MATHEMATICS

CPP ADDITION OF VECTORS

REVISION (Mains & Advanced) ` KKP / MYP CEN TRE

In a plane the position of a point is determined by two numbers x , y obtained with reference to two

straight lines in the plane generally at right angles. The position of a point in space is, however,
determined by three numbers x , y , z .

Coordinates of a point in space

Let X 'OX and Y 'OY be two perpendicular straight lines. Through O , their point of intersection,
called origin, draw a line Z 'OZ perpendicular to the XOY plane so that Y Z'
B
N
we have three mutually perpendicular straight lines X 'OX , Y 'OY ,
L
P
Z 'OZ known as rectangular co-ordinate axes. The positive directions
of the axes are indicated by arrow heads. These three axes, taken in X'
O A X

pairs, determine three planes X 'OX , Y 'OY , Z 'OZ or briefly C M

Z
XY , YZ , ZX planes mutually at right angles, known as rectangular Y'

coordinate planes.

Through any point ‘ P ’ in space, draw three planes parallel to the three coordinate planes (being
also perpendicular to the corresponding axes) to meet the axes in A , B , C .

Let OA  x , OB  y and OC  z

These three numbers x , y , z determined by the point P , are called the coordinates of P . The point P is

represented by P x , y , z conversely, given three numbers, x , y , z , we can find a point whose coordinates

are x , y , z .

Scalars and Vectors

Physical quantities such as length, area, volume, mass, temperature etc posses only magnitude
and are not related to any definite direction in space, such quantities are known as scalar quantities or
scalars. On the other hand physical quantities such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force,
momentum, etc. possess magnitude and are associated with direction in space, such quantities are known
as vector quantities or vectors.

Directed line segment


Let A and B are two distinct points in space. Then the symbol AB with initial point A and
terminal point B , with direction from A to B is called directed line segment.

A Line Segment B
A Direct line B Direct line
 A  B
Segment AB Segment BA
 
Here the straight line AB is called the support of AB .

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Length, Support and Sense of a Directed line segment

Associated with every directed line segment AB , we have its
 
(i) Length: The length of AB will be denoted by the symbol AB or AB

(ii) Support: The line of unlimited length of which a directed line segment is a part is called its line of
support

(iii) Sense: The sense (or direction) of AB is from A to B .
 
Note: The directed line segments AB and BA have the same lengths and support but sense (or direction)
is different.

Vector: The directed line segment AB has both magnitude and direction, so it can represent a vector. The

vectors are usually denoted by a , b , c etc,….

Equality of two vectors

Two vectors a and b are said to be equal if they have

(i) Same length (ii) Same direction (iii) Same or parallel support
   
i.e AB  CD iff AB  CD and AB and CD have same direction

Zero Vector

A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called the zero vector. The length of

zero vector is zero and direction is arbitrary. It is denoted by 0 .

Unit Vector

A vector of magnitude one unit is called a unit vector. If a is a non-zero vector then the unit

 AB
vector in the direction of a is represented by â . So the unit vector in the direction of AB is .
AB

Collinear (parallel), like and unlike vectors

Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they have parallel or same support. Two collinear vectors
are said to be like or unlike vectors according as they have the same direction or opposite direction.

Coplanar Vectors

A system of vectors are said to be coplanar if their supports are in the same plane or parallel to the same
plane. Vectors which are not coplanar are called non-coplanar vectors.

Coinitial and Coterminous vectors

Vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors and vectors having the same terminal
points are called coterminous vectors.

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Addition of Vectors B
 
Let a , b be two given vectors. Take a point O. Let OA  a , AB  b , so that the ab b


terminal point of the vector a is the initial point of the vector b . The vector OB O a
A

  

is said to be the sum of the vectors a and b , and we write OB  OA  AB  a  b

Parallelogram Law of addition of Vectors

Consider a parallelogram OABC . C B

   C

Then the sum of vectors OA and OC is the vector OB ,
    
where OB  OA  AB  OA  OC O A

Laws of Addition Composition

1. Commutative: a  b  b  a , for any pair of vectors a , b

2. Associative: a  b  c    a  b  c , where a , b , c are any three vectors

3. Distributive over Scalar: m a  b  m a  m b and m  n a  m a  n a ,

where m , n are scalars and a , b are vectors

4. Additive identity: There is a unique vector 0 such that a  0  a for all vectors a

5. Additive inverse: For each vector a , there is a unique vector b such that a  b  0

Here b  a , negative of vector a

Multiplication of vectors by Scalars

Let a , be any given vector, m , be any given scalar. Then the symbol m a , called the product of the vector,

a , by the scalar, m , is a vector such that

(i) the length of m a is given by m a  m a

(ii) the direction of m a , is the same or opposite, to that of a , according as m is positive or negative

As vectors a and ma are parallel (collinear), two vectors a and b are parallel (collinear)  a  tb , t   .

