Class X Chp2 ACID, BASE and Salt

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

INTRODUCTION:
Acids and Bases were recognized as the two groups of substances in the 15th century
by Muslim chemists. It was recognized that “substances having sour taste were
called Acids”. (Acid means Sour in Latin).
Properties of Acids due to presence of Hydrogen ions (H+)

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) +Cl-(aq)

HNO3(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

They also recognized another group of “Substances having bitter taste and used as
cleaning agents were called Bases”. Neutralization was also recognized in early 16th
century.
Properties of Bases due to presence of Hydroxide ions (OH-)

NaOH(aq) → Na+(aqH) + OH- (aq)

Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca+2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
ARRHENIUS CONCEPT OF ACIDS & BASES:
In 1887 a Swedish chemist Svante-Arrhenius, gave the following definitions of acids and
bases.

ACID:
"A substance which produces (H) ions in aqueous solution is called Acid."
OR
“Acids are those substances that produce Hydrogen (H+) ions when dissolved in
water.”
For Example: substances such as HCI, HNO3, CH3COOH, HCN etc., are acids, because
they ionize in aqueous solutions to provide H+ ions.
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

HNO3(aq) → H+(aq) + NO-3(aq)

CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

HCN(aq) → H+(aq) + CN-(aq)

BASE:
"A substance which produces Hydroxide (OH) ions in aqueous solution is called
base."
OR
“Bases are those substances that produce Hydrogen (OH-) ions when dissolved
in water.”
For Example: substances such as NaOΗ, ΚΟΗ, ΝΗ4OH, Ca(OH)2 etc. are bases
because these compounds ionize in aqueous solutions to provide OH- ions
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
KOH(aq) → K+(aq) + OH- (aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca+2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
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NH4OH(aq) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Thus, according to Arrhenius Concept:

Acids give H+ ions in water, bases give OH- ions in water.

Acids Bases
Hydrochloric acid, HCl Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Nitric acid HNCl5 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)
Phosphoric acid. H3SO4 Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3

Limitations of Arrhenius Concept

1. Hydrogen ions do not exist in water solution and they react-with-water-to- form
Hydronium ions (H3O+)
2. This theory does not explain the basicity of Ammonia (NH3), Acidity of Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and other similar compounds.
3. This concept is applicable only in aqueous medium and does not explain nature of acids
and bases in non-aqueous medium
4. According to this concept, acids and bases are only those compounds which contain
hydrogen
+
(H ) and hydroxide (OH) ions, respectively. It can't explain the nature of compounds like
AICI3, NH3, etc. which are acid and base, respectively.

BRONSTED LOWRY CONCEPT:

This theory was proposed by the English Chemist Lowry and Danish Chemist Bronsted
in 1923. “An acid is a substance having a tendency to donate one or more protons” and
“base is a substance having a tendency to accept protons.”
Bronsted-Lowry acid:
“A substance that can donate (H+) or proton.”
Bronsted-Lowry base:
“A substance that can accept (H+) or proton.”

EXPLANATION:
Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and hydronium (oxonium) ion [H3O+] are proton donors and act
as Bronsted-Lowry Acids, whereas (H₂O) and Ammonia (NH3) are proton acceptors
and act as Bronsted-Lowry Bases.

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Similarly, when HCl dissolves in water; HCI acts as an acid and H2O as a base.
Conjugate acid base pair

HCl (aq) + H2O (aq) ⇋ H3O + (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Acid Base Conjugate Acid Conjugate base

A conjugate acid is a specie formed by accepting a proton by
a base.
A conjugate base is a specie formed by donating a proton by an acid.
Thus, conjugate acid-base pair differs from one another only by a single proton. Similarly

CH3COOH (aq) + H2O(aq) ⇋ CH3COOH- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid

Limitations of Bronsted-Lowry Concept:

It could not explain the acidic nature of compounds having no tendency to lose H+ ions.
Examples CO2, AlCl3, SO3.
It could not explain the basic nature of compounds having OH- ions,
Examples NaOH, Ca (OH)2, КОН.

