn gSa mudks nqxquk dj nsaA ml nqxquh l³~[;k esa ls 2 dks ?kVk nsaA ;g ml
l³~[;k rd ds Hksnksa dh dqy l³~[; gSA blh dks vèo;ksx çR;; dgk tkrk gSA
uhps nh xbZ lkfj.kh 13 esa vèo;ksx çR;; lEcUèkh lw= fn;s x;s gSAa
Table 13: vèo;ksx çR;; lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.32 f}}~;Zwua rnUrkukE
8.33 ijs iw.kZE

18
o`ÙkjRukdj, 6.8.

Page | 144
 bl vèo;ksx çR;; dks xf.krh; çfØ;k esa fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k 1 ls fn[kk;k
tk ldrk gS&
2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 − 2 (1)
vèo;ksx çR;; dk mnkgj.k
vxj fufnZ"V o.kksZa dh l³~[;k 5 Lohdkj dj ysa rks ge n¾5 dj nsaxsA Åij
nh xbZ O;k[;k ds vuqlkj vèo;ksx çR;; lkèku gsrq lehdj.k fuEufyf[kr çdkj
ls cu tk;sxk&
21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 = 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 62 = 25+1 − (2)
lw= 8-33 lw= 8-32 ls FkksMk lk fHkUu gSA lw= 8-32 esa fufnZ"V l³~[;k rd
ds Hksnksa dks Kkr djus dh fofèk crkbZ xbZ gS tcfd lw= 8-33 esa fufnZ"V l³~[;k
ls vxyh l³~[;k okys o`Ùk ds Hksnksa dks tkuus dh fofèk crkbZ xbZ gSA lw= 8-32
esa 2 vUr esa l³~[;k 2 dks ?kVk;k x;k gS tcfd lw= 8-33 esa l³~[;k 2 dks
?kVk;k ugha x;k gSA nksuksa lw=ksa esa ek= bruk gh Hksn gSA lw= 8-33 dks xf.krh;
çfØ;k ls fuEufyf[kr lw= ls fn[kk ldrs gSa
2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 (3)
yxfØ;k çR;; vFkok es#çLrkj
fi³~xy us lw= 8-34 es# çLrkj ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s fn;k gSA blh es#çLrkj
dks orZeku esa Pascal triangle ,oa Chu Shih-Chieh ds fu;e ds rqY; ekuk tkrk
gSA ;g lw= lkfj.kh 14 esa fn;k x;k gS tks fuEu çdkj gS&
Table 14: yxfØ;k vFkok es#çLrkj lEcUèkh lw=
vè;k; ,oa lw= l³~[;k lw=
8.34 ijs iw.kZfefr

gyk;qèk us fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls lw= 8-34 dh O;k[;k dh gS tks fuEu çdkj

ls gS&
mifj"Vknsda prqjlzdks"Ba fyf[kRok rL;k·èkLrkr~ mHk;rks·èkZfu"ØkUra dks"Bd};a
fy[ksRA rL;kI;èkLrkr~ =;a rL;kI;èkLrkr~ prq"V;esoa ;konfHkera LFkkufefr
es#çLrkj%A rL; çFkes dks"Bs ,dl³~[;ka O;oLFkkI; y{k.kfena çorZ;sRA r=
f}dks"Bk;ka i³~äkS mHk;ks% dks"B;ksjsdSde³~d n|kRA rrLr`rh;k;ka i³~äkS
i;ZUrdks"B;ksjsdSde³~da n|kRA eè;edks"Bs rwifjdks"B};;k³~desdh—R; iw.kZa
fuos'k;sfnfr iw.kZ'kCnkFkZ%A prqF;kZa i³~äkofi i;ZUrdks"B;ksjsde³~da LFkki;sRA
eè;edks"B;ksLrq ijdks"B};k³~desdh—R; iw.kZa f=l³~[;k:ia LFkki;sRA
mÙkj=kI;;eso U;kl%A r= f}dks"Bk;ka i³~äkS ,dk{kjL; çLrkj%A r=SdxqoZsdy?kqo`Ùka

Page | 145
HkofrA r`rh;k;ka i³~äkS }~;{kjL; çLrkj%A r=Sda loZxq#] }s ,dy?kquh] ,da
loZyf?ofr dks"BØes.k o`Ùkkfu HkofUrA prqF;kZa i³~äkS «;{kjL; çLrkj%A r=Sda
loZxq# =h.;sdy?kwfu =hf.k f} y?kwfu ,da loZy?kqA rFkk i¥~pekfni³~äkofi
loZxqokZfny?oUresd}~;kfny?kq æ"VO;fefrA
lcls Åij ,d prq"dks.k cuk;saA blds uhps nks prq"dks.k bl çdkj ls cuk;sa
fd nksuksa dk vkèkk Hkkx igys okys prq"dks.k ds nksuksa rjQ ls ckgj fudysA blds
uhps iqu% iwokZsä i)fr ls rhu prq"dks.k cuk;saA bldh çdkj pkj ,oa ;Fkk bPNk
cukrs jgsaA ;g es#çLrkj lEcUèkh O;k[;k gSA çFke prq"dks.k esa 1 fy[ksaA bl
çdkj vf³~dr djsaA nwljh if³~ä esa nks prq"dks.kksa esa 1&1 fy[ksaA rhljh if³~ä
esa lcls nka;sa ,oa lcls cka;sa prq"dks.k esa 1&1 fy[ksa ,oa eè; okys prq"dks.k esa
nksuksa dk ;ksx djds LFkkfir dj nsaA pkSFkh if³~ä esa lcls nka;sa ,oa lcls cka;sa
okys prq"dks.k esa 1&1 fy[k nsaA vxys prq"dks.k esa rhljh if³~ä okys çFke nks
prq"dks.kksa esa fo|eku v³~dksa dk ;ksx djds fy[k nsaA mlds ckn iqu% rhljh
if³~ä ds vkxs okys nks prq"dks.kksa esa fo|eku v³~dksa ds ;ksx dks pkSFkh if³~ä ds
rhljs prq"dks.k esa LFkkfir dj nsaA mÙkjksÙkj ,lk gh Øe pykrs jgsaA vkxs ds lHkh
prq"dks.kksa dks blh Øe esa Hkjrs jgsaA bl rjg f}rh; if³~ä ,d o.kZ lEcUèkh]
r`rh; if³~ä nks o.kZ lEcUèkh ,oa prqFkZ if³~ä rhu o.kZ lEcUèkh çLrkj n'kkZrh
gSA
gyk;qèk dh O;k[;k ds vkèkkj ij uhps nh xbZ lkfj.kh 1 dk fuekZ.k fd;k
x;k gS tks bl çdkj gS&

Fig 1: gyk;qèk ds vuqlkj es#çLrkj

f}in çes; ¼Binomial Theorem½ esa xq.kk³~d ds lkèku esa es#çLrkj dk ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlh l³~[;k dh ?kkr de gksrh gS rks ge çpfyr fofèk;ksa

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ls mldk lkèku dj ysrs gSa ijUrq tc ?kkr dk eku vfèkd gks rks ,lk djuk
lEHko ugha gS] ,lh fLFkfr esa es#çLrkj cgqr gh lgk;d lkèku gSA uhps lehdj.k
4 esa tks lw= fn;k x;k gS og f}in çes; ¼binomial theorem½ lEcUèkh gh gSA
lehdj.k 4 ,oa 5 dh lgk;rk ls ge vHkh"V ?kkreku okys lehdj.k dk gy
es#çLrkj esa çfrikfnr fofèk ls fudky ldrs gSAa f}in çes; ¼binomial theorem½
ls lEcfUèkr vkèkqfud lw= bl çdkj gS&
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 𝑏 𝑘 (4)
𝑘
𝑛
lehdj.k 4 esa tks 𝑘
gS mlds lekèkku gsrq lw= fuEuçdkj ls gS&
𝑛 𝑛!
( )= (5)
𝑘 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)!

;g nksuksa lw= rHkh mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSa tc 𝑛 dk eku vfèkd gksrk gSA
ge bldks mnkgj.k ds ekè;e ls le>saxsA 𝑛 = 4 ysus ij
4
(𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = ∑4𝑘=0 ( ) 𝑎4−0 𝑏0 (6)
0

bl çdkj ls k dk eku 0 ls 4 rd LFkkfir djrs gq;s lcdk ;ksx djuk gSA

,lk djus ij
4 4 4 4
(𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = ( ) 𝑎4−0 𝑏0 + ( ) 𝑎4−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎4−2 𝑏2 + ( ) 𝑎4−3 𝑏3 +
0 1 2 3
4
( ) 𝑎4−4 𝑏 4
4

1𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏1 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 + 4𝑎1 𝑏3 + 1𝑏 4 (7)

lehdj.k 7 çkIr gqbZA es#çLrkj dh çFke if³~ä dks 'kwU; ¼0½ ekuk tkrk gS
,oa mlds ckn okyh if³~ä;ksa dh x.kuk ,d ls Øe'k% çkjEHk dh tkrh gSA
lehdj.k 7 esa ?kkr 4 gS] fp= 1 tks fd es#çLrkj ls lEcfUèkr gS mlesa ns[kus
ij ik;k fd bldh pkSFkh if³~ä esa Øe'k% 1] 4] 6] 4] 1 v³~d gSAa ;gh v³~d
lehdj.k 7 esa xq.kk³~d ¼coefficient½ :i esa gSaA cMh ?kkr ds xq.kk³~dksa ds lkèku
gsrq es#çLrkj dh miifÙk gqbZA ?kkr dk tks v³~d gksxk mlh Øe dh if³~ä dks
es#çLrkj esa ns[kus ij tks v³~d ml if³~ä esa jgsaxs ogh ml ?kkr lEcUèkh
lehdj.k ds xq.kk³~d gksaxsA fp= 1 esa es#çLrkj fn;k x;k gS] bldh lgk;rk ls
Lo;a mnkgj.k fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ
'kksèk i= ys[ku dk gekjk eq[;ksís'; NUn%'kkL= ,oa xf.kr ds vUrlZEcUèk
dks crkuk FkkA oLrqr% geus fi³~xykpk;Z ds xzUFk NUn%'kkL= dks dsUæ esa j[kdj
bl 'kksèk i= dk ys[ku fd;k gS ijUrq vo';drkuqlkj geus NUn%'kkL= dh
dfri; vU; jpukvksa dk Hkh lekos'k fd;k gSA geus vius 'kksèk dk;Z esa ik;k fd
Page | 147
NUn%'kkL= esa xq.kksÙkj Js<h (geometric progression)] çLrkj (combinatoric½]
f}in xq.kk³~d (binomial coefficient) bR;kfn lw=ksa dh lgk;rk ls NUnksa dk
çfriknu fd;k x;k gSA N% tks çR;; NUn%'kkL= esa crk;s x;s gSa og iw.kZ :i ls
xf.krkèkkfjr gSAa bu N% çR;;ksa dh LFkwy vFkok lw{e :i ls ppkZ vU; lkfgR;d]
xf.krh; ,oa NUn%'kkL=h; xzUFkksa tSls ukVî'kkL=] NUnksfofpfr] o`ÙktkfrlqePP;]
xf.krlkjl³~xzg] t;nsoNUn] NUnkuq'kklu] o`ÙkjRukdj vkSj NUnkuq'kklu bR;kfn
esa miyCèk gSA fi³~xykpk;Z ds lw=ksa dks le>us ds fy;s geus dgha dgha ij
dsnkjHkê jfpr o`ÙkjRukdj xzUFk ls lgk;rk yh gSA
lUnHkZ xzUFk
1. Chandomañjarī of Gaṅgādāsa, commentary by Pt. Parameshwaradin Pan-
dey, Edited by Pt. Satyanarayana Shastri Khanduri, Kirshnadas Academy,
Varanasi; 1987.
2. Chandonuśāsana by Hemachandrasūri, edited by H.D. Velankar,
Adhisthata Singhai Jain Sastram Siksapitha, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,
Bombay; 1961.
3. Nātyaśāstra by Bharatamuni, with the commentary Abhinavabhāratī of
Abhinava Gupta, edited by Parimal Publishers Delhi, 2001, 4 Vol.
4. Halāyudha's commentary on Piñgala's sūtras, edited by Pt. Kedaranatha,
Vasudeva Laxmana Sastri Panasikara, Chaukhamba publishers, Varanasi;
2002.
5. Ṛkprātiśākhyam of Śaunaka (with the commentary of Uvvaṭa), Virendra
Kumar Sharma, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan; 1970.
6. Śrutabodha of Kālidāsa, (edited with Ānandavardhinī commentary in
Sanskrit, by Sri Pt. Kanakalal Sharma), Chowkhamba Sanskrit Samsthan,
second edition, Varanasi; 1984.
7. Vṛttaratnākara by Kedārabhaṭṭa (with commentary by Sridharananada
Shastri), Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi; 1993.
8. The Prosody of Piñgala (A Treatise of Vedic and Sanskrit Metrics with
applications of Vedic Mathematics) with Hindi and English Translation
by Dr. Kapil Deva Dvivedi and Dr. Shyam Lal Singh, Vishwaviadyalaya
Prakashan, Varanasi; 2013.

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 Chapter - 9
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Climate
Change Mitigation and Adaptation

Authors
Annappa NN
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Chemistry, UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Bhavya N
Research Associate, AICRP on STCR, Department of Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Govinda K
Senior Research Fellow, AICRP on STCR, Department of Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Uday Kumar SN
Senior Research Fellow, Indo-German project, AICRP on
STCR, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Chemistry, UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Krishna Murthy R
Professor and Scheme Head, AICRP on STCR, Department of
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India

Page | 149
Page | 150
 Chapter - 9
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation
Annappa NN, Bhavya N, Govinda K, Uday Kumar SN and Krishna Murthy R

Abstract
Climate change is an imminent threat to our planet, demanding urgent and
innovative solutions to mitigate its destructive consequences. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a important tool in this battle, offering
unparalleled abilities in data analysis, prediction and decision-making. AI's
versatile applications span across various aspects of climate change
mitigation. It delves into how AI-powered predictive models bolster our grasp
of climate dynamics, leading to more precise climate forecasts and risk
evaluations. Additionally, AI-fueled data analytics and remote sensing
technologies play a crucial role in the supervision and conservation of crucial
environmental resources, including water, forests and biodiversity. One of
AI's most prominent applications in climate change mitigation is optimizing
energy systems. Machine learning algorithms aid in predicting energy
consumption, managing grids and crafting energy-efficient technologies,
thereby promoting the transition to renewable energy sources and diminishing
greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, AI contributes to the creation of
intelligent infrastructure for sustainable transportation, urban planning and
agriculture, which further reduces carbon footprints. AI plays a pivotal role in
enhancing climate resilience by aiding in disaster prediction and response,
developing early warning systems and formulating adaptive strategies for
vulnerable communities. AI-driven solutions encourage eco-friendly practices
in industries through enhanced supply chain management and waste reduction,
thereby advancing the concept of a circular economy. Nevertheless, the
integration of AI into climate change mitigation efforts is not without its
challenges. These encompass concerns over data privacy, algorithmic biases
and the need for substantial computational resources. Ethical considerations
in AI applications related to climate change must also be carefully examined.
In conclusion, leveraging AI in climate change mitigation presents a
transformative opportunity to expedite progress in confronting this global

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crisis. By harnessing AI's capabilities in data analysis, modeling and decision
support, we can deepen our comprehension of climate dynamics, enhance
resource management and cultivate resilience in the face of environmental
adversity. To fully unlock AI's potential, it is imperative to address technical,
ethical and policy-related challenges while fostering collaboration among
researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders.
Keywords: Climate change, Artificial Intelligence (AI), mitigation, data
analysis
1. Introduction
The looming specter of climate change presents an existential crisis that
imperils our planet and demands immediate and innovative solutions. In this
critical battle for the future of our environment, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
emerged as a powerful and transformative ally. AI, with its remarkable
capabilities in data analysis, prediction and decision-making, is ushering in a
new era of climate change mitigation. This introduction will delve into the
multifaceted role of AI in addressing climate change, exploring how it
enhances our understanding of climate dynamics, facilitates more accurate
climate projections and enables comprehensive risk assessments. AI's
applications span a wide array of domains within climate change mitigation,
from deciphering the intricacies of our planet's climate system to developing
strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable
practices. The marriage of AI and climate science represents a harmonious
synergy where machine learning algorithms and advanced modeling
techniques empower us to make informed decisions and forge innovative
solutions in the face of this global crisis.
As we navigate the complexities of climate change, AI-driven predictive
models provide us with unprecedented insights. They not only improve our
grasp of the intricate interplay of factors driving climate change but also allow
us to anticipate its future trajectories with greater accuracy. These models
serve as invaluable tools in formulating proactive strategies to mitigate the
adverse effects of climate change, thereby enabling us to take more effective
and timely action. Beyond its role in climate projection and risk assessment,
AI plays a pivotal role in monitoring and managing critical environmental
resources. It aids in the efficient management of water, forests and
biodiversity, ensuring their sustainable use and conservation. Additionally, AI
optimizes energy systems, from forecasting energy consumption patterns to
enhancing grid management and designing energy-efficient technologies. This
contribution accelerates the transition to renewable energy sources, a
cornerstone in our efforts to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate

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change. Moreover, AI contributes to the development of intelligent
infrastructure across sectors such as transportation, urban planning, and
agriculture. By creating eco-friendly and sustainable systems, AI helps to
further diminish carbon footprints, making our societies more resilient in the
face of environmental challenges.
While AI promises immense benefits in our battle against climate change,
it is not without its challenges. Issues such as data privacy concerns,
algorithmic biases and the need for substantial computational resources
necessitate careful consideration and ethical scrutiny. As we harness the full
potential of AI in climate change mitigation, it is imperative that we address
these technical, ethical and policy-related challenges, fostering collaboration
among researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders.
The integration of AI into climate change mitigation efforts is more than
a mere partnership; it is a revolutionary opportunity to accelerate our progress
in addressing this global crisis. By leveraging AI's capabilities in data analysis,
modeling and decision support, we stand poised to deepen our understanding
of climate dynamics, enhance resource management, and cultivate resilience
in the face of environmental adversities. The pages that follow will explore
the multifaceted applications of AI in greater detail, highlighting its pivotal
role in reshaping our approach to climate change mitigation and forging a path
toward a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.
2. The science of climate change
The science of climate change is a well-established and extensively
researched field that examines the causes, effects and potential solutions to the
ongoing changes in the Earth's climate. Climate change refers to long-term
shifts in global or regional temperature, precipitation and weather patterns.
These changes result from various factors, including both natural processes
and human activities. In recent decades, the overwhelming scientific
consensus is that human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse
gases, are the dominant driver of contemporary climate change [1].
The IPCC is a prominent international body of scientists, established by
the United Nations, that assesses the scientific knowledge on climate change.
They produce comprehensive assessment reports and special reports on
various aspects of climate change.
1. Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is the process by which
certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (such as carbon dioxide and
methane) trap heat from the sun, leading to a rise in global
temperatures.