If a and b are non zero, non parallel (or non collinear) vectors then xa  yb  0  x  0, y  0

Position Vector

Let ‘ O ’ be a fixed point. If A is any point in the space, then the vector OA is called the position vector of
the point A with reference to the origin O .

Let a and b be the position vectors of the points A and B respectively with reference to origin then
    
AB  AO  OB  OA  OB  b  a
     
Note: For any three point A , B , C , AB  BC  AC and hence BC  AC  AB

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Note: If a , b are position vectors of A and B then we write it as A a , Bb

Linear Combination

A vector, r , is said to be a linear combination of vectors a , b , c ,.... etc, if there exists scalar x , y , z …etc.

such that r  xa  yb  zc  .....

Theorem: If a , b be two given non-collinear vectors then any vector r , coplanar with a and b can be

represented as a linear combination xa  yb . x , y being some scalars. Also this representation is unique.

Proof: Take any point O

    
Let OA  a , OB  b and let OP  r be any vector, coplanar with OA and OB
B

b
M
The lines OA , OB and OP are coplanar.
r

Though P , draw lines parallel to OB and OA to meet OA and OB respectively in

O L a A

L and M .
        
We have, r  OP  OL  LP  OL  OM . Also OL and OM are products of vectors, OA and OB with
   
some suitable scalars. Let OL  xOA  xa , OM  yOB  yb

Thus we have r  xa  yb

Uniqueness: Let, if possible, r  za  wb

We have xa  yb  za  wb

 x  z a   y  w b  0

 x  z  0 & y  w  0 as a , b are non collinear

xz & yw

Note:

1. If a , b , c are coplanar vectors then there exists scalars x , y , z not all zero, such that xa  yb  zc  0

2. If a , b , c are non zero non coplanar vectors then every relation of the form xa  yb  zc  0 implies

x  0, y  0, z  0 .

Theorem: If a , b , c be three given non coplanar vectors, then any vector r , in the space, can be

represented as a linear combination xa  yb  zc , x , y , z being some scalars. Also this representation is

unique.

Proof: Take any point P.

   
Let OA  a , OB  b , OC  c , OP  r

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The lines OA , OB , OC being non coplanar, they determine three different planes BOC , COA , AOB
when taken in pairs.

Though P draw planes parallel to the three planes BOC , COA and AOB meeting OA , OB and OC in
L , M , N respectively so that we obtain a parallelepiped having OP as a diagonal.
  
We have r  OP  OL  LP Y Z'
B
   N

 OL  LN '  N ' P L
P

  

 OL  OM  ON X'
O A X
  
 xOA  yOB  zOC Z
C M

Y'

Thus we have r  xa  yb  zc
  
where x , y , z are scalars, they exist such that OL  xa , OM  yb and ON  zc

Uniqueness:

Let, if possible r  x ' a  y ' b  z ' c

we have xa  yb  zc  x ' a  y ' b  z ' c

 x  x ' a   y  y ' b   z  z ' c  0

 x  x '  y  y '  z  z '  0 , since a , b , c are non coplanar vectors

 x  x ', y  y ', z  z '

Linearly independent and dependent vectors

A system of vectors a , b , c , ……are said to be linearly dependent, if these exists a system of scalars

x , y , z ,……, not all zero, such that xa  yb  zc  .......  0 __________ (1)

A system which is not linearly dependent is said to be linearly independent. For such system every
relation of type(1) implies that x  0, y  0, z  0,......

Bases, Components

Let a , b , c be three given non coplanar vectors so that if r be any given vector, we have the relation

r  xa  yb  zc .

The vectors xa , yb , zc are said to be components and the scalars x , y , z the coordinates of the vector r ,

relatively to the triad of non coplanar vectors.