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LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND BASES:

In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a more general concept of acids and bases.
According to Lewis theory:
"An Acid is Substance (molecule or ion) that is capable of accepting an electrons
pair”,
and
“Base is Substance (molecule or ion) that is capable of donating an electrons
pair”
An acid-base reaction, in which electron pair donor is base and electron-pair acceptor is
acid.
(They form a co-ordinate covalent bond).
Lewis Acid : An electron pair acceptor.
Lewis Base : An electron pair donor.
EXPLANATION:
When Ammonia (NH3) reacts with proton (H+) to form ammonium ion (NH+4), in
which the Nitrogen of (NH3) donates a pair of electrons whereas the (H+) accepts that
pair of electrons for bond formation, this is shown by curved arrow.

Another example is provided by the reaction of Ammonia (NH3) with Boron tri
fluoride (BF3), in which Nitrogen of (NH3) donates an electron pair and B of BF3, which
lacks a pair of electrons to complete its outer most shell (ostet), accepts that pair of
electrons and forms a coordinate covalent bond.

OR

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Note: The bond sbetween 'N' and 'B' is Co-ordinate Covalent Bond.
Examples of Lewis acids and bases are given below:

Limitations of Lewis Acid and Base concept:

* It could not explicate the release of energy during the formation of a covalent bond.
* It could not clarify the shapes of molecules and amount of energy released during
covalent bond formation.
*It could not explain the nature of attractive forces between the constituent atoms of a
molecule.

Summary of the Concepts:

OR

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Question: Why Arrhenius theory is only applicable to aqueous solution?

The amphoteric nature of water is very important because most of the acid-base chemical reactions
takes place in the presence of water. Water is an important amphoteric compound that can act as
both an Arrhenius acid and Arrhenius base. That is why Arrhenius theory is only applicable to
aqueous solutions.

NEUTRALIZATION:
The process in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water is called
neutralization reaction.
OR
A neutralisation reaction cakes place by the reaction of acid and based in an eqa
solution producing salt and water a neutralisation reaction is shown by a
balanced chemical equation which has an equal number of atoms as well as
positive and negative charges on reactants and product sides.
A common example is the reaction between HCl and NaOH.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇋ NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)

The Hydrogen ion (H+) which is responsible for acidic properties reacts with the
Hydroxide ion (OH-), which is responsible for the basic properties, producing neutral
water (HOH). Neutralization may be expressed as:
H+ + ОH- H₂O

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Neutralization is an example of double displacement as well as exothermic

reaction. e.g. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔΗ=-57.3KJ/mol

Balancing Neutralization reaction:

The balancing of neutralisation reaction involves the equal consumption of H+ and
OH- in an aqueous solution you due to this we have to look at the acidity of the
base and basicity of acid in the balancing equation. For example, the chemical
equation of neutralisation of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is as follows:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
NaOH and HCl are neutralising each other in a ratio of 1:1 because one mole of
NaOH releases one mole of OH- and one mole of HCl releases one mole of H+.
Similarly, when NaOH or KOH reacted with HBr, HI and HNO3 shows a ratio of
1:1. One mole of each HI, HBr and HNO3 release is 1 mole of H+ as follows:
NaOH(aq) + HI(aq) NaI(aq) + H2O(aq)
NaOH(aq) + HBr(aq) NaBr(aq) + H2O(aq)
NaOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(aq)
KOH(aq) + HI(aq) KaI(aq) + H2O(aq)
KOH(aq) + HBr(aq) KBr(aq) + H2O(aq)
KOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(aq)

DISSOCIATION OF WATER or (Water ionization):

Water acts as an acid as well as a base. A substance like water which can
behave as both an acid and a base is said to be an Amphoteric Substance.

On adding acid or base to water, it ionizes. A proton from water molecules is

transferred to, another water molecule leaving behind (OH-) hydroxyl (hydroxide) ion
and forming (H3O+) oxonium (hydronium) ion.

IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER or WATER IONIZATION:

Water is a neutral liquid which possesses an equal number of hydrogen (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH-) due to their pure water is considered as a weak electrolyte it
ionises according to the following reaction
H₂O = H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
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During neutralization, salt and water molecules are formed and the concentrations of
Hydrogen (H+) ions and Hydroxide ions (OH-) remain almost same.
H₂O = H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Kc = [H+] [OH-]
[H₂O]
Kc is the equilibrium constant. It shows that a very small fraction of water
molecules is ionized. That means water remains mostly unchanged. Therefore,
Kc [H₂O] = Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Constant (Kw) is called ionic product constant which is the product of molar
concentration of (H+) ion and (OH-) ions at 25°C is found to be 1 x 10-14 mole²/dm6 (M²).
[H+] = 1 x 10-7 M and [OH-] =1 x 10-7 М
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Kw = (1 x 10-7) x (1 x 10-7)
Kw = 1 x 10-14 M²
Above equation shows that [H+] = [OH-] that is why Water is Neutral.

If [H+] ion concentration increases in aqueous solution, then the solution becomes
acidic. If (OH) ion concentration increases in aqueous solution, then the solution
becomes basic.
If pH < 7 then Solution is acidic
pH = 7 then Solution is neutral
pH > 7 then Solution is basic

pH: The Danish chemists Sorensen, proposed that

“The measurement of the power of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution” OR
“pH means power of hydrogen (H') ions”. OR
The negative logarithm of the concentration of Hydrogen ion (H) in aqueous solution
is called pH.
Mathematically:
pH = -log [H+]
Any neutral solution like water in which [H] ion concentration is 1 x 10-7 M so,
pH = -log [H+]
= -log [10-7]
= (-7) log10
= 7 x log10 :.(log 10=1)
= 7x1
pH = 7 Answer

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pOH:
The negative logarithm of the concentration of hydroxyl ion (OH) in aqueous
solution is called pOH. pOH= -log [OH-]
The sum of pH and pOH of water or any solution is equal to 14.
i.e. pH+pOH=14
pH SCALE:
The Danish chemist Sorensen proposed that only the number in the exponent
be used to express the acidity called pH from the French (Puissance d, Hydrogen
potential of Hydrogen). On this scale, a concentration of (1 x 10-7) moles of H₂O ions per
liter of solution becomes a pH of 7. Similarly a concentration 1 x 10-10 M becomes a pH
of 10 and so on.

"The negative logarithm of the concentration of Hydrogen

ion [H] is called pH scale." Mathematically: pH = -log [H+]
Any neutral solution like water in which [H] ion concentration is 1 x 10-7 M.
pH = -log [H+]
= -log [10-7]
= -(-7) log10
= 7 log10
= 7x1
pH = 7 Answer
Similarly the pOH is also 7, i.e. the value of pH = 7 and POH = 7, thus solution is
Neutral. The sum of pH and pOH of any solution is always equal to 14. i.e.
pH + pOH = 14
7+7 = 14

The pH scale and pH values for some common substances

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xi) Calculate the pH of the following

solutions. (a) 0.001 M of HCI
Ans. (a) 0.001 M HCl, pH =?
Solution
0.001 M.- 1 1 =10-3 M
1000 103
Formula
pH = -log [H+]
= -log [10-3]
= (-3) log 10 : (log 10=1)
= -(-3) x 1
= -(-3).
pH = 3
pH = 3 Ans.

