Cha

pte
r-2

Ri
ght
sint
heI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
ion

I
mpor
tanc
eofRi
ght
s

 Ri
ght
sar
ece
rta
inc
ondi
ti
onswi
thoutwhi
chnobodyc
ande
vel
opt
hei
rpe
rsona
li
ty.

 Thede mocrat
ics
yst
em pr
ovi
dess
uchc
ondi
ti
onst
oea
cha
nde
ver
yone
,wi
thout
dis
cri
minat
ion.

 T
hef
unda
ment
alr
espons
ibi
l
tyoft
hec
our
tist
opr
ote
ctt
her
ight
soft
hepe
opl
e.

Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s

 Al
i
stofr
ight
sme
nti
one
dandpr
ote
cte
dbyt
heCons
ti
tut
ioni
sca
ll
edt
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.

F
unda
ment
alRi
ght
s

 T
heCons
ti
tuti
onli
st
edt
her
ightt
hatwoul
dbes
pec
if
ic
all
ypr
ote
cte
dandc
all
edt
hem
f
unda
mental
rig
ht.

 T
heFundamenta
lRi
ght
sares
oimpor
tantt
hatt
heCons
ti
tut
ioni
ts
elfe
nsur
est
hatt
hey
a
renotvi
ol
atedbyt
hegov
t.

 Part111oft heIndi
anCons
ti
tut
iona
ndt
heAr
ti
cl
esf
rom 12t
o35de
alswi
th
Fundament
alRig
ht.

T
heF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
senume
rat
edi
ntheCons
ti
tut
iona
re:

1.
Rig
htt
oEqua
li
ty(
14-
18)

 Ar
ti
cl
e14-E
qua
li
tybe
for
ethel
awa
nde
qua
lpr
ote
cti
onofl
aws
.

 Ar
ti
cl
e15-Pr
ote
cti
onf
romdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

 Ar
ti
cl
e16-E
qua
li
tyofoppor
tuni
ti
es.

 Ar
ti
cl
e17-Pr
ohi
bi
ti
onofUnt
ouc
habi
l
ity
.

 Ar
ti
cl
e18-Abol
i
tionofT
itl
es.

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 2.
Rig
htt
oFr
eedom(19-
22)

 Themostimpor
tantf
undamenta
lri
ghti
stheri
ghttoper
sonall
i
ber
ty/
fre
edom.I
tca
n
becons
ide
redasthebac
kboneofal
lot
herf
undamenta
lRi
ght.

 Throughtheconst
it
uti
onalar
ti
cl
es19to22RighttoFr
eedom i
sg ua
rantee
dt othe
people.AmongthemArti
cl
e19ismor
eimpor
tant.I
tgua
rant
eestheenjoy
me ntofsi
x
fr
ee doms.T
heyare
:

1.F
ree
domofS
pee
cha
ndE
xpr
ess
ion.

2.T
oas
sembl
ePe
ace
abl
ywi
thouta
rms
.

3.T
ofor
mas
soc
iat
ionsoruni
ons
.

4.T
omov
efr
eel
ythr
oug
houtt
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.

5.T
ore
sidea
nds
ett
lei
nanypa
rtoft
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.

6.T
opr
act
ic
eanypr
ofe
ssi
onort
oca
rryona
nyoc
cupa
tion,
tra
deorbus
ine
ss.

 Ar
ti
cl
e20-de
alswi
thpr
ote
cti
ona
gai
nstc
onv
ict
ionofof
fenc
es.

 Ar
ti
cl
e21-Ri
ghtt
oli
fea
ndpe
rsona
lli
ber
ty.

 Ar
ti
cl
e21(
A)-Ri
ghtt
oeduc
ati
on.

 Art
ic
le22-prot
ect
ionaga
ins
ta r
bit
rar
yar
resta
ndde tent
ion.I
tme a
nsthatnoman
ca
nbea rr
est
edwit
houtbei
nginfor
medofthegroundsforwhichheisgoi
ngtobe
ar
rest
ed.