Position Vector

Consider a three dimensional rectangular coordinate system OX , OY , OZ and a point P in the space
having the coordinates x , y , z with respect to the origin O 0,0,0 . Let A , B , C be three points on the
  
lines OX , OY , OZ such that OA  i , OB  j , OC  k where i , j , k denote mutually perpendicular unit
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 
vectors. Then the position vector P denoted by OP  r  becomes xi  y j  zk . Then the magnitude of
 
OP , using the distance formula, is given by OP  r  x 2  y 2  z 2

Direction Cosines and Direction ratios


Consider the position vector OP  r of a point P x , y , z . Let  ,  ,  be the angles made by the vector r

with the positive direction of X , Y , Z axes respectively. Then cos , cos  and cos  are called the

direction cosines of the vector r . These direction cosines are usually denoted by l , m , n .

x y z
Then cos   , cos   , cos  
r r r

Thus the coordinates x , y , z of the point P may also be expressed as lr , mr , nr  .

The numbers lr , mr , nr which are proportional to direction cosines l , m , n are called the direction

ratio’s of the vector r . These are usually denoted by a , b , c .

Observe that l 2  m2  n2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2 

x 2 y 2 z2 x 2  y 2  z2
    1
r2 r2 r2 r2

Section formula

The position vector of a point P which divides the points A and B in the ratio m : n where a , b are

mb  na
position vector of A and B respectively is .
mn

Let ‘ O ’ be the origin and A a , Bb  are position vectors of A , B B n

P
b
 
 OA  a , OB  b m

AP m O A

a
Let P divide AB so that
PB n

 n AP  m PB
 
 n AP  m PB
      
   
 n OP  OA  m OB  OP  n  mOP  mOB  nOA

 
 mOB  nOA mb  na
 OP  
mn mn

 mb  na
Note 1: If ‘ P ’ divides A a , Bb externally in the ratio m : n then OP 
mn
 a  b
Note 2: The position vector of mid point ‘ P ’ of A a , Bb is given by OP  , by taking m  n
2

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Parametric vectorial equations
b
Theorem: The vector equation of line passing through point A whose position vector is P

a and parallel to vector b is r  a  tb , t   A

r

Proof: Let O is origin and A a is a given point.

a
O

Let P r  be any point on the line which is parallel to vector b

   
Now AP  OP  OA  r  a and vectors AP and b are parallel

 AP  tb , for some t  

 r  a  tb , t  

 r  a  tb , t  

Cartesian equation of the line

Theorem: The Cartesian equation for the line passing through Ax1 , y 1 , z1  and parallel to the vector

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
b  li  m j  nk is  
l m n

Proof: Equation of line r  a  tb where

r  xi  y j  zk , a  x1 i  y 1 j  z1 k , b  li  m j  nk

 x  x1  tl , y  y1  tm , z  z1  tn

x  x1 y  y 1 z  z1
   t
l m n

In other words above equation is the equation of line passing through point x1 , y 1 , z1  and

parallel to the line (vector) having direction cosines l , m , n .

Theorem: The vector equation of line passing through points A and B whose position vectors are

a and b is r  1  t a  tb , t   B
P
Proof: Let P r  be any point on line AB .
A

r b
  a
Then AP  r  a , AB  b  a
   
As AP , AB are collinear, we have AP  t AB , t  

 r  a  t b  a  r  1  t a  tb , t  

Theorem: The Cartesian equation of the line passing through points Ax1 , y 1 , z1  and Bx2 , y 2 , z2  is

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

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Proof: The equation of line r  1  t  a  tb

or r  a  t b  a

where r  xi  y j  zk , a  x1 i  y 1 j  z1 k and b  x2 i  y 2 j  z2 k

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
It gives   t
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

Condition for collinearity of three points

The necessary and sufficient condition for three points A , B , C with position vectors a , b , c respectively

to be collinear is that there exist three scalars x , y , z not all zero, such that

xa  yb  zc  0 , x  y  z  0

The condition is necessary

 
Let the points A , B , C be collinear so that the vectors AB and AC are collinear.
 
Thus there exists a scalar ‘ t ’ such that AB  tAC

 b  a  t c  a

t  1 a  1 b  t c  0

Taking x  t  1 , y  1 , z  t , we see that points A , B , C are collinear, then there exist scalars

x , y , z not all zero such that xa  yb  zc  0 and x  y  z  0

The condition is sufficient

Let there exist scalars x , y , z not all zero such that xa  yb  zc  0 and x  y  z  0

Let z  0 , then y  z a  yb  zc  0

b  a  y b  a  zc  a  0
y
ca
z
 
 AC  k AB
 
Thus, the vectors AC and AB are collinear and as such the points A , B , C are collinear

