INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 148-2
Third edition
2016-10-15

Metallic materials — Charpy

pendulum impact test —
Part 2:
Verification o f testing machines
Matériaux métalliques — Essai de flexion par choc sur éprouvette
Charpy —
Partie 2: Vérification des machines d’essai (mouton-pendule)

Reference number
ISO 148-2:2016(E)

© ISO 2016
ISO 148-2:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f
the requester.
ISO copyright o ffice
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
[email protected]
www.iso.org

ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Definitions pertaining to the machine ................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Definitions pertaining to energy.............................................................................................................................................. 3
3.3 Definitions pertaining to test pieces .................................................................................................................................... 4
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Testing machine .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 Direct verification ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2 Foundation/installation .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.3 Machine framework............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.4 Pendulum ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.5 Anvil and supports ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.6 Indicating equipment ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
7 Indirect verification by use o f reference test pieces .................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Reference test pieces used ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2 Absorbed energy levels ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.3 Requirements for reference test pieces .......................................................................................................................... 13
7.4 Limited direct verification ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.5 Bias and repeatability .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.5.1 Repeatability .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.5.2 Bias ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
8 Frequency o f verification .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
9 Verification report ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
9.2 Direct verification .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
9.3 Indirect verification ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
10 Uncertainty.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Annex A (informative) Measurement uncertainty o f the result o f the indirect verification o f
a Charpy pendulum impact machine ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Annex B (informative) Measurement uncertainty o f the results o f the direct verification o f
a Charpy pendulum impact testing machine ........................................................................................................................ 25
Annex C (informative) Direct method o f veri fying the geometric properties o f pendulum
impact testing machines using a jig ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to con formity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing ofmetals, Subcommittee
SC 4, Toughness testing — Fracture (F), Pendulum (P), Tear (T).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 148-2:2008), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 148 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum
impact test:
— Part 1: Test method
— Part 2: Verification of testing machines
— Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of
pendulum impact machines

iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

Introduction

The suitability o f a pendulum impact testing machine for acceptance testing o f metallic materials has
usually been based on a calibration o f its scale and verification o f compliance with specified dimensions,
such as the shape and spacing o f the anvils supporting the specimen. The scale calibration is commonly
verified by measuring the mass o f the pendulum and its elevation at various scale readings. This
procedure for evaluation o f machines had the distinct advantage o f requiring only measurements
o f quantities that could be traced to national standards. The objective nature o f these traceable
measurements minimized the necessity for arbitration regarding the suitability o f the machines for
material acceptance tests.
However, sometimes two machines that had been evaluated by the direct-verification procedures
described above, and which met all dimensional requirements, were found to give significantly di fferent
impact values when testing test pieces of the same material.
This di fference was commercially important when values obtained using one machine met the material
specification, while the values obtained using the other machine did not. To avoid such disagreements,
some purchasers of materials added the requirement that all pendulum impact testing machines used
for acceptance testing o f material sold to them are to be indirectly verified by testing re ference test
pieces supplied by them. A machine was considered acceptable only i f the values obtained using the
machine agreed, within specified limits, with the value furnished with the re ference test pieces.
This part o f ISO 148 describes both the original direct verification and the indirect verification
procedures.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test —

Part 2:
Verification o f testing machines
1 Scope
T h i s p a r t o f I S O 14 8 covers the veri fic ation o f p endu lu m-typ e i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne s , i n term s o f thei r

con s tr uc tiona l elements , thei r overa l l p er forma nce a nd the acc u rac y o f the re s u lts they pro duce . I t i s

applicable to machines with 2 mm or 8 mm strikers used for pendulum impact tests carried out, for
instance, in accordance with ISO 148-1.
It can be applied to pendulum impact testing machines of various capacities and of different design.
I mp ac t mach i ne s u s e d for i ndu s tria l, genera l or re s e arch lab orator y te s ti ng o f me ta l l ic materi a l s i n

accordance with this part of ISO 148 are referred to as industrial machines. Those with more stringent
f f f
re qu i rements a re re erre d to a s re erence mach i ne s . Sp e ci fic ation s f f or the veri fic ation o re erence

machines are found in ISO 148-3.