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 2. Anthropogenic climate change: The term "anthropogenic" refers to
human-induced climate change. The burning of fossil fuels,
deforestation and other human activities release greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
3. Climate models: Climate models are complex computer simulations
used to project future climate scenarios. They are instrumental in
understanding the potential impacts of climate change and informing
policy decisions.
4. Tipping Points: Tipping points are critical thresholds in the Earth's
climate system, beyond which abrupt and potentially irreversible
changes may occur. For example, the melting of the polar ice caps
could trigger such tipping points.
3. AI basics: Understanding artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science and
technology that aims to create systems and machines capable of performing
tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI has evolved significantly
over the years and is becoming an integral part of various industries and daily
life. To grasp the basics of AI, let's explore its fundamental concepts and
components:
1. Machine Learning (ML): Machine learning is a subset of AI that
focuses on developing algorithms that allow machines to learn from
data and improve their performance over time without being
explicitly programmed. ML techniques include:
A. Supervised learning: In supervised learning, models are trained
on labelled data, which means the algorithm learns to make
predictions based on input-output pairs.
B. Unsupervised learning: Unsupervised learning involves
training models on unlabelled data, and the algorithm discovers
patterns or structures within the data.
C. Reinforcement learning: Reinforcement learning is about
training models to make decisions through trial and error, with a
reward-based system.
2. Deep learning: Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that
uses artificial neural networks (ANN) to model and solve complex
tasks. Neural networks consist of layers of interconnected nodes,
inspired by the structure of the human brain. Deep learning has been
particularly successful in image and speech recognition, natural
language processing and more.

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 3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is a branch of AI that
focuses on the interaction between computers and human language.
It enables machines to understand, interpret and generate human
language, allowing for applications such as chatbots, language
translation and sentiment analysis.
4. Computer vision: Computer vision involves the development of
algorithms and systems that enable computers to interpret and
understand visual information from the world, like images and
videos. This technology is widely used in facial recognition,
autonomous vehicles and medical imaging.
5. AI Ethics and Bias: As AI systems become more prevalent,
addressing ethical concerns and bias is crucial. Ensuring that AI
systems are fair, transparent, and respect privacy is a fundamental
consideration in AI development.
6. AI in real-world applications: AI has found applications in various
domains: AI aids in diagnosing diseases, drug discovery and patient
monitoring and it is used for fraud detection, algorithmic trading and
customer service. Autonomous vehicles and route optimization are
major AI applications. AI personalizes recommendations, optimizes
supply chains and enhances customer experiences. AI can provide
personalized learning experiences and automate administrative tasks.
AI is used for content recommendations, gaming and virtual reality
experiences.
7. Limitations and Challenges: AI heavily relies on data and the
quality of data can significantly impact AI performance. Ensuring
that AI is used responsibly and ethically is a constant challenge.
Some AI models, like deep neural networks, can be challenging to
interpret, which can be a concern for critical applications. Balancing
the potential benefits of AI with the need for data privacy is a
complex issue.
8. The future of AI: The field of AI continues to advance rapidly.
Researchers are exploring new techniques, such as quantum
computing and neuromorphic computing, to push the boundaries of
AI capabilities. As AI becomes more integrated into society,
discussions about regulation, ethics and its societal impact will be
ongoing.
4. AI for climate modeling: advancements and contributions
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of
climate modeling, aiding scientists in understanding and predicting the

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complex dynamics of Earth's climate system. AI techniques are being
integrated into climate science to improve accuracy, efficiency and the ability
to address pressing environmental challenges. Here, is explanation on the
applications of AI in climate modeling.
A. Applications of AI in climate modeling
1. Extreme Weather Prediction: AI algorithms are used to analyze
vast datasets from climate sensors, satellites and weather stations to
improve the prediction of extreme weather events like hurricanes,
heatwaves and floods.
2. Climate Data Analysis: Machine learning models can identify
patterns and relationships within large climate datasets, enabling
researchers to better understand long-term climate trends, variability
and the impacts of climate change.
3. Climate Attribution: AI is employed in attributing specific weather
events to human-induced climate change. This is critical in assessing
the influence of global warming on events like wildfires and
droughts.
4. Cloud and Precipitation modeling: Deep learning techniques can
enhance the accuracy of cloud and precipitation modeling, which is
crucial for climate simulations and weather forecasting.
5. Climate Policy and Mitigation strategies: AI helps policymakers
and researchers assess the effectiveness of various climate mitigation
strategies and evaluate their potential impact on reducing greenhouse
gas emissions.
AI is revolutionizing climate modeling by enhancing our understanding
of the Earth's climate system and its response to human activities. It is helping
us make more accurate predictions, assess climate change impacts and
formulate effective strategies for mitigating its effects. As the field of AI and
climate modeling continues to evolve, it holds great promise for addressing
the urgent challenges posed by climate change. Researchers and policymakers
worldwide are actively exploring innovative applications of AI to combat
climate change and protect our environment.
5. Renewable energy and energy efficiency
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize the energy
sector by optimizing the generation, distribution and consumption of
renewable energy. AI-driven solutions for harnessing the power of solar and
wind energy, improving grid management and enhancing energy efficiency in

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buildings. These innovations are critical for addressing climate change and
transitioning towards a more sustainable energy future.
1. AI-enhanced energy forecasting: AI technologies play a crucial
role in improving the prediction of solar and wind energy generation.
Machine learning models can analyze historical weather data and
electricity generation records to create accurate forecasts. This
enables grid operators to anticipate fluctuations in energy supply and
demand, ensuring better grid stability [2].
2. Smart solar panel management: AI-driven solutions optimize the
efficiency of solar panels by adjusting their tilt angles and
orientations in real-time based on solar radiation and weather
conditions. This enhances energy yield and reduces maintenance
costs.
3. Wind turbine predictive maintenance: AI analytics can predict
when wind turbines require maintenance, reducing downtime and
repair costs. By monitoring various sensor data, AI algorithms can
detect early signs of mechanical issues or component wear, helping
operators schedule maintenance proactively [3].
4. Grid Management
A. Demand response optimization: AI helps manage peak energy
demand by implementing demand response strategies. Machine
learning algorithms can predict high-demand periods and
communicate with connected devices to reduce energy consumption
during those times. This not only stabilizes the grid but also saves
consumers money.
B. Grid balancing with AI: AI technologies can optimize the
allocation of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, to
balance the grid. Advanced algorithms can determine when and
where to distribute energy to ensure a stable supply and reduce the
reliance on fossil fuels for grid balancing.
C. Energy-efficient buildings: AI-driven building management
systems use sensors and data analysis to regulate heating, cooling,
lighting and ventilation based on real-time occupancy and
environmental conditions. This reduces energy waste and enhances
occupant comfort.
D. Predictive energy consumption: Machine learning models can
predict a building's energy consumption patterns and detect
anomalies. This information is used to optimize energy use and
reduce costs [4].

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 AI-driven solutions in the energy sector are instrumental in the transition
to a sustainable and climate-friendly energy system. These technologies
enhance the reliability of renewable energy sources, improve grid
management, and make buildings more energy-efficient. By incorporating AI
into the energy ecosystem, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate
climate change, and work towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy
future. As technology continues to advance, the potential for AI to
revolutionize the energy sector further is boundless, offering hope for a
greener and more sustainable world.
6. AI-driven data analysis for enhanced climate monitoring
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the way we process and
analyze vast datasets related to climate and the environment. AI-driven data
analysis is transforming climate monitoring, enabling us to track various
environmental changes, from deforestation to measuring atmospheric carbon
concentrations. These advancements are essential for addressing climate
change and safeguarding our planet's ecosystems.
1. Deforestation monitoring: AI-driven algorithms analyze satellite
imagery to detect and monitor deforestation in real-time. By
identifying changes in forest cover, AI can provide early warnings,
allowing authorities and environmental organizations to take action
against illegal logging and land-use changes [5]. Machine learning
models use historical deforestation data and various environmental
factors to predict future deforestation hotspots. These predictions aid
in proactive conservation efforts.
2. Atmospheric carbon concentrations: AI processes data from
ground-based sensors and satellites to estimate carbon flux, which is
the balance between carbon emissions and absorption. These
estimates help in understanding carbon cycles and sources of
emissions [6]. Machine learning models analyze data related to
reforestation, afforestation and land-use changes to estimate the
capacity of ecosystems to sequester carbon. This information guides
reforestation efforts and carbon offset projects.
3. Ocean monitoring: AI analyzes underwater imagery to assess the
health of coral reefs. By identifying signs of coral bleaching and
damage, AI contributes to the preservation of these crucial marine
ecosystems. Machine learning models process data from acoustic
sensors and underwater cameras to monitor and protect marine
species, such as whales and dolphins. These technologies help reduce
ship strikes and other threats.