Note: Rewriting the relations xa  yb  zc  0 and x  y  z  0

xa  yb
we get c  , which concludes that the point C divides AB in the ratio y : x b
xy c
A P

Theorem: The vector equation of the plane passing through point A a and
a r

parallel to vectors b and c is r  a  tb  sc , where t , s   O


Proof: Let P r  be any point on the plane Then AP , b , c are coplanar vectors

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 
 AP  tb  sc ; t , s  

 r  a  tb  sc ; t , s  

Theorem: The vector equation of the plane passing through points A a , Bb  and parallel to vector c is

r  1  t  a  tb  sc ; where t , s  
 
Proof: Let P r  be any point on the plane then AP  r  a , AB  b  a
B
c
A P

 
Now AP , AB, c are coplanar a r

 
 
O
 AP  t AB  sc ; t , s  

 r  a  t b  a   s c ; t , s  

 r  1  t  a  t b  sc ; t , s  

Theorem: The vector equation of the plane passing through three points A , B , C where position vectors

are a , b , c is r  1  s  t a  t b  sc ; where t , s  

Proof: Let P r  be any point on the plane

  
Then AP  r  a , AB  b  a , AC  c  a B
c
   A P
Now the vectors AP , AB, AC are coplanar C

  

   
a r
 AP  t AB  s AC ; t , s   O

 r  a  t b  a s c  a ; t , s  

 r  1  t  s a  t b  sc ; t , s  

Condition for the coplanarity of four points

The necessary and sufficient condition for four points A , B , C , D with position vectors a , b , c , d to be

coplanar is that there exists four scalars x , y , z , w not all zero, such that

xa  yb  zc  wd  0, x  y  z  w  0

The condition is necessary

  
Let the points A, B, C , D be coplanar, so that the vectors AB, AC , AD are coplanar.
  
   
This there exists scalars t , s such that AB  t AC  s AD

 b  a  t c  a  s d  a

 t  s  1 a  1b  tc  sd  0

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Taking x  t  s  1, y  1 z  t , w  s

We have xa  yb  zc  wd  0 and x  y  z  w  0

The condition is sufficient

Let there exist scalars x , y , z , t not all zero such that xa  yb  zc  wd  0 & x  y  z  w  0

Let w  0 , from above we obtain,  y  z  w a  yb  zc  wd  0

 w  d  a  y  a  b   z  a  c 

 y  z 

 a  b   a  c   AD   AB  AC
y z
 da
w w w w
  
So that AD , AB, AC are coplanar vectors and as such A , B , C , D are coplanar points

Angle bisectors

To find the equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines, r  a  tb , r  a  sc
 
Let AB , AC be the given lines so that a is the position vector of the point A , and AB  b , AC  c
 
Let P r  be any point on the angular bisector of the lines AB and AC
C

c
Then PAB  CAP   P

Draw PM parallel to vector c , then 


A M B
APM  PAC   ( alternate angles)
b

 AM  PM  k say 

 b  c
then, AM  k , MP  k
b c
     
then, r  OP  OA  AP  OA  AM  MP

 
b c

 r  a  k    OR r  a  k bˆ  cˆ , k  
 b c 



Note: If A is origin then r  k bˆ  cˆ 


Note 2: The equation of the other bisector is r  a  m bˆ  cˆ , m   
Example: Show that the internal (external) bisector of any angle of a triangle divides the base internally

(externally) in the ratio of the sides containing the angle.

Solution: Let the lengths of sides AB , BC , CA of triangle ABC are c , a , b respectively

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 Take A as the origin of reference. Let b , c be the position vectors of points B and C so that
 
AB  b , AC  c

  b c
 The unit vectors along AB and AC are ,
c b

b c 
The equation of the internal angle bisector AD is r  k    , where D is point on BC
 c b 

Also the equation of the line joining BC is r  1  t  b  tc

C
At the point of intersection D of the lines AD and BC ,

b c  b D
we have k     1  t  b  tc
c
a
 c b 
b
AO C B
k k
As the vectors b , c are non-parallel, we have  1  t,  t
c b

k k bc
  1  k 
c b bc

Then the position vector of point D is

 b c 
bc    or bb  cc , which divides BC in the ratio c : b i.e., AB : AC
bc  c b  bc

Similarly we can prove for external bisector.

Ceva’s Theorem

If D , E , F are three points on the sides BC , CA , AB respectively of a triangle ABC such that the lines
BD CE AF
AD , BE and CF are concurrent then . .  1 and conversely.
CD AE BF

Proof: Let AD , BE and CF are concurrent at R. Take any point, O , as the origin of reference.