T h i s p a r t o f I S O 14 8 de s crib e s two me tho d s o f veri fic ation .

a) The direct method, which is static in nature, involves measurement of the critical parts of the
machine to ensure that it meets the requirements of this part of ISO 148. Instruments used for the
veri fic ation a nd c a l ibration a re trace ab le to nationa l or i nternationa l s tandard s .

b) T he i nd i re c t me tho d, wh ich i s dynam ic i n nature, u s e s re ference te s t pie ce s to veri fy p oi nts on the

me a s uri ng s c a le for ab s orb e d energ y. T he re qu i rements for the re ference te s t pie ce s are fou nd in

ISO 148-3.
A pendulum impact testing machine is not in compliance with this part of ISO 148 until it has been
f Clause 6 and Clause 7.
veri fie d b y b o th the d i re c t and i nd i re c t me tho d s and me e ts the re qui rements o

T h i s p ar t o f I S O 14 8 de s c rib e s how to a s s e s s the d i fferent comp onents o f the to ta l energ y ab s orb e d i n

frac tu ri ng a te s t pie ce . T h i s to ta l ab s orb e d energ y con s i s ts o f

— the energ y ne e de d to frac tu re the te s t pie ce its el f, and

— the i nterna l energ y lo s s e s o f the p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne p er form i ng the fi rs t ha l f- c ycle

swing from the initial position.

NO TE I nter n a l energ y lo s s e s a re due to the fo l lowi ng:

— air resistance, friction of the bearings of the rotation axis and of the indicating pointer of the pendulum which
6.4.5);
c a n b e de ter m i ne d b y the d i re c t me tho d (s e e

— shock of the foundation, vibration of the frame and pendulum for which no suitable measuring methods and
apparatus have been developed.

2 Normative references
T he fol lowi ng do c u ments , i n whole or i n p ar t, are normatively re ference d i n th i s do c u ment a nd are

i nd i s p en s able for its appl ic ation . For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For u ndate d

re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c u ment (i nclud i ng any amend ments) appl ie s .

ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

ISO 148-3, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 3: Preparation and characterization
of Charpy V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum impact machines
3 Terms and definitions
For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c ument, the fol lowi ng term s and defi nition s apply.

3.1 Definitions pertaining to the machine

3.1.1
anvil
p or tion o f the mach i ne that s er ve s to prop erly p o s ition the te s t pie ce for i mp ac t with re s p e c t to the

striker and the test piece supports, and supports the test piece under the force of the strike
3.1.2
base
part of the framework of the machine located below the horizontal plane of the supports
3.1.3
centre o f percussion
p oi nt i n a b o dy at wh ich , on s tri ki ng a blow, the p erc u s s ive ac tion i s the s ame a s i f the whole ma s s o f the

b o dy were concentrate d at the p oi nt

N o te 1 to entr y: When a s i mp le p endu lu m del ivers a b low a lo ng a ho r i z onta l l i ne p a s s i ng th rou gh the centre o f

percussion, there is no resulting horizontal reaction at the axis of rotation.

Figure 4.
N o te 2 to entr y: S e e

3.1.4
centre o f strike
point on the striking edge of the pendulum at which, in the free hanging position of the pendulum, the
vertical edge of the striker meets the upper horizontal plane of a test piece of half standard thickness
(i.e. 5 mm) or equivalent gauge bar resting on the test piece supports
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 4.
3.1.5
industrial machine
p endu lu m i mp ac t mach i ne u s e d for i ndu s tri a l, genera l or mo s t re s e a rch-lab orator y te s ti ng o f me ta l l ic

materials
N o te 1 to entr y: I ndu s tr i a l m ach i ne s a re no t u s e d to e s tab l i s h re ference va lue s , u n le s s the y a l s o me e t the

requirements of a reference pendulum (see ISO 148-3).

N o te 2 to entr y: I ndu s tr i a l m ach i ne s a re ver i fie d u s i n g the p ro ce du re s de s c r ib e d i n th i s p a r t o f I S O 14 8 .

3.1.6
re ference machine
fo r b atche s o f reference test
pieces (3.3.4)
p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng m ach i ne u s e d to de ter m i ne cer ti fie d va lue s

N o te 1 to entr y: Re ference m ach i ne s a re ver i fie d u s i ng the pro ce du re s de s c r ib e d i n I S O 14 8 -3 .