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 AI-driven data analysis is a powerful tool for climate monitoring and
environmental conservation. By efficiently processing vast datasets, AI
provides real-time insights into deforestation, carbon concentrations, ocean
health and many more. These insights are vital for understanding the impacts
of climate change and making informed decisions for ecosystem preservation.
As technology continues to advance, AI will play an increasingly pivotal role
in our efforts to monitor and protect our environment, ultimately contributing
to the fight against climate change and the preservation of our planet.
7. AI for enhanced disaster resilience and response
As extreme weather events become more frequent and severe due to
climate change, the need for advanced disaster resilience and response
mechanisms becomes increasingly critical. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is
emerging as a powerful tool in predicting, mitigating and responding to events
like hurricanes, floods and wildfires.
1. Predictive modeling for extreme weather events: AI-driven
models analyze vast datasets of atmospheric and oceanic conditions
to predict the path and intensity of hurricanes. These models provide
advanced warning to affected regions, enabling timely evacuations
and preparations. AI algorithms process data from weather stations,
river gauges, and remote sensing to predict areas at risk of flooding.
Real-time flood forecasts are invaluable for emergency response
planning.
2. Early warning systems: AI-enhanced image and sensor data
analysis enable the early detection of wildfires. By spotting ignition
sources or smoke plumes, AI can trigger rapid response efforts,
including firefighting and evacuation. Machine learning models
analyze soil moisture, topography, and rainfall data to predict areas
susceptible to landslides during heavy rainfall, minimizing risks to
human lives.
3. Response and recovery: AI-based traffic modeling helps authorities
optimize evacuation routes, considering real-time traffic conditions
and road closures. This ensures a smoother and more efficient
evacuation process during disasters. AI-powered drones and remote
sensing technology can assess the extent of damage after a disaster.
This information helps prioritize rescue and recovery efforts and
allocate resources effectively [7]. AI is revolutionizing disaster
resilience and response by providing advanced predictive models,
early warning systems and real-time decision support. By harnessing

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 the power of AI, we can save lives and reduce the socioeconomic
impact of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and
wildfires. As technology continues to evolve, AI will play an
increasingly pivotal role in mitigating the effects of climate change
and safeguarding our communities against the growing threat of
extreme weather events.
8. Leveraging AI for climate-resilient agriculture
Agriculture is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, posing
a significant threat to global food security. However, artificial intelligence
(AI) offers a range of innovative solutions to optimize farming practices,
enhance crop yields and reduce food waste, all while helping agriculture adapt
to changing climate conditions.
1. Precision agriculture: AI models analyze historical climate data and
real-time weather information to provide farmers with precise
recommendations for planting, irrigation and harvesting, adapting to
changing climate conditions and ensuring optimal crop growth [8].
Machine learning algorithms process soil data to evaluate its health
and predict nutrient deficiencies. This information guides farmers in
optimizing soil quality and nutrient management, making agriculture
more resilient to changing conditions.
2. Crop management: AI-powered image recognition and sensor
technologies identify pests and diseases in crops. Early detection
allows for targeted interventions, reducing the need for pesticides and
minimizing crop losses. Drones equipped with AI-driven cameras
can monitor crops across large areas. This technology tracks crop
health, water stress, and growth patterns, enabling proactive
management decisions to adapt to changing conditions.
3. Post-harvest management: AI analyzes data from sensors and
cameras to assess food quality during storage and transportation. This
ensures that food is kept in optimal conditions, reducing waste and
improving food security. Machine learning algorithms optimize the
supply chain to reduce food spoilage and losses. AI can predict
demand, optimize routes and manage inventory efficiently.
AI is a transformative force in climate-resilient agriculture, offering tools
to enhance decision-making, improve crop management and reduce food
waste. By implementing AI-driven solutions, we can adapt to changing
climate conditions and ensure food security for the growing global population.
As technology continues to advance, the agricultural sector has the potential

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to become more sustainable, efficient and resilient in the face of the challenges
posed by climate change.
9. AI-enabled efficient water resource management
Effective water resource management is a critical component of climate
adaptation and resilience. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing an
increasingly vital role in optimizing water quality monitoring, flood
management and sustainable water use.
1. Water quality monitoring: AI processes data from water quality
sensors and remote monitoring systems to provide real-time
assessments of water quality. It can detect contaminants, track
changes in pH, temperature, turbidity and provide early warnings
about potential water pollution events. Machine learning models
analyze satellite imagery to identify the onset of harmful algal
blooms in bodies of water. Early detection is crucial for preventing
water contamination and protecting ecosystems.
2. Flood management: AI uses weather data, river gauges and
historical flood records to predict and detect the onset of flooding. It
provides authorities with valuable lead time to implement flood
prevention measures and evacuate residents. Machine learning
models assess flood risk by considering factors like rainfall, soil
moisture, and topography. This data-driven approach helps
communities plan for floods, adapt infrastructure, and reduce flood-
related damages [9].
3. Sustainable water use: AI-driven systems optimize irrigation by
monitoring weather conditions and soil moisture levels in real-time.
This reduces water wastage in agriculture and supports sustainable
farming practices. Machine learning models predict water demand
patterns, helping water utilities plan for fluctuations and optimize
distribution networks [10]. AI is a valuable tool in water resource
management, helping ensure the quality, quantity and sustainability
of water in the face of climate change challenges. By providing real-
time water quality assessments, flood prediction and sustainable
water use recommendations, AI can help communities adapt to
changing climate conditions and reduce the impact of water-related
disasters. As AI continues to advance, it promises even more
effective solutions for managing our most precious resource: water.

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10. Challenges and future direction
AI indeed holds great promise for addressing climate change by
enhancing our ability to understand, adapt to, and mitigate its effects.
However, it also presents several limitations and potential risks.
Limitations of AI in climate action
AI models require vast amounts of data to learn and make predictions. In
the context of climate, data can be scarce or biased. For instance, historical
climate data may not be representative of future conditions, leading to
inaccurate predictions. Climate systems are highly complex, with numerous
variables and feedback loops. AI models, even the most advanced ones, may
struggle to capture the full complexity of these systems, leading to imperfect
predictions and recommendations. Training and running AI models can be
energy-intensive, contributing to carbon emissions if not powered by
renewable energy sources. This paradox of using AI to combat climate change
while increasing energy consumption needs to be addressed. Addressing
climate change requires expertise in various domains like climate science,
policy and economics. AI developers may not possess this knowledge, making
it challenging to create effective climate solutions using AI.
Potential risks of AI in climate action
Depending too heavily on AI to solve climate problems can lead to
complacency and inadequate human action. It might give a false sense of
security that AI can handle everything.
AI can be vulnerable to attacks and manipulation, which could have
significant consequences when applied to climate systems, such as weather
predictions, disaster response and energy grid management. Collecting and
sharing data for AI-driven climate solutions may infringe on individuals'
privacy. Striking a balance between data-driven solutions and privacy
protection is crucial.
Conclusions
AI helpful in understanding, predicting and addressing the intricate
dynamics of climate change. It empowers us with data-driven insights,
enhancing our ability to anticipate extreme weather events, optimize resource
allocation and devise innovative solutions for climate resilience. By
unleashing the potential of AI, we can embark on a more informed and
efficient path towards a sustainable future. Balancing technological
advancements with ethical considerations ensures that AI remains a force for
good, safeguarding both the environment and individual rights. As our world

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faces the escalating impacts of climate change, we cannot afford to overlook
the opportunities AI presents. The consequences of inaction are profound and
the window for effective mitigation and adaptation is rapidly narrowing.
Harnessing AI for climate action is not just an option; it is a necessity. AI and
climate change mitigation and adaptation has the potential for transformative
progress. We stand at a critical juncture, armed with a powerful tool in AI to
tackle the defining challenge of our time.
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 Chapter - 10
vkjfEHkd fp”rh lwfQ;ksa dk lekt ij izHkko% orZeku
gfj;k.kk ds ifjis{; eas

Author
Mk0 vuhrk dqekjh
,lksfl;sV izksQSlj] “;kek izlkn eq[kthZ dkWyst] osLV iatkch ckx]
ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjr

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Page | 166
 Chapter – 10
vkjfEHkd fp”rh lwfQ;ksa dk lekt ij izHkko% orZeku gfj;k.kk ds
ifjis{; eas
Mk0 vuhrk dqekjh

e/;dky ls gh mÙkj Hkkjr esa lwQ+h xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz fo'ks"kr% if'pe iatkc esa
jgkA lwfQ+;kas us ;gka fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij viuh *[kkudkgsa* LFkkfir dh rFkk
v/;kReokn vkSj lekt lsok dks vk/kkj cukdj lwQh+ er dk izpkj&izlkj fd;kA
/khjs&/khjs iatkc ds ml Hkkx esa lwQ+h xfrfof/k;k¡ tksj idM+us yxha] ftls vkt
gfj;k.kk dgk tkrk gSA1 okLro es e/;dky esa gfj;k.kk tSlh dksbZ {ks= ugh Fkk
bls fofHkUUk jktfufrd bZdkbZ;ksa ds vUrZxr v/;;u fd;k tkrk FkkA ledkyhu
lekt dh rjga orZeku ifjis{; esa lwfQ;ksa dks oyh] dqrqc] njos'k] ihj] eqjhn]
eqf'kZn] lS;n] Qdhj] xkSl] vkfjQ] eyax] dyUnj bR;kfn ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk
gSA2 ftlus lekt dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj v/;kfRed #i ls izÒkfor
fd;kA vcqy Qty ds vuqlkj lksgyoh lnh esa fgUnqLrku esa pkSng flyflys
vf/kd lfdz; FksA3 ftUesa ^fp'rh*] ^lqgjkonhZ*] ^dknhjh* o ^uD'kcUnh* vf/kd
yksdfiz; FksA ysfdu bu lcesa fp'rh* flyflyk vf/kd yksdfiz; Fkk ftldh
LFkkiuk vcq b'kkd 'kkeh }kjk fp'r uked LFkku ij dh FkhA4 ftlds dkj.k gh
;g flyflyk *fp'rh^ dgyk;kA fgUnqLrku esa LFkkiuk [oktk eqbZuqn~nhu glu
fp'rh ¼e`- 1234 bZ-½ }kjk vtesaj esa dh xbZA fgUnwLRkku esa ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ
vkSj vkjfEHkd flyflyk Fkk A 5 ftldh buds i'pkr~ lwfQ;ksa dh ,d ihj&eqjhn
dh ijEijk vkSj J`[kyk lkeus vkbZ] ftlus bl flyflys dks ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa

1
ujs'k] lwQ+h ijEijk vkSj gfj;k.kk dh HkwfEkdk] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh iapdqyk] 2002] i`"B 66
2dqedqe- JhokLro] n~ okUMfjx lwQ+ht : dyUnlZ ,aM ns;j i‚Fk- fnYyh % vk;kZ cqDl] 2009-
i`"B 5&6
3vcqy Qty] vkbZu&,&vdcjh] ftYn r`rh;] vaxzsth vuqokn tSjsV o ljdkj] dydÙkk] 1948]

i`’B 393
4fp'r uked LFkku gSjkr ls yxHkx 100 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkrA ,l- ,- ,- fjtoh] ,

fgLVªh vkWQ lwQhTe bu bf.M;k] ftYn izFke] fnYyh] 1997] u;k laLdj.k ¼izFke laLdj.k] 1978½
i`"B 114
5ds-,- futkeh] ikWfyfVDl ,.M lkslkbZVh M~;wfjax n~ vyhZ fefMoy ihfj;M( dyfDVo oDlZ vkWQ

izks- eksgEen gchc] ftYn izFke] laikfnr] vyhx<]+ 1974] i`’B 58( fjtoh] fgLVªh vkWQ lwQhTe bu
bf.M;k] ftYn izFke] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`’B 118

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esa QSyk fn;k] ftlesa orZeku jktLFkku] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] mÙkj izns'k rFkk fnYyh
ds vfrfjDr caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk o nDdu dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;k tkrk gS]A6
bUgh LFkkuksa ij fp'rh] lqgjkonhZ] dkfnjh] uD'kcanh] 'kRrkjh flyflykssa ls lacf/kr
njxkgsa vkSj [kkudkgsa LFkkfir dh xbZ bu [kkudkgksa esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Qkjlh o
vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds izlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA [kkudkgksa esa lwfQ;ksa dh jpuk,sa
Kku ls vksr&izksr gksusa ds dkj.k lekt ds izR;sd oxZ dks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k #i
ls izHkkfor djrh FkhA7 vU; flyflyksa dh vis{kk fp”rh flyflys dh izflf) vkSj
yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k lwfQ;ksa us vius vk/;kfRed dsUnz] gfj;k.kk ds ukjukSy] gkalh]
ikuhir] fljlk] lksuhir] vkfn] dsUnzkas esa LFkkfir fd,A8
lwfQ+;ksa ds O;fDrRo ls izHkkfor gksdj “kkldkas o vehjksa us *edrckas]* *enjlksa*]
*efLtnkas* vkSj *[kkudkgksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k tks Qkjlh o vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds Kku
o izlkj ds dsUnz cusaA orZeku esa budh la[;k esa o`f) gks jgh gS tks dks vkfFkZd]
lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj v/;kfRed #i ls cgqr izÒkfor dj jgh gSA lwQh Lo;a
dks fdlh u fdlh iSxEcj dh oa”kkoyh ls tksMrs FksA lwfQ;ksa dh etkjs vkSj
[kkudkg fdlh u fdlh O;kikfjd jkLrs ij fLFkr gksrh Fkh rkfd gj leqnk; ds
yksx bu etkjksa ij vk ldsaA fofHkUu bfrgkdkjksa ds }kjk gfj;k.kk ds vkjfEÒd
lwfQ;ks dh jpkukvksa vkSj v/;kReokn ds fo’k; esa foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
,p- ,- jkst ¼ladyudrkZ½] }kjk fyf[kr , Xyksljh vkWWQ n~ VªkbZCl ,.M dkLVl~
vWkQ n~ iatkc ,.M ukFkZ&osLV QazVh;j izksfofUll~] okY;we izFke] ykgkSj] 1970]
¼izFke laLdj.k] 1911½ ftlesa 'ks[k+ vcq 'kqdjw lyeh vkSj vYyk nkn lkfgc]
fljlk] gtjr lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg] gkalh] lS;n tekyqÌhu] than bR;kkfn
vjkfEHkd lwfQ;ksa thou egRoiw.kZ Ik{kksa ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA
'ks[k+ vcw 'kqdjw lyeh] fljlk
gfj;k.kk esa fp'rh flyflys dh 'kq#vkr 'ks[k+ vcq 'kqdwj lyeh vkSj vYyk
nkn lkfgc9 }kjk fljlk10 esa dh xbZA 'ks[k+ vcw 'kqdwj lyeh vjc ds lyke
uked LFkku ls laca/k j[krs Fks rFkk egewn xtuoh ds vkØe.k ds le; fljlk
vk, FksA og ,d fo}ku njos'k Fks] tks cY[k ds bczkfge }kjk LFkkfir *bczkfge

6ogh
7fj;ktqn~nhu vdhy] lwQhTe% dYpj ,.M ikWfyfVDl] fnYyh] 2007- i`"B 5
8ds- ,- futkeh] le~ vkLiSdV~l vkWQ fjfytu ,.M ikWfyfVDl bu bf.M;k M~;wfjax n~ FkVhZUFk
lsUpqjh] vyhx<+] 1961] i`"B 178
9,p- ,- jkst] , Xyksljh vkWQ n~ VªkbZCl ,.M dkLV~l vkWQ n~ iatkc ,.M ukFkZ&oSLV QzfUV;j

izksfofUll] ftYn izzFke] ykgkSj] 1919] i`"B 536

10fljlk] fnYyh&QkftYdk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g fglkj ls 82 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij

fLFkr gSaA ;gk¡ izkphu vkSj e/;dky ls lEcf/kr dqN vfHkys[k Hkh feys gaSA gfj;k.kk fMfLVªDV
xtsVh;j] fljlk] p.Mhx<] 1988] i`"B 323

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lEiznk;* ls lEca/k j[krs FksA11 'ks[k+ vcw 'kqdwj lyeh us *refgn* uked iqLrd
fy[kh] ftldk vFkZ gS *eu dh ifo=rk*A12 'ks[k+ vcq 'kqdjw lyeh ds thou o
dk;ksZa ds fo"k; esa vkSj ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh miyC/k ugha gks ldh gSA blds vykok
'ks[k+ vYyk nkn lkfgc ds fo"k; esa Hkh ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh miyC/k ugha gks ldh
gS ijUrq gfj;k.kk ds fljlk 'kgj esa fp'rh lwQ+h 'ks[k vYYkk nknk lkgsc vkSj
flyeh13 dh et+kj ij 'kqcku14 dh 14 rkjh[k dks esyk yxrk gSa] cM+h la[;k esa
fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku viuh eUur iwjh djus ds fy, ;gka vkrs gSAa 15 bl et+kj ds
pkjkas xqEcn ij ckck Qjhn] cgkmÌhu tdkfj;k] l;Sn tykyqíhu vkSj xq# ukud
nso dk uke fy[kk gqvk gS ftUgksaus e/;dky esa vyx&vyx le; ij ;gka dh
;k«kk dh FkhA16 fp'rh flyflys ds egku lwqQh ckck Qjhn] lqgjkonhZ flyflysa
ds 'ks[k cgkÅÌhu tdkfj;k]l;Sn tyky vkSj fl[k xq#ukud th 'ks[k vcq 'kdqj
flyeh dh et+kj ij ft;kjr djus ds fy, vk, FksA ;s lwQh vyx&vyx erksa
o flyflyksa ls lEc/k j[krs Fk]s ftlls bl et+kj dk egRo vkSj yksdfiz;rk
vf/kd c<+ xbZA
beke ulh#Ìhu vkSj bczkfge] lksuhir ¼ekek&Òkatk½
gfj;k.kk ds Lkksuhir esa *fp'rh* flyflys dh uhao gtjr beke ulh#Ìhu
vkSj muds Hkkats bczkfge }kjk j[kh xbZA LFkkuh; rkSj ij bUgsa *ekew&Hkkats* ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA gtjr ulh#Ìhu] beke eqgEen cdj dh pkSFkh oa'k&ijEijk
ls lEca/k j[krs Fks vkSj dcZyk ?kVuk ls lEcaf/kr beke tSuqy vkfcnhu ds iq=
FksA bl izdkj os iSxEcj eqgEen dh oa'k&ijEijk ls lh/ks lEca/k j[krs FksA17 gtjr
beke ulh#Ìhu vkSj muds Hkkats bczkfge] bLyke dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, lksuhir
vk, FksA18 ijUrq e`R;q ds ckn gtjr beke ulh#}hu vkSj bczkfge vius peRdkjksa
vkSj vk/;kReokn ds dkj.k LFkkuh; yksxksa esa cgqr izfl) gks x, FksA19 bl lEcUèk
esa gesa o.kZu feyrk gS dh othj f'ko pan] tks us=ghu Fks rFkk dUukSt ds jktk
dh vkSj ls lksuhir ij 'kklu djrs Fks] gj lqcg ;equk unh fdukjs fLFkr f'ko

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12Ogh
13,p- ,- jkst ¼ladyudrkZ½] iwoZ mn~?k`r] i`"B 529
14'kqcku bLykfed dyUMj ds fglkc ls vkBoka eghuk gksrk gSA ,p- ,- jkst ¼ladyudrkZ½] iwoZ
mn~?k`r] i`"B 529
15,p- ,- jkst] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 536
16ogh
17Lakxhu csx] lSj&my&eafty] vaxzsth vuqokn] ukS'khu tkQjh] ubZ fnYyh] 2017] i`"B 75( gfj;k.kk

fMfLVªDV xtsfV;jlZ% Lkksuhir] gfj;k.kk xtsfV;lZ vksxZukbts'ku] fjosU;w fMikVZesUV] p.Mhx<]