SALTS:
“An ionic compound produced by neutralization between acid and base having
positive and negative ions is called salt.” OR
“Salt is an ionic compound that contains a cation (from the base) and an anion (from
acid).”
It is present in large quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. Salt is
important for animal life and saltines is one of the basic human taste.Salt is an ionic
compound that has a cation other than and then an another then an is obtained along with
water in the neutralisation reaction between acids and bases
TYPES OF SALTS:
On the basis of their chemical nature, salts can be divided into the following:
1) Normal Salts 2) Acidic Salts 3) Basic Salts

1. Normal Salt (Neutral Salt):

A salt which is formed by the complete neutralization of strong acid and strong base is
called normal salts.
The aqueous solutions are neutral to litmus paper
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Example: NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, K2SO4 , MgSO4, etc. are normal salts,

2. Acidic Salt (Acid Salt):

A salt which is formed by the partial or incomplete neutralization of an acid by a
base is called acidic salt. (It has hydrogen ( H+) ion).
Acidic salts are those salts which are distinctly acidic in nature, they produce acidic solutions when
dissolved in water.Such salt solutions have a pH of less than 7.
KOH + H₂CO₃ KHCO3 + H₂O
Example: NaHSO4,NH4Cl, Ca(NO3)2, NaH2PO4, KHCO3, NaHCO3, etc. are acidic salts.
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3. Basic Sait (Base Salt):

A salt which is formed by the partial or incomplete neutralization of a base by an
acid is called basic salt. (It has Hydroxide OH ion).
Basic salts are those salts which are distinctly basic in nature, they produce
alkaline solutions when dissolved in water. Such salt solutions have a pH more
than 7.
Mg(OH) 2 +HCI Mg(OH) Cl + H2O
Example: Mg(OH)Cl, Zn (OH)Cl, CH3COONa, K2CO3, Na2CO3, KCN etc. are basic salts.

Preparation of Salt:
1: Action of Acids on Metals:
2HCl+Zn → ZnCl2+H2
H2SO4+Mg → MgSO4+H2
2: Action of Acid on Metal Oxides:
CaO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + H2O(l)
3: Action of Acid on Metal Hydroxide:
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
4: Action of Acid on Metal Carbonates:
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O
5: Action of Acid on Metal Bi carbonates:
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl+H2O+CO2

Uses of Salts:
Salts play an important role in our daily life. The following are some uses of salts.

1. Chemical Fertilizers
Most of the chemical fertilizers used in agriculture by farmers, are salts. For Example:
ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, potassium chloride and
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) fertilizers.
2. Pesticides:
Certain salts are used as pesticides to kill or destroy insects, pests, weeds and fungi. For
examples: Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (II) sulphate and mercury chloride.
3. Medical Field:
In medical field hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO4, H2O, is found in plaster of paris. It is
used to make plaster casts for supporting broken bones.
4. Food Suppliment:
Patients, suffering from anemia use iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O is an
ingredient in 'iron pills' as food supplement.

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5. Anti-Acid:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an ingredient in anti-acids. This salt can neutralize the
excess acid secreted by the stomach.
6. As Radio-Agent:
Barium sulphate is used to make barium meals for patients who need to take and X-ray of
their stomach. The salt helps to make internal soft organs like intestines appear on X-ray
films.
7. Disinfectant:
Potassium per manganate (VII) can kill bacteria and hence is suitable for use as a
disinfectant.

BUFFER SOLUTION:
Definition:
"A solution which resists a change in pH of solution is called Buffer solution".

Buffer solution is a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or a mixture of
weak base and its conjugate acid. It means that buffer itself may be acidic or basic.
Mixture of CH3COOH and CH3COONa is acidic buffer.
Mixture of NH4OH and NH4Cl is basic buffer.

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Importance of Buffer in life:

OR

Buffers in the stomach and intestines neutralize acids to protect tissues and ensure
proper digestion. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid as it
enters the small intestine, protecting the lining of the intestine and aiding in digestion.

Write a note on pH dependent food?

What are the harmful effects of acid rain?

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TEXTBOOK EXERCISE:
Short Question Answer
Q: Discuss the properties of acid and base?