Pr
eve
nti
veDe
tent
ion

 I
ncert
aincase
s,apersoncanbea r
rest
eda ndi
mpri
sonedonthegroundtha
thei
s
l
i
kel
ytoe ng
ageinunl
awful
acti
vi
ti
es.Thi
sisk
nownasprev
enti
vedet
enti
on.

3.
Rig
hta
gai
nstE
xpl
oi
tat
ion(
23-
24)

 Ar
ti
cl
e23-Pr
ohi
bi
tst
raf
fi
cinhuma
nbe
ing
sanda
llt
ype
sofbonde
dla
bourl
i
ke
be
ggi
ng.

 Art
ic
le24-Pr
ohibi
tsempl
oyme
ntofc
hil
dre
nbe
lowt
hea
geof14i
nfa
ctor
iesormi
nes
orf
oranyhaz
ardouswork
.

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 4.
Rig
htt
oFr
eedomofRe
li
gi
on(
25-
28)

 Ar
ti
cl
e25-T
opr
ofe
ssa
ndpr
opa
gat
eanyr
eli
gi
on.

 Ar
ti
cl
e26-T
oes
tabl
i
sha
ndma
int
aini
nst
it
uti
onsa
ndt
oowna
nda
cqui
repr
ope
rty
.

 Art
ic
le27-Tog
ett
heex
pens
esforthepromot
iona
ndma
int
ena
nceofa
nypa
rti
cul
ar
re
li
gion,
exe
mpt
edf
romt
hepaymentofta
x e
s.

 Art
ic
le28-T ogett
hefree
domf
romt
hea
tte
nde
ncea
tre
li
gi
ousi
nst
ruc
ti
onsi
nce
rta
in
educa
tiona
lins
ti
tut
ions
.

5.
Cul
tur
ala
ndE
duc
ati
ona
lRi
ght
s(29-
30)

 Ar
ti
cl
e29-T
heRi
ghtoft
hemi
nor
it
iest
ocons
erv
ethe
irl
ang
uag
e,S
cri
pta
ndc
ult
ure
.

 Ar
ti
cl
e30-T
heRi
ghtt
oes
tabl
i
sha
nda
dmi
ni
st
ere
duc
ati
ona
lIns
ti
tut
ions
.

6.
Rig
htt
oCons
ti
tut
iona
lRe
medi
es(32)

 Dr
.BRAmbe
dka
rCons
ide
redt
hisr
ighta
sthehe
arta
nds
oul
oft
heCons
ti
tut
ion.

 I
tpr
ovi
desc
ons
ti
tut
iona
lPr
ote
cti
ont
otheF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
soft
hepe
opl
e.

 I
fanyofthef
undament
alri
ghtisvi
ol
ate
d,t
hec
it
iz
enc
ana
ppr
oac
htheHi
ghCour
tor
t
heSupre
meCourttoge
titr
e s
tore
d.

 Ar
ti
cl
e32-T
oappr
oac
htheS
Ctog
etr
est
ore
dtheF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
s.

 Ar
ti
cl
e226-T
oappr
oac
htheHCt
oge
tre
stor
edt
heF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
s.

Wr
it
s

 F
ore nf
orc
ingFunda
me ntalRi
ght
stheCourtc
ani
ssuev
ari
ousor
der
s.S
uchor
der
sar
e
c
all
edWr i
ts.
Therear
ev a
rioust
ypesofwr
it
s.

1.
Habe
asCor
pus(T
haty
ouha
vet
hebody
)

 I
tisis
suedbytheCour
ttorel
eas
eape
rsonwhoi
sunde
rthei
l
leg
alc
ust
odya
nd
pr
oducehi
m/he
rint
hecour
t.

2.Ma
nda
mus(wec
omma
nd)

 I
tisadir
ect
ivet
oa nof
fi
ci
alt
odohi
sdut
y,i
fthec
our
tisc
onv
inc
edt
hatt
heof
fi
ci
ali
s
r
eluc
tantt
odoit.

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 3.
Prohi
bi
ti
on(T
ost
oport
ofor
bid)

 I
tisi
ssue
dtoa
ninf
eri
orCour
tifi
tgoe
sbe
yondi
tsj
uri
sdi
ct
ion.