1990] i`"B 401( ,l- ,e- vthtqÌhu gqlSu] fefMoy lkslkbVh ,.M dYpj] fnYyh] 2015] i`"B
158
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efUnj esa iwtk djrs Fks- ,d jkr muds lius esa beke lkfgc vk;s rFkk mUgsa viuh
=klnh ds ckjs esa crk;kA lkFk gh othj f'ko pan ls vuqjksèk fd;k dh og muds
rFkk muds Hkkats dk 'kjhj ykdj iwjs rjhds ls nQuk nsA mUgksaus esgrk tksgj
ued O;fä dk Hkh uke fy;k tks bl ekeys esa mldh lgk;rk dj ldrk Fkk
D;ksafd og vdlj vjc tkrk jgrk Fkk vkSj gtjr beke ds ifjokj ls ifjfpr
FkkA gtjr beke }kjk crk;s funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj othj f'ko pan us gtjr beke
vkSj muds Hkkats ds 'kjhj dks ;gk¡ ykdj efUnj esa nQuk fn;kA vk'p;Ztud :i
ls ,slk djus ds vxys fnu gh othj f'ko pan dh vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh okfil vk
xÃA bl ?kVuk ds i'pkr beke vkSj muds HkkUts LFkkuh; yksxksa esa cgqr çfl)
x,A mudh yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k mudh e`R;q ds Ik'pkr~ gtjr beke ulh#}hu
¼ekew½ vkSj mlds Hkkats bczkfge dks fgUnqvksa us lksuhir esa gh nQuk fn;kA20
lksuhir ds jsgj xkao esa fp'rh flyflys ds lwQ+h ekek ¼ulh#Ìhu½] o Hkkats
¼l;Sn bczkfge gqlSu½ dh et+kj dks gfj;k.kk dh lcls iqjkuh et+kj esa ls ,d
ekuk tkrk gSA21 ;g et+kj gfj;k.kk oDQ cksMZ ds fu;U=.k esa gSA bl et+kj dk
vf/kfu;e 1958 dh n`f"V ls jk"Vªh; egRo gSA22 efUnj esa fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k
bls fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA23 muds le; eas othj f'kopUn
njxkkg ds igys *eÙkkoyh* laj{k.k FksA f'kopUn us et+kj ds pkjkas vkSj fnokj dk
fuekZ.k djok;k Fkk vkSj blds fy, mUgksaus vkB xk¡oks dh tkxhj dks et+kj esa
'kkfey fd;k FkkA vkt Hkh mUkds mÙkjkf/kdkjh *eÙkkoyh* ds drZO; fuHkk jgk jgs
gSa vkSj mlds ifjokj ds yksx ih<+h nj ih<+h et+kj ij fxykQ p<+krs vk jgs gSAa 24
nksuks 'ks[kska dh ;kn esa izfro"kZ flrEcj dh 11&12 rkjh[k+ dks *eqgje*Z ds fnu
*mlZ* dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrkgSA25 11 rkjh[k dh 'kke ds 5 cts ds djhc pknj
p<+kbZ tkrh gS vkSj jkr dks 9 cts ds djhc dOokyh dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS
ftls fgUnw vkSj eqfLye }kjk J)k lss lkFk lquk tkrk gSA p<+kos ds #i es ;gka
Qwy&ekyk] pknj ]?kM+h vkSj feBkbZ p<+kbZ tkrh gaSA fn;k Hkh tyk;k tkrk gS tks
fgUnw ijEijk ls esy [kkrk gSA fgUnq vkSj eqfLye njxkkg ij [kq'kh ls feBkbZ ckaVrs
gSa vkSj J˜k ls dqjku dks Hkh lqurss gaSA ln~Hkko] çlkj vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ds
lkFk Çgnw okrkoj.k esa jgrs gq, nksuksa ,d&nwlkjs ds jhfr&fjoktksa] èkkÆed foÜoklksa

20,l- ,e- vthtqÌhu gqlSu] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 158

21gfj;k.kk LVsV xtsfV;j xqMx
+ kao] 2011] i`"B 402
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95( gfj;k.kk LVsV xtsfV;j xq#xko] i`"B 402

23gfj;k.kk LVsV xtVh;j xq#xko] i`"B 402
24eÙkkoyh ,d vjch 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ckj ckj vkus okys ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA gfj;k.kk

LVsV xtVh;j xq#xko] i`"B 402

25gfj;k.kk LVsV xtsfV;j xq#xko] iwoZ mn~?k`r] gfj;k.kk LVsV xtVh;j xq#xko] i`"B 402

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dk ikyu Hkh djrs gaSA26
bl volj ij yaxj dk Hkh vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa cM+h la[;k esa
Çgnqvksa] fl[kksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ekStnw xh jgrh gSA27 ;gka ohjokj ds vfrfjDr
jfookj dks Hkh yksx ft;kjr djus ds fy, vkrs gSAa njXkkg ij ekufld] 'kkjhfjd
vkSj HkkSfrd leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjk izkIr djus ds fy, vkrs gSAa T;knkrj vkl&ikl
ds yksx 'kSrkuh rkdrksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, vkt Hkh cMh la[;k esa njxkg
ij vkrs gaSA mudsa mipkj ds fy, dbZ ckj rkcht Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA ;g et+kj
fgUnq vkSj eqfLye ds e/; HkkbZpkjs] lgu'khyrk vkSj 'kkafr dh felky gSA ;gk¡
ft;kjr ds fy, vkus okys vkxUrqdksa esa eqfLyekas dh vis{kk fgUnqvksa dh l[;k
vf/kd gSA
gtjr lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg] gkalh
gtjr lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg] ftUgssa *ehj lkgc* Hkh dgk tkrk gS] gfj;k.kk
esa fp'rh flyflys ls lEcfU/kr izeq[k lwfQ;kas esa ls ,d FksA mUgksaus gkalh esa
loZizFke fp'rh ijEijk dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA muds gfj;k.kk eas vkus dks ysdj
fojks/kkHkkl gSSA ,p- ch- MCY;-w xSfjd dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] 'kkg fu;kerqYykg]
f'kgkcq}hu xkSjh ds lkFk gkalh ds fdys dks thrus ds fy, vk, FksA vkØe.k ds
nkSjku os ekjs x, vkSj ijUrq ckn esa LFkkuh; yksxksa esa 'kghn ds :i esa izfl) gks
x,A28 nwljs er ds vuqlkj] tks gkalh ls izkIr ,d f'kykys[k ij vk/kkfjr gS] 'kkg
fu;kerqYykg 588 fgtjh ;k 1188 bZ- esa eqgEen xkSjh ds lkFk vk, FksA29 ehj
lkgc dks rqdZ lsuk esa lSfudksa dh ,d VqdM+h dk ljnkj cuk;k x;kA ;g ;q)
jktiwr jktk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds lkFk gkalh ds fdys esa yM+k x;kA bl ;q} esa
rqdZ lsuk fot;h jgh] ijUrq ehj lkfgc ekjs x,A,d vU; er ds vuqlkj gtjr
lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg us Fkkuslj dh yM+kbZ esa Hkh Hkkx fy;k Fkk vkSj i`Fohjkt
pkSgku ds HkkbZ [kkuns; jko dks Hkh ekjk FkkA30 muds ihj vkSj muds ifjokj ds
fo"k; esa vkSj T;knk tkudkjh dk vHkko gSA
gtjr lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg fp'rh dh [kkudkg gkalh esa fLFkr gSA bl
et+kj dh ns[k&js[k d`".k uked O;fDr ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA fljlk 'kgj dk

26Okgh
27gfj;k.kk xtVh;j Hkkx ,d] i`"B 132&144( bafM;u vkdZykWth lksuhir] ¼1968&1969½ iwoZ
mn~?k`r] i`"B 95 gfj;k.kk LVsV xtsfV;j xq#xko] iwoZ mn~?k`r] i`"B 402
28,p- ch- MCY;-w xSfjd gfj;k.kk LVsV xtVh;j xq#xko] i`"B 402fjiksVZ vkWQ , Vwj bu n~ iatkc