Properties of Acids:
1. Taste: Acids have a sour taste (e.g., lemon juice).
2. Effect on Litmus Paper: Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
3. pH Value: Acids have a pH less than 7.
4. Conductivity: Acids conduct electricity in aqueous solutions because they release
hydrogen ions (H⁺).
5. Reactivity with Metals: Acids react with certain metals (like zinc and magnesium) to
produce hydrogen gas.
6. Reaction with Bases: Acids react with bases to form salt and water (neutralization
reaction).
7. Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), citric acid.

Properties of Bases:
1. Taste: Bases have a bitter taste. (e.g. coffee, chocolate)
2. Effect on Litmus Paper: Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
3. pH Value: Bases have a pH greater than 7.
4. Feel: Bases feel slippery to the touch (like soap).
5. Conductivity: Bases conduct electricity in aqueous solutions due to the presence of
hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
6. Reaction with Acids: Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
7. Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), ammonia (NH₃)

Q: What are conjugate acid-base pair? Explain with examples.

Answer: An acid after losing a proton becomes a base whereas a base after accepting
the proton becomes an acid. Eg.
H2O(l) + NH3(g) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Acid1 Base1 Acid 2 Base2

A base formed by the loss of a proton by acid is called conjugate base of the acid. An acid
formed by the gain of a proton by the base is called conjugate acid of the base.
Acid-Base pair such as H2O / OH- and NH4- / NH3 which are formed by the loss or gain of a
proton is called conjugate acid-base pair.

An acid-base pair which differs by one proton is called conjugate acid base pair.
In the above example, H2O / OH- and NH4+ / NH3 are conjugate acid-base pair.
A strong acid would have a large tendency to donate a proton. Thus, the conjugate base of a
strong acid would be a weak base. Similarly, the conjugate base of a weak acid would be
a strong base.

Q: Classify the following substances as acidic, basic or neutral

i. A solution that has [H+] = 1x 10-4 mol.dm-3
ii. A solution that has [H+] = 1x 10-11 mol.dm-3
iii. A solution that has [OH-] = 1x 10-9 mol.dm-3
iv. A solution that has [OH-] = 1x 10-3 mol.dm-3

i. pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log [1 x 10 -4]
pH = 4 (solution is acidic)

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ii. pH = -log [H+]

pH = -log [1 x 10 -11]
pH = 11 (solution is basic)
iii. pOH = -log [OH-]
pOH = -log [1 x 10 -9]
pOH = 9
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14-9 = 5 (solution is acidic)
iv. pOH = -log [OH-]
pOH = -log [1 x 10 -3]
pOH = 3
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14-3 = 11 (solution is basic)

Q: Elaborate the ionization equation of water. (pg 7-8 Ionic product of water)
Q: Define the following terms:
a. pH (pg 8)
b. Indicator
c. Neutralization (pg 6)
d. Titration

b. Indicator:
An indicator is a substance that changes colour when added to an acidic or basic solution. It
helps to determine whether a solution is acidic or basic. Indicators do not affect the chemical
composition of the solution but provide visual evidence of its pH.
OR
Indicators are weak organic acid or base which change their colour over a small range of pH.
common Indicators:
• Litmus Paper:
o Red in acidic solutions.
o Blue in basic solutions.
• Phenolphthalein:
o Colourless in acidic solutions.
o Pink in basic solutions.
• Methyl Orange:
o Red in acidic solutions.
o Yellow in basic solutions.
d.Titration: A titration is a technique where is solution of known concentration is
used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
Typically, the titrant (the known solution) is added from a burette to a known quantity
of analyte (the unknown solution until the reaction is complete.
OR
Titration is a laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of an
unknown acid or base by adding a solution of known concentration (called the titrant)
to it, until the reaction is complete. An indicator is usually used to signal the endpoint
of the titration.
Q: Define buffer? What is the composition of Buffer? Discuss its importance in our
daily life? (Pg 13-14)
OR
Answer: BUFFER:
A buffer is a solution that resists changes in its pH when small amounts of an acid or base
are added. Buffers are composed of a weak acid and its corresponding salt or a weak base
and its corresponding salt.