Let a , b , c , r be the position vectors of the points A , B , C , R respectively

These four points being coplanar, there exist four scalars x , y , z , w such that A

xa  yb  zc  wr  0, x  y  z  w  0 F
E

xa  yb zc  wr B D C
These give and are points of the lines AB and CR respectively
xy zw

xa  yb
If follows that is the position vector of the point F of intersection of the lines AB and CR so that
xy

AF y AF y
F divides AB in the ratio  or 
FB x BF x

BD z CE x
Similarly  , 
CD y AE z

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 BD CE AF
 . .  1
CD AE BF

Conversely, let D, E, F be three points on the sides BC , CA and AB respectively such that

BD CE AF
. .  1 ____________ (1)
CD AE BF

BD z CE x AF y
Suppose that  ,   so that by (1) 
CD y AE y BF x

BD z CE x AF y
  ,  , 
DC y EA z FB x

If a , b , c be the position vectors of the points A , B , C then the position vectors of the points D , E , F

yb  zc zc  xa xa  yb
are , , respectively
yz zx xy

Therefore the position vectors of the points dividing AD , BE , CF in the ratios

xa  yb  zc
y  z : x , z  x : y , x  y : z are all equal to
xyz

Thus, the lines AD , BE and CF are concurrent

Menelau’s theorem

If D , E , F are three points on the sides BC , CA , AB respectively of a triangle ABC such that the points
BD CE AF
D , E , F are collinear, then . .  1 and conversely
CD AE BF

Proof: Let BE , CF meet at R

Let a , b , c , r be the position vectors of the four points A , B , C , R relative to any origin ‘ O ’ of
reference. These four points being coplanar, there exist four scalars x , y , z , w such that

xa  yb  zc  wr  0 and x  y  z  w  0

The position vectors of the points E and F , therefore, are A

F
xa  zc xa  yb E
, respectively
xz xy
R
B C D

We now require the position vector of the point D

xa  zc xa  yb
writing e  , f and eliminating a , we have
xz xy

x  y e  x  y f  zc  yb

x  y e  x  y  f zc  yb
OR 
x  z  x  y  zy

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 zc  yb
This equality shows that is the position vector of the point D
zy

BD z CE x AF y
Thus,  ,  , 
CD y EA z FB x

BD CE AF
. . 1
CD AE BF

BD z CE x AF y
Suppose that,  ,   , so that 
CD y EA z BF z

BD z CE x AF y
  ,  , 
DC y EA z EB x

Thus if a , b , c be the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C then the position vectors of the points

zc  yb xa  zc xa  yb
D, E , F are , , respectively
zy xz xy

Denoting these by d , e , f respectively, we obtain

 z  y  d  x  z e  x  y  f  0 , where  z  y   x  z   x  y   0

Thus the points D , E , F are collinear.

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 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

1. If a is a vector and x is a non zero scalar then

(A) xa is a vector in the direction of a (B) xa and a have independent directions

(C) xa and a collinear (D) xa and a have opposite directions

2. Let a be a unit vectors, then

(A) direction of a is constant (B) both direction and magnitude are constant

(C) magnitude of a is constant (D) can’t say

3. Let   x  4 y  a   2 x  y  1 b and    y  2 x  2 a   2 x  3 y  1 b where a and b non zero,

non collinear. If 3  2  then

(A) x  1, y  2 (B) x  2, y  1 (C) x  1, y  2 (D) x  2, y  1

  
4. If a and b represent the sides AB and BC of a regular hexagon ABCDEF , then FA 

(A) b  a (B) a  b (C) a  b (D) None of these

5. Consider the system vectors a  b  c , b  c  a , 2 a  3b  4 c and a  b  c , a  b  2 c ,

2a  b  c . Then

(A) First system of vectors linearly dependent and second system of vectors linearly independent

(B) First system of vectors linearly independent and second system of vectors linearly dependent

(C) Both systems are linearly dependent

(D) Both systems are linearly independent

 
6. If in a triangle OAC , B is the midpoint of AC and OA  a , OB  b then

 a  b 
(A) OC  (B) OC  2 a  b
2
 
(C) OC  2b  a (D) OC  a  2 b

7. If C is the middle point of AB and P is any point out side AB , then

     
(A) PA  PB  PC  0 (B) PA  PB  PC
     
(C) PA  PB  2 PC  0 (D) PA  PB  2 PC

8. P , Q , R , S have position vectors p , q , r , s such that p  q  2  s  r  then

(A) PQ and RS bisect each other (B) PQ and PR bisect each other

(C) PQ and RS trisect each other (D) QS and PR trisect each other

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    
9. The points O , A , B, X and Y are such that OA  a , OB  b , OX  3 a , OY  3b and the point P

divides AY in the ratio 1 : 3 internally, then the vector PB is equal to

 a  3b  3 a  2 b  3 a  b  2 a  3b 
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4