,.M jktiwrkuk bu 1883&84] ftYn 23] ubZ fnYyh] 2012 ¼iqueZqfnzr] izFke laLdj.k] dydÙkk]
1887½] i`"B 13(ns[ksa] gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k% laLd`fr [k.M] Hkkx ,d] fnYyh] 2010] i`"B 220
29 Tsk- gksjksfoV~t] *bUlfdzI'ku vkWQ eqgEEn bCu lke]dqrqcqÌhu ,scd,.M bYrqrfe'k*],sfixzkfQdk

baMks&eqfLyfedk ¼1907&12½] ubZ fnYYkh] 1987] i`"B 19

30,p- ,- jkst] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 535

Page | 171
fuoklh gksus ds ckotwn og njxkg dh ns[k&js[k cMh vkfRe;rk ls djrs gS- mlds
vfrfjDr mlds ifjokj ds vU; lnL; Hkh et+kj esa vkrs gaSA njxkkg ds LFkkbZ
fuoklh dk uke ]f[kUUkh gS tks fgUnw gSA ftldh mez 60 o"kZ gSA et+kj ds vfrfjDr
og fdlh vU; O;olk; esa fyIr ugha gSA mlds ikl njxkkg ls lEcf/kr dksbZ
nLrkost Hkh miyC?k ugha gSA bl [kkudkg ds vgkrs esa ,d f'ko efUnj fLFkr
gSA
gtjr lS;n 'kkg fu;kerqYykg dh et+kj ij gj lky pS= ¼ekpZ½ ekl esa
esyk yxrk gS ftls *esyk&,&utj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA31 'ks[k dh peRdkjh
'kfDr;kas ls izHkkfor gksdj yksx bl esys esa vk¡[kks ls laEcf/kr leL;kvkas ls NqVdkjk
ikus ds fy, vkrs gaS ftl dkj.k bls *esyk&,&utj* dgk tkrk gSA bl volj
ij eksj ds ia[k et+kj ds nksuksa vksj j[ks tkrs gSAa 32 bl et+kj ij cM+h la[;k esa
yksxkas esa *[kSjkr* ckaVh Tkkrh gSA gkalh ds vfrfjDr vU; LFkkukas ls Hkh yksx esys esa
f'kjdr djrs gaSA 'ks[k dh et+kj dh okf"kZd vk; 80 gtkj ds djhc gS ftlls
bl et+kj dh yksdfiz;rk dk vUnktk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA 'kkg fu;kerqYYkk dh
iRuh dh et+kj gkalh ls 3 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij xat , lkfgnku eas fLFkr gSA33
'ks[k lS;n tekyqÌhu] than
'ks[k lS;n tekyqqÌhu] ftUgas 'kkg foyk;r ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
gfj;k.kk ds vkjfEHkd lwQ+h lUrksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgksaus loZizFke than esa fp'rh
flyflys dh 'kq#vkr dh34A lS;n tekyqqÌhu gfj;k.kk esa jk; fiFkSkjk ;k i`Foh
jkt ds fo#} eqgEen xkSjh dh lsuk ds lkFk vk, FksA35 og than esa ,d yM+kbZ
ds nkSjku yM+rs gq, ekjs x, vkSj mUgsa ogha nQuk fn;k x;kA36 eR;q ds Ik'pkr~
LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk mudh etkj ij p<+kok p<+kus ds dkj.k os vf/kd yksdfiz;
gks x, vkSj 'kghn ds #i izfl) gks x,A
'ks[k eqgEen rqdZ] ukjukSy
'ks[k eqgEen rqdZ ftUgsa] 'ks[k ihj rqdZeku] 'ks[k eqgEen rqdZ o 'kkg foyk;r
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ukjukSy37 ds 13oha 'krkCnh ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vkjfEHkd

31ogh
32,p- ch- MCY;w- xSfjd] iwoZ mn~?k`r] i`"B 13&14
33,p- ,- jkst] iwoZ mn~?k`r] i`"B 535
34ogh] i`"B 532
35ogh
36ogh
37ukjukSy] fnYyh ls yxHkx 84 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA vdcj ds 'kkludky esa ;g

,d ljdkj FkhA ns[k]sa CykWdeSu] *ukWVl vkWu ukjukSy*] izkslhfMaXl vkWQ n~ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbZVh
vkWQ caxky ¼tuojh&fnlEcj 1874½] dydŸkk] 1875] i`"B 226( Tkh- ;tnkuh] *ukjukSy ,.M bV~l
fcfYMaXl*] tjuy ,.M izkslhfMaXl vkWQ n~ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] U;w flfjt] ftYn
AAA] dydrk] 1908] i`"B 580

Page | 172
lwQh Fks38 ftUgksusa ;gka loZizFke fp'rh flyflys dh uhao j[khA vkjfEHkd lwQ+h
lkfgR; esa 'ks[k ds fo"k; ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh dk vHkko gS] ijUrq
*feQrkg&mr&rokjh[k* ,oa *v[kckj&my&v[k;kj* eas muds fo"k; esa tkudkjh
feyrh gSA 'ks[k rqdZeku] rqdhZLrku ls Hkkjr vk;s FksA39 'ks[k+ dk okLrfod uke
eqgEen vrk FkkA yksxkas ds e/; bUgsa lS;n rqZdeku] 'ks[k] eqgEen rqdZ ;k eqgEen
vrk bR;kfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk FkkA buds firk dk uke lS;n cnj vrk rFkk
nknk dk uke lS;n lnj vrk FkkA ;s gtjr beke vyh fcu ewlk dh 10oha ih<+h
ls lacU/k j[krs FksA40 ihj rqdZeku] [oktk eqbuqÌhu fp'rh ds lkFk Hkkjr vk, Fks
vkSj vkdj ukjukSy esa cl x,A ihj rqdZeku ukjukSyh vkSj [oktk eqbZuqÌhu fp'rh
nksukas 'ks[k gtjr [oktk gk#uh ds eqjhn FksA41 'ks[k rqdZeku us yxHkx 1137 bZ-
esa ukjukSy esa jkBkSj jktk ds fo:) ;q)ksa esa Hkh Hkkx fy;k FkkA42**ysfdu ,p- ch-
MCY;w- xSfjd] ds vuqlkj tc 'ks[k rqdZeku ukjukSy esa vk, rc muds ,d gkFk
esa ghjs&tokgjkr rFkk nwljs gkFk esa ryokj FkhA** ftlds dkj.k mudh Nfo ,d
vkdze.kdkjh ds #i esa Òh ekuh tkrh gSA bZn ds R;kSsgkj ij fgUnw&fojks/kh HkM+dkÅ
Hkk"k.k ds dkj.k mxz fgUnwvkas us mudh vkSj muds eqjhnkas dh 1245 bZ- esa gR;k dj
nhA 'ks[k+ dks muds eqjhnksa ds lkFk ukjukSy easa gh nQuk;k x;kA ysfdu mud
e`R;q ds ckn mudh fxurh ,d 'kghn ds :i esa gksus yxhA43
orZeku esa ukjukSy esa fp'rh lwQ+h 'kkg ihj rqdZeku dh et+kj ukudiqjk
eksgYys ;k *ihjksa* ds eksgYys esa fLFkr gSA44 et+kj ds vkl&ikl fgUnqvksa ds
lkFk&lkFk fl[k ifjokj ds yksx Hkh jgrs gSAa bl et+kj ds lkeus bczkfge 'kkg
lwj yksnh dk edcjk cgqr gh 'kkunkj rjhds ls cuk gqvk gSA ;g et+kj *gfj;k.kk
oDQ cksMZ* ds vUrZxr lajf{kr dh xbZ gSA bl et+kj dh ns[k&js[k gfj;k.kk
ljdkj ds }kjk euksfur ,d fgUnw O;fDr ckcwyky ds }kjk dh tkrh gS] ftldh
mez yxHkx 55 o"kZ ds djhc gSA gfj;k.kk ljdkj dh rjQ ls mls izfr ekg 2000
#i;s feyrs gSa ftlls mlds ifjokj dk xqtkjk pyrk gSA og 'ks[k dh et+kj ij
lkQ&lQkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk¡ nh;k tykus dk dke djrk gSA mlds vuqlkj
'ks[k dh ;kn esa gj o"kZ *mlZ* ;k esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA nwj&nwj ls

38vkbZ- ,p- flÌhdh] *n~ vyhZ fp'rh njxkkg*] fdzfÜO;u MCY;w Vªksy] eqfLye f'kzkbZUl bu bafM;k]
fnYyh] 1989] i`"B 1
39Vh- MCy;w- chy] feQrkg&mr&rokjh[k] tSlk fd mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gS&izkslhfMaXl~ vkWQ n~

,f'k;kfVd lkslkbZVh vkWQ caxky ¼tuojh&fnlEcj 1874½] dydŸkk] 1875] i`"B 226
40'ks[k vCnqy gd esgnhl nsgyoh] v[kckj&my&v[k;kj] mnZw vuqokn] ekSykuk lqcku egewn ,.M

ekSykuk eqgEen Qkfty lkgc] ykgkSj] 2004] i`"B 113&114

41vkbZ- ,p- flÌhdh] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 1
42ns[ksa ,p- ch- MCY;w- xSfjd] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 27
43izkslhfMaXl vkWQ n~ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbZVh vkWQ caxky* ¼tuojh&fnlEcj 1874½] i`"B 223 o 226(