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Composition of a Buffer:
• A buffer contains two components:
1. A weak acid (such as acetic acid) and its salt (such as sodium acetate).
2. A weak base (such as ammonia) and its salt (such as ammonium chloride).
Importance in Daily Life:
• Buffers play a crucial role in maintaining the pH of blood, keeping it at a constant
level to support life.
• In industries, buffers are used in fermentation, dyeing fabrics, and pharmaceuticals to
maintain the pH for optimal reactions.
• Buffers are also found in personal care products like shampoos and skincare items to
maintain a stable pH for effectiveness and safety.
Q: Describe salt, preparation of salt and types of salt. (pg 10-11)
Q: Explain in detail that how water ionisation is related with pH of solution? (pg 7-8)
Importance of Water Ionization and pH in Solutions:
• The pH scale helps to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
• The degree of ionization of water plays a crucial role in many biological and chemical
processes, including enzymatic reactions, cellular functions, and industrial
applications.
• Maintaining the correct pH is important in everyday life, such as in the acidity of our
stomach (pH 1-3), the neutrality of drinking water (pH 7), and the basicity of cleaning
products.
Relationship in between ionization and pH of solution:
As we know that
[H+] [OH-] = Kw
[H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 (because we know that Kw =1x 10-14)
Taking log on both sides
log [H+] [OH-] = log 10-14

log[H+] + log [OH-] = -14 log10 (according to log rule log a . b = log a + log b

also log xn = n logx

log[H+] + log [OH-] = -14 log10
taking (-1 ) negative on both sides
-log[H+] + ( -log [OH-] = -(-14 log10)
-log[H+] + ( -log [OH-] = 14
pH + pOH =14

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Q: Discuss in detail how different solutions in aqueous solution exhibit increase in acidity
and increase in basicity based on H+ and OH-?
Acidity and Basicity of Aqueous Solutions Based on H+ and OH- Ions:
In aqueous solutions, the acidity or basicity of a solution is determined by the concentrations
of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)The balance between these ions in water or
any aqueous solution defines whether the solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
1. Acidic Solutions:
A solution is considered acidic when the concentration of H+ ions is greater than the
concentration of OH- ions.
How Acidity Increases:
• When an acid dissolves in water, it releases H+ ions (also called protons). The
increase in H+ ions causes the solution to become more acidic.
• Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid (HCl), dissociate completely in water, producing a
high concentration of H+ ions:
HCl → H+ + Cl-
• Weak acids, like acetic acid (CH₃COOH), only partially dissociate in water, but still
increase the H+ concentration, although to a lesser extent:
CH₃COOH ⇌ H+ +CH₃COO-
pH of Acidic Solutions:
• The pH of an acidic solution is less than 7. The lower the pH, the stronger the acid.
For example, a solution with a pH of 2 is more acidic than one with a pH of 5.
• In highly acidic solutions, the concentration of H+ ions is significantly higher than
1×10-7 mol/L , resulting in a low pH.
2. Basic Solutions:
A solution is considered basic when the concentration of OH- ions is greater than the
concentration of H+ ions.
How Basicity Increases:
• When a base dissolves in water, it either releases OH- ions directly or reacts with
water to form OH- ions, thereby decreasing the concentration of H+ ions and
increasing basicity.
• Strong bases, like sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dissociate completely in water,
releasing a large amount of OH−OH^-OH− ions:
NaOH → Na- + OH-
• Weak bases, like ammonia (NH₃), partially react with water to form OH- ions:
NH₃ + H₂O ⇌NH₄+ + OH-