4.
Cer
ti
ora
ri(
Tobec
ert
if
ied)

 Thi
sist
hewri
tbywhi
cht
heCour
tma
yas
kanyi
nfe
riorc
our
ttot
rans
fert
hec
aset
o
hig
herc
our
t.

5.
Quo-Wa
rra
nto(Bywha
taut
hor
it
y)

 I
fthecourtfi
ndst
hataper
soni
shol
di
nganoff
ic
e ,
butisnote
nt i
tl
edt
oholdthatof
fi
ce,
i
tisi
ssuesthewri
tofQuo-
Warr
ant
oandPre
ventsthepers
onfromhol
dingthatof
fi
ce.

 I
tisus
ual
l
yis
sue
dag
ains
tpubl
i
cof
fi
ci
al
s.

Ri
ghtt
oPr
ope
rty

 I
n1978t
her
ightt
opr
ope
rtywa
sde
let
edf
romt
hel
i
stofF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
s.

 Ri
ghttoPrope
rtywa sremov
edf
rom t
heF
unda
ment
alRi
ght
sthr
oug
hthe44t
h
Amendme
ntActin1978.

 Nowi
tbe
camet
hel
ega
lri
ght
.

 I
tcome
sunde
rtheAr
ti
cl
e300A.

Na
tiona
lHuma
nRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on(
NHRC)

 Huma
nRi
ght
sist
her
ightofhuma
nbe
ing
stol
i
vea
sahuma
n.

 Huma
nRi
ght
sde
cla
rat
iont
ookpl
aceon10t
hDe
cembe
r1948.

 10t
hDe
cembe
risobs
erv
eda
sHuma
nRi
ght
sDa
y.

 I
n1993,
theNHRCwa
ses
tabl
i
she
dinI
ndi
a.

 T
hef
ir
stc
hai
rma
nofNHRCwa
sRe
nga
nat
hMi
shr
a.

 NHRCCons
ist
edof5Me
mbe
rs.
1.F
orme
rChi
efJ
ust
ic
eofI
ndi
a.

2.F
orme
rjudg
eofS
upr
emeCour
t.

3.F
orme
rChi
efJ
ust
ic
eofHi
ghCour
t.

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 4.Twomembe
rswhoha
vek
nowl
edg
eandpr
act
ic
ale
xpe
rie
ncei
nma
tte
rsr
ela
tedt
o
huma
nri
ght
s.

F
unc
ti
onsofHuma
nRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on
1.T
oma
kea
war
nes
sabouthuma
nri
ght
s.

2.T
oInv
est
iga
tea
boutt
her
epor
tedhuma
nri
ght
svi
ol
ati
ons
.

3.T
ore
cei
vepe
tit
ionsf
romt
hev
ict
imsofhuma
nri
ghtv
iol
ati
ons
.

4.T
ovi
si
tthepl
acewhe
rehuma
nri
ght
svi
ol
ati
ont
ake
npl
acea
ndt
oma
ker
epor
t.

5.T
oe ncoura
get
henon-
gov
ernme
nta
lor
gani
zat
ionst
oinv
olv
eint
hehuma
nri
ght
s
a
cti
vi
ti
e s
.

Di
rec
ti
vePr
inc
ipl
esofS
tat
ePol
i
cy

 I
twa
sfr
omt
heI
ri
shCons
ti
tut
iont
hatt
hef
rame
rsg
ott
hec
onc
eptofDPS
P.

 DPS
Par
eenume
rat
edi
npa
rtI
Vanda
rti
cl
esf
rom36t
o51oft
heI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
ion.

Ma
jorg
oal
s/a
imsofDPS
P
1.T
oens
ureS
oci
o-E
conomi
candpol
i
tic
alj
ust
ic
etoa
ll
.

2.T
oes
tabl
i
shawe
lfa
res
tat
e.

Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
onofDPS
P
1.
Soc
ial
i
stpr
inc
ipl
es

 E
qua
lpa
yfore
qua
lwor
k.