10. If P and Q have position vectors a and b relative to the origin O such that X and Y divide
 
PQ internally and externally respectively in the ratio 2 : 1, then vector XY is

b  a  a  b  a  b  b  a 
3 4 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 3
   3b  a
11. Let O , A , B, C are four points such that OA  a , OB  b , OC  then
5

(A) point C lies inside OAB

(B) point C lies outside OAB but inside angle OAB

(C) point C lies outside OAB but inside angle ABO

(D) point C lies outside OAB but inside angle BOA

12. If the position vectors a 3i  4 j , b 5 j , c  4i  3 j form a triangle ABC, then the position vector of

the orthocenter of the triangle is

(A) 5i (B) 5k (C) 7 i  6 j (D) 7 i  9 j

13. If a and b are two unit vectors and  is the angle between them. Then a  b is a unit vector if  

(A) 90 o (B) 120 o (C) 150 o (D) 60 o

14. Let  be the angle which the vector 2 i  j  2 k makes with z  axis then the value is of sin 

2 1 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 9

15. The vector c directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors a  7 i  4 j  4 k

and b  2i  j  2 k with c  5 6 is

5 5
(A) i  7 j  2 k  (B) i  7 j  2 k 
9 9

5 5
(C)  5i  5 j  2 k  i  7 j  2 k 
(D)
9 9
       
16. The points O , A , B, X and Y are such that OA  a , OB  b , OX  3a , OY  3b and the point P

divides AY in the ratio 1 : 3 internally, then the vector PB equals to

 a  3b  3 a  2b
1 1
(A)  (B) 
4 4

3 a  b  2 a  3b 
1 1
(C)  (D) 
4 4
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17. The vector  i  j  k bisects the angle between the vectors 3 i  4 j and a , then a is

(A) 2 i  5 j  k (B) 4i  3 j  k

(C) 11i  10 j  2 k (D) 10i  11 j  k

18. In xy plane, a man travels a distance of 5 units in north east direction from origin and reaches

point A . From A he travels 12 units in north west direction and reaches point B . Then the vector

in the direction of OB is

(A) 5i  12 j (B) 17 i  17 j (C) 7 i  17 j (D) 13i  13 j

19. Let AC be an arc of a circle, subtending a right angle at the centre O . The point B divides the arc

AC in the ratio 1 : 2 . If OA  a and OB  b then OC in terms of a and b is

(A) b  3 a (B) 2b  a (C) 2 b  3 a (D) b  a

20. OABCDE is a regular hexagon of side 2 units in the xy plane O being the origin and OA taken

along the x -axis. A point P is taken on a line parallel to z -axis through the centre of hexagon at a

distance of 3 units from O . The vector AP is

(A)  i  3 j  5 k (B) i  3 j  5 k (C) i  3 j  5 k (D)  i  3 j  5 k

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

1. The vectors  i  j  2 k , i   j  k and 2i  j   k are coplanar if

(A)   2 (B)   1  3 (C)   1  3 (D)   0

2. Let A , B , C are three points whose position vectors a , b , c satisfy the equation a  2 b  3c then

(A) the points A , B , C are coplanar

(B) the points A , B , C are collinear

(C) the point A divides BC in the ratio 3:2 externally

(D) the point B divides AC in the ratio 1:3 externally

3. A vector a has components 2P and 4 with respect to a rectangular Cartesian system. They
system is rotated through a certain angle about the origin in the counter clockwise sense. If with

respect to new system a has components P  3, 4 then the value of P is

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 3

4. If vectors a and b are non collinear, then a  

b is

(A) a unit vector (B) coplanar with a and b

(C) equally inclined to a and b (D) perpendicular to a  b

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5. If D , E , F are the midpoints of the sides BC , CA , AB respectively of a triangle ABC and O is
any point then which of the following are true
         