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pH of Basic Solutions:
• The pH of a basic solution is greater than 7. The higher the pH, the stronger the
base. For example, a solution with a pH of 12 is more basic than one with a pH of 8.
• In highly basic solutions, the concentration of OH- ions is significantly higher than
1×10-7 mol/L, resulting in a high pH.
3. Neutral Solutions:
A solution is neutral when the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal. In pure water at
25°C, the concentration of both H+ and OH- ions is 1×10-7 mol/L, and the pH is 7.
H₂O ⇌ H+ + OH-
Summary of pH and Ion Concentrations:
• Acidic Solution (pH < 7): Higher concentration of H+ ions, lower concentration of
OH- ions.
• Basic Solution (pH > 7): Higher concentration of OH- ions, lower concentration of H+
ions.
• Neutral Solution (pH = 7): Equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions.
Practical Examples:
• Acidic Solutions: Lemon juice and vinegar are common examples of acidic
solutions with high H+ concentrations.
• Basic Solutions: Soap and baking soda solutions are examples of basic solutions
with high OH- concentrations.
• Neutral Solutions: Pure water is neutral, with equal H+ and OH- concentrations.
Importance of Understanding Acidity and Basicity:
Understanding how solutions exhibit acidity and basicity based on H+ and OH- ions is crucial
in many areas of daily life, including medicine (like the pH of blood), agriculture (soil pH), and
industry (chemical manufacturing and food preservation).
In conclusion, the balance between H+ and OH- ions determines whether a solution is acidic,
basic, or neutral, and this relationship is fundamental to many natural and industrial
processes.
Q: what do you mean by balancing of neutralisation reaction with the help of
examples? (pg 7)
Q: write down uses of salt in daily life. (pg 11)

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Class X Chp2 ACID, BASE and Salt

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR BOARD EXAMINATION

SECTION “B”
2024
Q: Describe briefly two types of buffer solution with examples. (pg 12)
Q: Elaborate the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases with suitable examples.(pg 1)
Q: A solution of HCL has pH 2.3 calculate its pOH and [H+]? (example 1 from Textbook
pg 25)
2023
Q: What are the limitation of Arrhenius Theory. (pg 2)
Q: Write 3 uses of salt. ( pg 11)
Q: find pH, pOH, [OH-] and [H+] of 2.46 x10-9 M KOH solution. (example 2 from
Textbook pg 25)
Some important question for this year
Q: Discuss the properties of a acid and base. (pg 14)
Q: Elaborate the Arrhenius concept of acid and base with suitable example. (pg 1-2)
Q: What is Bronsted Lowry acid base theory? (pg 2-3)
Q: What are conjugate acid base pair? Explain with examples. (pg 2-3 or 14)
Q: Classify the following solution an acid basic or neutral (pg 14-15)
i. A solution that has [H+] = 1x 10-4 mol.dm-3
ii. A solution that has [H+] = 1x 10-11 mol.dm-3
iii. A solution that has [OH-] = 1x 10-9 mol.dm-3
iv. A solution that has [OH-] = 1x 10-3 mol.dm-3
Q: Elaborate the ionisation equation of water. (pg 7-8)
Q: Define the following terms:
a. pH (pg 8)
b. Indicator (pg 15)
c. Neutralization (pg 6)
d. Titration (pg 15)
Q: Define buffer. What is the composition of buffers? Discuss it's important in our
daily life. (pg 12-13)
Section “C”
2024
Q: What are Salts? Write down its preparation by action of acid on: (pg 10-11)
i. metal hydroxide iii. Metal carbonate
ii. metal oxide with representative chemical equation for each.

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Class X Chp2 ACID, BASE and Salt

2023
Q: define buffers. What is its composition? How are these utilised? (pg 13-15)
How are these utilized means importance in our daily life

Some important question for this year

Q: Describe salts preparation of salts and types of salt. (pg 10-11)
Q: Explain in detail that how water ionisation is related with pH of solution? (pg 7-8)
Q: Discuss in detail how different solutions in aqueous solution exhibit increase in
acidity and increase in basicity on the basis of H+ and OH-. ( pg 17)
Q: What do you mean by balancing of neutralisation reaction with the help of
examples? (pg 7)
Q: Write down the uses of salt in daily life. (pg 11)

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