ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPT, OBJECTIVES L. To determine the range of frequency variation of an RC phase-shift oscillator 2. ‘To compare the phase of output and feedback voltages in the oscillator INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION Phase-Shift Feedback In the Hartley owillator (Experiment 38), the Land € of the tank circuit determine the frequency of oscillation. The phase-shift oscillator in this experiment uses resistors and capacitors (R and C) as the frequency-determining constants Recall that the requirements for oscillation include (1) an amplifier with (2) feedback from the outpat to the input circuit in proper phase to overcome the circuit losses and sustain oscillation, In the Hartley oscillator, an increase in collector current resulted in feeding back a positive voltage 10 the base 10 sustain that current increase, whereas a decrease in collector current resulted in feedback of a negative voltage to the base to sustain the collectorcurrent decrease. The ‘voltage fed back to the base must be in phase with the voltage ‘on the base to sustain oscillation. ‘The manner in which feedback is accomplished is unim- portant, as long as it is in proper phase and of sufficient amplitude to overcome the energy Josses in the circuit. The feedback path simply distinguishes one type of oscillator from another. In Fig. 39-1 the feedback network is shown in block form, Q, is an amplificr with a resistive collector load. There is a 180° phase shift between base and collector under normal operating conditions, The feedback network must introduce another 180° phase shift from the collector back to the base, in order to accomplish oscillation. A triple-section RC net work, as in Fig. 39-2, can do this. Point A is connected to 4 Mee FEEDBACK NETWORK Fig. 204. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS. PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR Fig. 99-2. AC phase-shit network the collector of Q, in Fig. 39-1, and B is connected to the base of Qy Consider a single section, RC, (Fig. 39-3a) of this feed- ‘back network, and assume that the signal ve. which is coupled 10 CR, isa sine wave. C,R, is a capacitive circuit, and the ccurrent leads the voltage by an angle which is defined as the “phase angle” of the circuit. The phase angle @ depends on the frequency of vc and on the values of R and Candis given by the equation G91) 39-2) Now C, and R, may be chosen so that for a desired frequency £8 = 60°, Figure 39-35 shows this 60” phase shift. The voltage vj across R, leads vc, the input voltage, by 60° Cy and R, can now be chosen to introduce an additional 64) phase shift between ve, and Vgy, 50 that vgs leads ve. by 120°, Similarly, C, and Ry are selected to introduce another 60) phase shift, and as a result, vjpy leads ve by 180°. Note Fig. 39-3. Phase shift in AC network. Page 36 of 57ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPT. that there will be a 180° phase shift for just one frequency, as determined by the values of Cand & in the feedback network. If any of the selected values of C and R. say, Ry in Fig. 39-2, is varied, the frequency for which there is a 180" phase shift will change. The phase angles introduced by each section of the feedback network will change because of the ‘new frequency. Oscillation takes place at the frequency for Which the total phase shift equals 180° Transistor Phase-Shift Oscillator A transistor phase-shift oscillator must feedback from the output tothe input to sustain oscillation. If common emitter amplifier is used, with a resistive collector 4. there is a 180° phase shift between the base and collec: Hence the phase-shift feedback network between collec tor and base must introduce an additional 180" phase shift. at frequency. if oscillation is to take place. Here also a three-section RC network may be employed. ‘A transistor connected as a phase-shift oscillator is shown in Fig. 39-4. In this common-emitter amplifier. feedback is from the collector to the base, that is, from the output to the input. The three-section phasc-shift network consists of Cy. Ry. Cy. Re. Cand Ry in series with R,,. the input resistance, So that each section may introduce a 60" phase shift (approx) at the resonant frequency, the values C, = C, = C, and Ry = Ry = Ry + Rug By analysis it can be shown that the frequency of oscillation for these condi expressed by the equation oduce in-phase ons may be —SE 69.3) 2mC VOR, + 4RR, A necessary condition for sustained oscil phase-shift oscillator is given by the equation in the RC 29R, , 4, = m+ 69-4) ‘where hy i the small-signal forward-current transfer ratio of the transistor Example: © numerical example will illustrate the ase of Egs. (39-3) and (39-4), What is the predicted frequency of oscillation of Fig. 39-4, if R, = 220002, R, = 12,000 0, and C, = 0.1? Willa transistor with the given valves of Ry Transistor phase-shit osctator LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 40 provide sufficient feedback for Ry, and Cy whose he. concillation? Solution: (@), 29k, , 4k, Ry 2200) 12,000 23+ $32 + 218 = 50.12 4(12,000) A transistor whose hy, = 40 will not permit oscillation in this circuit. The hy, of the required transistor must be greater than 50.12. © f Inc, VOR? > ARR, 1 6.28(0.1 x 10°) V6(2200) __tot 6286122) = 137 He Ifa proper transistor is chosen, the frequency of oscillation for the values given in the example will therefore be approx imately 137 Hz Figure 39-5 isa practical variation of the circuit of a phase: shift oscillator. Note the changed position of the frequency control R,, and the change in the bias circuit. Bias resistor Ry 's connected