(A) OA  OB  OC  OD  OE  OF (B) AD  BE  CF  0
      
(C) DE  EF  2 AC (D) AC  AB  2 AE  2 AF

6. Let PN be the perpendicular from the point p 1, 2, 3 to xy -plane. If OP makes an angle  with

positive direction to the z - axis and ON makes an angle  with the positive direction of x -axis,

where O is the origin (  and  acute angles) then

2 1
(A) sin  sin   (B) cos  cos  
14 14

5
(C) tan   (D) tan   2
3

7. Which of the following are TRUE?

(A) A pair of non zero, non collinear vectors are linearly independent

(B) A triad of non zero, non coplanar vectors are linearly independent

(C) A set of vectors with atleast one zero vector is linearly dependent

(D) Every set of four vectors is linearly dependent

8. If a  i  j  k , b  4i  3 j  4 k , c  i   j  k are linearly dependent vectors and c  3 then

possible values of  ,  are

(A)   1 (B)   1 (C)   1 (D)   1

Paragraph-1

 

P is a point on the straight line r  5iˆ  7 ˆj  2 kˆ  s 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and Q is a point the straight line

 

r  3iˆ  3 ˆj  6 kˆ  t 3iˆ  2 ˆj  4 kˆ such that PQ is parallel to the vector 2 iˆ  7 ˆj  5 kˆ

1. The position vector of P is

(A) iˆ  7 ˆj  4 kˆ (B) 2 iˆ  6 ˆj  5kˆ (C) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (D) 2 iˆ  8 ˆj  3 kˆ

2. The distance PQ is

(A) 78 (B) 71 (C) 8 (D) 50

Paragraph-2

In a triangle ABC let S be the circumcentre and O be the orthocenter. G is the centriod and D is the
midpoint of BC then AO  2 SD . Based on the above answer the following questions :
  
3. SA  SB  SC 
   
(A) OS (B) SO (C) GS (D) SG

KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
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   
4. OA  OB  OC 
   
(A) 2OS (B) 2SO (C) OS (D) SO
  
5. If P is any point then PA  PB  PC 
   
(A) PG (B) 2PG (C) 3PG (D) 4PG

Paragraph-3
   
From the triangle given find the values. Here AB  b , AC  c

3
2
c
E
D
2
1
A B
F
b

6. D divides AE in the ratio

(A) 5 : 1 (B) 5 : 2 (C) 5 : 3 (D) 5 : 4

7. F divides AB in the ratio

(A) 3 : 1 (B) 3 : 2 (C) 2 : 1 (D) none of these


8. DE 

3b  2 c 3b  2 c 3b  2 c
(A) 3b  2c (B) (C) (D)
6 36 30

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

BD 3
1. In ABC , D is the point on BC , such that  and E is the midpoint of AC . AD and BE
DC 2
intersect at P . CP is joined and is produced to a point F on AB , then

Column I Column II

BP 5
A) P)
PE 3

AP 3
B) Q)
PD 5

FP
C) R) 3
PC

AF 2
D) S)
FB 3

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 INTEGER TYPE

xy 2
1. If vectors xi  2 j  k and 2i  y j  zk are collinear then the value of is equal to
z

2. The number of real values of  , for which the vectors  i  2 j  k , i   j  k , 2i  3 j  4 k are

coplanar are

3. If a = l i + m j + n k is unit vector. The maximum value of lm  mn  nl is

4. The vectors 2 i  3 j , 5i  6 j and 8i  j have their initial points at 1,1 . The value of  so that the

vectors terminate on one straight line is

2
5. If a  b  a  b  1 then a  b is

6. Suppose that p , q and r are three non coplanar vectors in  3 . Let the components of a vector s

along p , q and r be 4, 3 and 5 respectively. If the components of this vector s along

p  q  r  ,  p  q  r  and p  q  r  are x , y and z respectively then the values of

2x  y  z is

7.  
Consider the set of eight vectors v  ai  bj  ck ; a , b , c  1,1 . Three non coplanar vectors can

be chosen from V in 4 p ways. Then p is

AC
8. The median AD of the triangle ABC is bisected at E and BE meets AC at F . Then is
AF
     
9. Let O be the centre of a regular pentagon and OA  a then AB  2 BC  3CD  4DE  5EA  t a

then t is equal to

10. The number of distinct real values of  , for which the vectors  2 i  j  k , i   2 j  k and

i  j   2 k are coplanar is

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is 3.

2. A transversal cuts the sides OL , OM and diagonal ON of a parallelogram at A , B and C

OL OM ON
respectively, if  
OA OB OC

3. In XY plane a person travelled 3 units from origin in northeast and reached point A . From there
he turned 90 degrees in to northwest direction and reached point B. Find the coordinates of point
B.

