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4-Module 3-23-03-2023

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6 views17 pages

4-Module 3-23-03-2023

emd

Uploaded by

himani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3 – Carrier Transport mechanism

Dr. Anand S.

Professor
Centre for Nanotechnology Research
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore 632014, India

[email protected]
Module III – Carrier Transport Mechanism

Charge carriers in semiconductors – Drift and Diffusion of carriers – Mobility –


Generation, Recombination and injection of carriers – Carrier transport equations –
Excess carrier lifetime.

3/26/2022
N and P

3/26/2022
Drift

Drift is the motion of charge carriers caused by an electric field.

τmp - Mean free time between collisions


mpv - Carrier loses its entire drift momentum, after each collision.

Drift momentum gained between collisions is equal to the force

3/26/2022
Drift (Electron and Hole mobility)

Hole mobility

Electron mobility

3/26/2022
Electron and Hole mobility

Electron and hole mobilities at room temperature of selected lightly doped semiconductors.

3/26/2022
Carrier Scattering

τmn and τmp can vary significantly with temperature and the doping concentration.

 Phonon scattering

 Ionized impurity scattering

3/26/2022
Carrier Scattering

An electron can be scattered by an acceptor ion and a


donor ion in a strikingly similar manner, even though
the ions carry opposite types of charge.

3/26/2022
Drift current and Conductivity

3/26/2022
Velocity saturation

In reality, velocity does not increase linearly with electric


field. It will eventually saturate to a critical value.

3/26/2022
Transportation mechanism : Diffusion

Charge particles move from a region of high concentration to a


region of low concentration. It is analogous to an every day example
of an ink droplet in water.
3/26/2022
Diffusion current

The low conductivity and the ease of creating non-uniform carrier


densities make diffusion an important process in semiconductors.

If the electron concentration is not uniform, there will be an electron


diffusion current, which is proportional to the gradient of the electron
concentration.

Particles diffuse from high-


concentration locations
toward low-concentration
locations.
3/26/2022
Drift and Diffusion

3/26/2022
Linear and Non-linear charge density profile

Linear charge density profile means constant diffusion current, whereas


nonlinear charge density profile means varying diffusion current.

3/26/2022
Relation between the energy diagram, V and E

Fig. Energy band diagram of a


semiconductor under an applied
voltage. 0.7 eV is an arbitrary value.

3/26/2022
Einstein relationship between D and µ

D kT

 q

While the underlying physics behind Fig. A piece of N-type semiconductor in


drift and diffusion currents are totally which the dopant density decreases
different, Einstein’s relation provides toward the right.
a mysterious link between the two.
3/26/2022
Electron and Hole recombination

3/26/2022

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