Tkh- ;tnkuh] iwoZ mn~/k`r] i`"B 582

44gfj;k.kk ,sfUklkDyksfifM;k] laLd`fr Hkkx&,d] fnYyh 2010 i`"B 225

Page | 173
yksx eUur iwjh djus ds fy, vkrs gSAa et+kj ij fn;k tyk;k tkrk gS vkSj /kkxk
cka/kk tkrk gSA fnokj ?kM+h Hkh p<+kbZ tkrh gSA yksx eUur iwjh gksus ij et+kj dh
ejEer vkfn ds fy, iSlk Hkh nku esa nsrs gSAa *mlZ* ds nkSjku yaxj ckaVk tkrk
gSA T;knkrj yksx ohjokj dks eUUkr iwjh djus ds fy, njxkkg dh ;k=k djrs gaSA
ulh#)hu fpjkx nsgyh us Hkh dgk Fkk fd “ks[k dh etkj ds n”kZu djus ls
eqlhorksa ls NqVdkjk fey tkrk gSA
vkl&ikl ds O;fDr;ksa dks lwfQ;ksa ds fo"k; esa foLr`r ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh
ugha gSA çLrqr vè;k; esa lEcafèkr lwQh LFkyksa dk *Li‚V* vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij
tks tkudkjh miyCèk gks ldh] og çLrqr dh xà gSA lkFk gh fofHkUu xt+sfV;j
o vU; ljdkjh fjiksV~lZ dks Hkh vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gS-
Hkkjr&foHkktu ds nkSjku 'ks[k rqdZeku ds fj'rsnkj ikfdLrku pys x,A
ftlds dkj.k *gfj;k.kk oDQ cksMZ* us bls vius fu;U=.k esa ys fy;kA ;gk¡ ds
laj{k.k drkZ dks dksbZ v/;kfRed Kku ugha gSA gfj;k.kk ljdkj dks et+kj dh
ns[k&js[k ds fy, vkSj /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA bl et+kj eas fofHkUUk lwfQ;kas
dh Hkh et+kjsa gSaA ikl esa ,d dqvk¡ Hkh gS] ftls ekSr dk dqvk¡ dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡
ds laj{k.kdrkZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr foHkktu esa lEiznkf;d naxks ds dkj.k nkSjku ;gk¡
ij dkQh [kwu&[kjkck gqvk FkkA vkt ds le; esa et+kj dh fLFkfr ttZj voLFkk
esa cnyrh tk jgh gSAbl ckr esa Hkh dksbZ nks jk; ugh gS fd buds izHkko ds dkj.k
ogqr lkjs fgUnwvksa viuk /kEkZ ifjofrZr dj fy;k Fkk tSlk fd mij of.kZr gS fd
eq[;r% lwQh eksgEEn xkSjh ;k xtuoh ds lkFk gfj;k.kk vk, ftudh gekjs lekt
mudh x.kuk ,d vkdze.kdkjh bLyke /keZ dk izlkj djus okys gfj;k.kk esa et+kjksa
dh ijEijkvksa dk fuoZgu eq[;r% fgUnw ifjokj ds yksxksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ifjorZu 1947 ds Ik'pkr~ tula[;k ds dkj.k vf/kd gqvkA jktsaæ çlkn ¼Hkkjr
ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr½ us viuh iqLrd] *Hkkjr] fMokbM* esa] ;g lkfcr djus ds fy,
dà mnkgj.k fn, gSa fd eqlyekuksa us dà Çgnw çFkkvksa dks vkRelkr fd;k gSA
eqfLye fo}kuksa] çpkjdksa vkSj larksa us ;ksx vkSj osnkar tSls Çgnw n'kZu dk vè;;u
djuk 'kq: fd;kA- dà yksx nokvksa] T;ksfr"k] Çgnw foKku ds vè;;u ls vkdÆ"kr
gq,A45 blh rjg] Çgnw [kxksyfonksa us eqfLyeksa ls rduhdh 'kCnksa dks mèkkj fy;k]
eqfLyeksa dh v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarjksa dh x.kuk vkSj dqaMyh dh 'kk[kk ds fo"k; esa
tkudkjh izkIr dhA- Çgnw&eqfLye laidZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i èkhjs&èkhjs ,d Hkk"kkÃ
feJ.k mHkjk tks mnwZ Qkjlh] vjch vkSj rqdÊ ds ?kqyus&feyus dk ifj.kke gSA46

45gfj;k.kk xtVh;j Hkkx ,d] iwoZ mn~?k`r] i`"B 132&144

46Okgh

Page | 174
 lwfQ;ksa dh e`R;q vkSj tUe ds volj ij mlZ dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
dkMZ Niok, tkrs gaSA et+kjkas esa fuHkkbZ tkus okyh ijEijkvksa esa fHkUUkrk gksrh gSA
tSls iwtk djus dh fof/k esa] p<+kok p<+kus dh fof/k esa dqN lajf{kr et+kjsa gSa rks
dqN vlajf{krA dqNsd dh gfj;k.kk oDQ cksMZ ds }kjk Hkh ns[k&js[k dh tkrh gSA
fu’d’kZ
fu’d’kZ ds rkSj ij dgk tkrk gS fd vkjfEHkd lwQh eq[;r% fdlh u fdlh
vkdze.kdkjh ds lkFk Hkkjr vk;s Fks ftlds dkj.k bLyke /keZ dk izlkj djus
vkSj /keZ ifjorZu esa mUgksusa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ blds fy;s mUgksusa la;e vkSj
vR;kpkj nksuksa dk lgkjk fy;k FkkA ysfdu tc vkl ikl yksx bu njxkkgksa ij
tkdj ft;kjr dkus yxs vkSj mudh bPNk iwjh gksus yxh rc mudh fxurh ,d
egku ifo= vkRek ds #i esa tkuk tkus yxkA
eè;dkyhu lwQh LFky okLrqdyk dh –f"V ls Hkh vkt çlkafxd gSa- njxkg]
[kkudkg esa ekStwn fofHkUu Hkou tSls& edcjk] efLtn vkfn ls ml le; gqÃ
Hkou fuekZ.k ds {ks= e m sa Uufr Hkh –f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA muls lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld
tkudkjh dk vkHkko gksus ds ckotwn Hkh orZeku ifjis{; esa bu lwfQ;ksa dh cgqr
izklafxdrk gSA mudh et+kjkas ij ij fgUnw vkSj eqfLye cM+h J)k ls ft;kjr djus
ds fy, vkrs gaSA fQj Hkh cjlkas ls pyh vk jgh ijijk dks cM+h J)k ls fuHkkrs
gaSA Ik;ZVu vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh bl njxkgksa dk cgqr egRo gSA
lnHkZ xzaFk lwph
1. ujs'k] lwQ+h ijEijk vkSj gfj;k.kk dh HkwfEkdk] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh
iapdqyk] 2002A
2. JhokLro] dqedqe- n~ okUMfjx lwQ+ht : dyUnlZ ,aM ns;j i‚Fk- fnYyh%
vk;kZ cqDl] 2009A
3. vcqy Qty] vkbZu&,&vdcjh] ftYn r`rh;] vaxzsth vuqokn tSjsV o ljdkj]
dydÙkk] 1948A
4. ,- ts- vjcsjh] lwQhTe] yUnu] 1956 ¼izFke laLdj.k] 1950½A
5. ,l- ,- ,- fjtoh] , fgLVªh vkWQ lwQhTe bu bf.M;k] ftYn izFke] fnYyh]
1997] u;k laLdj.k ¼izFke laLdj.k] 1978½A
6. ds- ,- futkeh] ikWfyfVDl ,.M lkslkbZVh M~;wfjax n~ vyhZ fefMoy ihfj;M(
dyfDVo oDlZ vkWQ izks- eksgEen gchc] ftYn izFke] laikfnr] vyhx<]+ 1974A
7. ,e- Vh- VhV~l] bLyke bu bafM;k ,.M ikfdLrku] vkWDlQksMZ] 1979] ¼f}rh;
laLdj.k] izFke laLdj.k] 1930½A

Page | 175
8. fjpMZ ,e- bZVu] n~ jkbZt vkWQ bLyke ,.M n caxky QzÚUVh;j 1204&1760]
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] fnYyh] 1997A
9. ,- ,y- ck'ke] dYpjy fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;k ¼lEikfnr½] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izSl] ¼izFke Hkkjrh; laLdj.k½] fnYyh] 1983A
10. ,p- ,- jkst] , Xyksljh vkWQ n~ VªkbZCl ,.M dkLV~l vkWQ n~ iatkc ,.M
ukFkZ&oSLV QzfUV;j izksfofUll] ftYn izzFke] ykgkSj, 1919A
11. gfj;k.kk fMfLVªDV xtsVh;j] fljlk] p.Mhx<] 1988A
12. Lakxhu csx] lSj&my&eafty] vaxzsth vuqokn] ukS'khu tkQjh] ubZ fnYyh]
2017A
13. gfj;k.kk fMfLVªDV xtsfV;jlZ% Lkksuhir] gfj;k.kk xtsfV;lZ vksxZukbts'ku]
fjosU;w fMikVZesUV] p.Mhx<] 1990A
14. ,l- ,e- vthtqÌhu gqlSu] fefMoy lkslkbVh ,.M dYpj] fnYyh] 2015A
15. bafM;u vkdZykWth lksuhir] iwoZ mn~?k`r 1968&1969A
16. ,p- ch- MCY;-w xSfjd] fjiksVZ vkWQ , Vwj bu n~ iatkc ,.M jktiwrkuk bu
1883&84] ubZ fnYyh] 2012 ¼iqueZqfnzr½A
17. gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k% laLd`fr [k.M] Hkkx ,d] fnYyh] 2010A
18. Tsk- gksjksfoV~t] *bUlfdzI'ku vkWQ eqgEEn bCu lke] dqrqcqÌhu ,scd ,.M
bYrqrfe'k*] ,sfixzkfQdk baMks&eqfLyfedk ¼1907&12½] ubZ fnYYkh] 1987A
19. CykWdeSu] *ukWVl vkWu ukjukSy*] izkslhfMaXl vkWQ n~ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbZVh vkWQ
caxky ¼tuojh&fnlEcj 1874½] dydŸkk] 1875A
20. Tkh- ;tnkuh] *ukjukSy ,.M bV~l fcfYMaXl*] tjuy ,.M izkslhfMaXl vkWQ n~
,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] U;w flfjt] ftYn 3] dydrk] 1908A
21. vkbZ- ,p- flÌhdh] *n~ vyhZ fp'rh njxkkg*] fdzfÜO;u MCY;w Vªksy] eqfLye
f'kzkbZUl bu bafM;k] fnYyh] 1989A
22. Vh- MCy;w- chy] feQrkg&mr&rokjh[k] tSlk fd mn~/k`r fd;k x;k
gS&izkslhfMaXl~ vkWQ n~ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbZVh vkWQ caxky ¼tuojh&fnlEcj
1874½] dydŸkk] 1875A
23. 'ks[k vCnqy gd esgnhl nsgyoh] v[kckj&my&v[k;kj] mnZw vuqokn] ekSykuk
lqcku egewn ,.M ekSykuk eqgEen Qkfty lkgc] ykgkSj] 2004A

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