to the collector for bias stabilization. The pu pose of C, is to bypass the hase to eliminate parasitic oscilla tions. Since this is not a perfectly balanced phase-shift circuit. Eq. (39-3) is not directly applicable. However, if theostat Ry were set for zero resistance and if R were made variable, Ry could be adjusted for phase-shift balance and Eq. 9-3) would then apply SUMMARY 1. Ovcillators require an amplifying device, such as a vac ‘uum tube of transistor, with feedback in phase from the output back fo the input to sustain oscillation, The feedback network in the phase-shifl oscillator of Fig 39-4 consists of a three-section RC circuit (see Fig. 39-2) In Fig. 39-4, the amplifier introduces a 180° phase shift between the signal on the base and the signal at the lector. If for some frequency the RC feedback network introduces an additional 180° phase shift. then the phase shift of the signal fed back equals 180° + 180°, or 360) This is the same as 0° or an in-phase condition. and the circuit meets one of the requirements for oscillation. ‘The variable resistor Ry is used to unbalance the feedback. network, in order to change the frequency of oscillation, Not only must the phase-shift signal have the proper phase. but it must also be of sufficient amplitude to, Page 37 of 57ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPT. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Fig. 39-5. Experimental transistor phase-shit oscilator {yerCome the circuit lacs, To cet this roqurcreca the sarall-signal forward-curent transfer aio (h) or gain of the transistor must be such that hyp = 23+ DHL 4 AR # R R ‘The frequency of a symmetrical three-section phase-shift disc Watered by bar aloe Koel Co eee bythe ese 2eCVOR? + 4R,R, where C is the value of each capacitor in farads, Ry is the value of each resistor in ohms, and f is given in hertz SELF-TEST Check your understanding by answering these questions. 1. In Fig. 39-1, if there were no feedback network and the transistor were simply connected ay a signal amplifier, the signal voltage at the collector would be degrees out of phase with the signal volt- age at the base. ‘When the circuit operates as a phase-shift oscillator, the feedback network (Fig. 39-4) introduces an additional PROCEDURE Sst 1. Connect the circuit of Fig. 39- control, for maximum resistance. 2. Power on. With an oscilloscope observe and measure the waveform and its peak-to-peak voltage at the collector aand base of Q. Record the data in Table 39-1, Measure and record the de voltage at the collector, emitter, and base, ome: Set Ry, the frequency _____" phase shift, so that the signal feedback from plate to grid is "with the signal on the grid In the first section of the RC phase-shift network in Fig 39-2, the signal voltage v, across Ry (leads, lags) the applied signal voltage vc In Fig. 39-2, the size of the phase-shift angle @ of the signal across Ry depends on the ‘of the signal and on the values of and In the phase-shift oscillator of Fig. 39-4 frequency may be changed by varying Any PNP transistor can be used in place of Q, in the transistor phase-shift oscillator of Fig. 39-4 (true, false) MATERIALS REQUIRED © Power supply: Variable regulated low-voltage de source: regulated high-voltage de source for exira-credit steps ‘© Equipment: Oscilloscope; EVM (or VOM); frequency Resistors: 1200-, 4700-, 5100-, 68,000-02 /2-W © Capacitors: Three 0.047-, 0.002-4F 1 Semiconductors: 2N6O0S of the equivalent 1 Miscellaneous: SPST switch: 1000-0 2-W potentiometer calibrated time base, determine the oscillator frequency with R, set at maximum resistance. Record the data Table 39-1 |. Adjust R, for minimum resistance. ‘oscillator frequency. Record this fr Measure the new yueney in Table 39-1 Page 38 of 57ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPT. TABLE 39-1. FIG Oscilator Frequency Range st Point Collector Bane when the phase ] Show your 5. Calculate the frequency fof the shift cirouit is balanced. (Use Eq. (39-3 Record this data in Table 39-2 o-peak amplitude of the the feedback this data in computations 6. Observe and measure the peak and put waveform ¥ if possible voltage waveform and 3, Rec Table 39-2 J. Using an oscilloscope with a calibrated time hase, prefer. ably a dual-trace oscilloscope, measure the phase shift TABLE 99-2 Test Poin AC Oscitator Phase. Shit Relatonshios LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Frequency Minoru Maximum introduced by C\R,. Record the data in the Table 39-2. Use the sine wave at the collector of Q as the and the sine wave at TP I as the phase: shift signal voltage If possible, also measure and record the phase relation ship berwe sw atthe collector and the input phase-shift signal v,, atthe base (or at the junction of C, and Ry) reference vol the output signal v Shit. Dewr 1P 1 3 QUESTIONS 1. (a) What are the requirements for oscillation? (b) Do. these requirements apply equally to transistor an ‘wum-tube circuits? How is feedback accomplished in the KC oscillator of Fig. 39-4 Explain in detail a method for making surements, Draw an interconnection diagram How did you measure the phase shift introduced by C\Ry? agram of equipment and iden: signals involved frequency mea of equip. d identify the two signals involved. Draw an interconnection tify the tw Compare the TP 1 with what it should be theoretically if the phase-shi were balanced, circuit 6. Compare the measured phase-shift signal between v and v4, with what it should be for any discrepancy ¢ a difference in amplitude bet 2. and 37 39-5. How is bias stabilization achieved? yeen the feed 4. frequency: Ry; Cy 180; in phase 5. Ry leads 6. false Page 39 of 57,