4. By using Ceva’s & Menelau’s theorem find the position vector of the centroid triangle

A a , Bb  , C c 

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5. By using Ceva’s & Menelau’s theorem find the position vector of the incentre triangle

A a , Bb  , C c 

6. By using Ceva’s & Menelau’s theorem find the position vector of the orthocentre triangle

A a , Bb  , C c 

7. By using Ceva’s & Menelau’s theorem find the position vector of the circumcentre triangle

A a , Bb  , C c 

8. Prove that the line joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side and half of it
in length.
 
9. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Let AB  a and BC  b . Find the vectors determined by the other
   
four sides taken in order. Also express the vectors AC , AD, AE , CE in terms of a and b .

10. ABC is any triangle and D , E , F are the middle points of its sides BC , CA , AB respectively.
        
Show that (i) AD  BE  CF  0 (ii) OA  OB  OC  OD  OE  OF
  
11. ABCD is a parallelogram and AC , BD are its diagonals. Prove that AC  DB  2 DC and
  
AC  BD  2 AB

12. Show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Also conversely, show that a plane
quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other is a parallelogram

13. Prove that the line joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
half of it

14. Show that the straight line joining the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezium is parallel to the
parallel sides and is half of their difference

15. The straight line joining the midpoints of two non parallel sides of a trapezium is parallel to the
parallel sides and half of their sum

16. The middle points of the adjacent sides of any quadrilateral are joined, prove that the figure so
formed is a parallelogram

17. If M , N are the mid points of the sides AB , CD of a parallelogram ABCD , prove that DM and
BN cut the diagonal AC at its points of trisection which are also the points of trisection of DM
and BN respectively

18. E and F are the mid points of the diagonals BD and AC of a quadrilateral ABCD respectively.
Show that
    
(i) AB  AD  CB  CD  4EF
    
(ii) AB  BC  CD  AD  2 AD

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19. E is a point on the straight line PQ such that PE : EQ  1 : 2 . Also R is any point not on the line

PQ and F divides QR internally such that QF : FR  2 : 1 . Show that EF is parallel to PR .

20. Point X and Y are taken on the sides QR and RS respectively, of a parallelogram PQRS , so that
     21 
QX  4 XR and RY  4YS . The line XY cuts the line PR at Z . Prove that PZ  PR .
25

21. In a quadrilateral ABCD , the point P divides DB in the ration 1:2 and Q is the midpoint of AC .
    
Prove that 2 DC  BC  2 AD  AB  6 PQ

22. ABC is a triangle and O , any point in the plane of the ABC . AO , BO , CO meet the sides BC ,
OD OE OF
CA , AB in D , E , F respectively, show that   1
AD BE CF

23. ABCD is a tetrahedron and O is any point the lines joining ‘ O ’ to the vertices meet the opposite
OP OQ OR OS
traces in P , Q , R , S respectively. Prove that    1
AP BQ CR OS

24. If S is circumcentre and H is orthocentre of ABC , prove that

   
(i) SA  SB  SC  SH
   
(ii) HA  HB  HC  2 HS

25. In a AOB , E is midpoint of AB and F is the point in OA such that OF  2 FA . Calculate the
ratios OC : CE and BC : CF where C is the point of intersection of OE and BF .

26. In a triangle ABC , D divides BC in the ratio 2 : 1 and E divides CA in the ratio 3 : 1. The line
DE meets the line AB in F . Find the ratio in which the point F divides AB .

27. The median AD of a triangle ABC is bisected at E and BE is produced to meet the side AC in
F , show that 3AF  AC and 4EF  BF

KEY

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. D
6. C 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. B
16. C 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. B

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

1. ABC 2. ABC 3. BD 4. BCD 5. ABD

6. ACD 7. ABCD 8. ABC

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 PARAGRAPH

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. A 7. A 8. D

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

1. A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S

INTEGER TYPE

1. 8 2. 0 3. 1 4. 9 5. 3
6. 9 7. 8 8. 3 9. 5 10. 2

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
       
9. CD  b  a , DE  a , EF  b , FA  a  b , AC  a  b , AD  2 b , AE  2 b  a , AF  b  a ,

CE  b  2 a

KUKATPALLY CENTRE: # 22-97, Plot No.1, Opp. Patel Kunta Huda Park, Vijaynagar Colony, Hyderabad - 500 072. Ph.: 040-64601123
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