 Ri
ghtt
owor
k.

 F
airdi
st
ri
but
ionofr
esour
ces
.

 Re
mov
alofPov
ert
y.

2.
Gandhi
anpr
inc
ipl
es

 F
orma
tionofGr
amaPa
ncha
yat
h.

 T
oenc
our
ageCot
tag
eindus
tri
es.

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

  Pr
ohi
bi
ti
onofCows
laug
hte
randa
lcohol
.

 T
oor
gani
sea
gri
cul
tur
eandAni
mal
Hus
banda
ry.

3.
Libe
ral
pri
nci
pl
es

 T
ofor
maUni
for
mCi
vi
lCode
.

 T
opr
ovi
dec
ompul
sor
yeduc
ati
ont
othec
hil
dre
nfr
om6t
o14y
ear
s.

 T
oma
int
aini
nte
rna
tiona
lpe
acea
nds
ecur
it
y.

T
heDi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enF
Rsa
ndDPS
P

F
FRs DPS
P

Bor
rowe
dfr
omUSCons
ti
tut
ion. Bor
rowe
dfr
omI
ri
shCons
ti
tut
ion.

E
nume
rat
edi
npa
rtI
II
,ar
ti
cl
esf
rom12t
o35. Pa
rtI
V,Ar
ti
cl
esf
rom36t
o51.

Pr
ote
ctt
her
ight
sandi
nte
res
tsofI
ndi
vi
dua
ls. Pr
ote
ctst
hei
nte
rst
sandWe
lfa
reoft
hes
tat
e.

F
Rsa
rej
ust
ic
iabl
e. DPS
Par
enon-
jus
ti
ci
abl
e.

I
tempha
sis
esonc
ivi
ll
ibe
rty
. I
temphas
ise
sons
oci
al
,ec
onomi
candpol
i
tic
al
j
ust
ic
e.

I
tss
copei
sna
rrow. I
tss
copei
swi
de.

F
unda
ment
alDut
ies

 T
hec
onc
eptofF
unda
ment
alDut
iesbor
rowe
dfr
omt
heRus
sia
nCons
ti
tut
ion.

 S
war
amS
ing
hCommi
tt
eer
ecomme
nde
dtheF
unda
ment
alDut
ies
.

 I
tinc
lude
dint
heI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
iont
hroug
hthe42ndAme
ndme
ntAc
tin1976.

 I
tenume
rat
edi
npa
rtI
VA,
art
ic
le51AofI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
ion.

 T
her
ear
e11F
unda
ment
alDut
ies
.

1.T
oobe
yandr
espe
ctt
hec
ons
ti
tut
ion,
nat
iona
lfl
aga
ndna
tiona
lAnt
hem.

2.T
oche
ris
handf
oll
owt
henobl
eide
asofourf
ree
doms
trug
gle
.

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

3.T
opr
ote
ctt
hes
ove
rei
gnt
yofI
ndi
a.

4.T
ode
fendt
hena
tion.

5.T
opr
ote
ctt
hepubl
i
cpr
ope
rty
.

6.T
opr
ote
ctt
hena
tur
alr
esour
ces
.

7.T
opr
omot
ethec
ommonbr
othe
rhooda
mongt
hepe
opl
e.

8.T
ova
luea
ndpr
ese
rvet
her
ichhe
rit
ageofourc
ompos
it
ecul
tur
e.

9.T
ode
vel
opt
hes
cie
nti
fi
cte
mpe
r,huma
nis
mandt
heS
pir
itofe
nqui
rya
ndr
efor
m.

10.
Tos
tri
vef
ore
xce
ll
enc
eina
lls
phe
arsofi
ndi
vi
dua
landc
oll
ect
ivea
cti
vi
ty.

11.
Par
ent
sshoul
dprovi
dee
duc
ati
ontothe
irc
hil
drenbet
wee
nt heag
eof6t
o14
yea
rs(I
twa sadde
dbythe86thAmendme ntActi
n2002).

J
obyJ
ohn,
St.
John'
sHS
SPa
lav
aya
l

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