3.1.7
striker
portion of the pendulum that contacts the test piece
N o te 1 to entr y: T he e dge th at ac tu a l l y contac ts the te s t p ie ce h a s a rad iu s o f 2 m m (the 2 m m s tr i ker) o r a rad iu s

of 8 mm (the 8 mm striker).
Figure 2.
N o te 2 to entr y: S e e

2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

3 .1 . 8
test piece supports
p or tion o f the mach i ne that s er ve s to prop erly p o s ition the te s t pie ce for i mp ac t with re s p e c t to the

centre o f percussion (3.1.3) of the pendulum, the striker (3.1.7) and the anvils (3.1.1)
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 2 and Figure 3.
3.2 Definitions pertaining to energy
3 . 2 .1
total absorbed energy
K T
to ta l ab s orb e d energ y re qu i re d to bre a k a te s t pie ce with a p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne, wh ich i s

no t corre c te d for a ny lo s s e s o f energ y

N o te 1 to entr y: I t i s e qu a l to the d i fference i n the potential energy (3.2.2) from the starting position of the
6.3).
p endu lu m to the end o f the fi rs t h a l f s wi ng du r i n g wh ich the te s t pie ce i s b roken (s e e

3.2.2
initial potential energy
potential energy
K P
p o tenti a l energ y o f the p endu lu m ha m mer prior to its rele a s e for the i mp ac t te s t, a s de term i ne d by

d i re c t veri fic ation

N o te 1 to entr y: S e e 6.4.2.
3.2 .3
absorbed energy
K
energ y re qui re d to bre a k a te s t pie ce with a p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne, a fter corre c tion for
fric tion as defi ne d i n 6.4.5
N o te 1 to entr y: T he le tter V o r U i s u s e d to i nd ic ate the no tch ge ome tr y, wh ich i s KV or KU. The number 2 or 8 is
used as a subscript to indicate striker radius, for example KV2 .
3 . 2 .4
calculated energy
K calc
energ y c a lc u late d from va lue s o f a ngle, leng th a nd force me as u re d du ri ng d i re c t veri fic ation

3.2 .5
nominal initial potential energy
nominal energy
K N
energ y as s igne d b y the ma nu fac tu rer o f the p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne

3 . 2 .6
indicated absorbed energy
K S
energ y i nd ic ate d b y the d i s play/d ia l o f the te s ti ng mach i ne, wh ich may or may no t ne e d to b e corre c te d

for friction and air resistance to determine the absorbed energy, K (3.2.3)
3 . 2 .7
re ference absorbed energy
K R
absorbed energy (3.2.3) assigned to the reference test pieces (3.3.4
cer ti fie d va lue o f ) u s e d to veri fy the

performance of pendulum impact machines

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

3.3 Definitions pertaining to test pieces

3.3.1
width
W
distance between the notched face and the opposite face
Note 1 to entry: In previous versions o f the ISO 148 series (prior to 2016), the distance between the notched face
and the opposite face was specified as “height”. Changing this dimension to “width” makes ISO 148-2 consistent
with the terminology used in other ISO fracture standards.
3.3.2
thickness
B
dimension perpendicular to the width (3.3.1) and parallel to the notch
Note 1 to entry: In previous versions o f the ISO 148 series (prior to 2016), the dimension perpendicular to
the width that is parallel to the notch was specified as “width”. Changing this dimension to “thickness” makes
ISO 148-2 consistent with the terminology used in other ISO fracture standards.
3.3.3
length
L
largest dimension perpendicular to the notch
3.3.4
re ference test piece
impact test piece used to veri fy the suitability o f a pendulum impact testing machine by comparing the
indicated absorbed energy (3.2.3 ) measured by that machine with the reference absorbed energy (3.2.7)
associated with the test pieces
Note 1 to entry: Re ference test pieces are prepared in accordance with ISO 148-3.

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

Table 1 — Symbols/abbreviated terms and their designations and units

Symbol/
abbreviated Unit Designation
term a

BV J Bias of the pendulum impact machine as determined through indirect veri-

fication
b J Repeatability
F N Force exerted by the pendulum when measured at a distance l2
Fg N Force exerted by the pendulum due to gravity
g m/s2 Acceleration due to gravity
GUM — Guide to the expression o f uncertainty in measurement[1]
h m Height of fall of pendulum
H1 m Height of rise of pendulum
K J Absorbed energy (expressed as KV2 , KV8 , KU2 , KU8 , to identi fy specific notch
geometries and the radius of the striking edge)
KT J Total absorbed energy
KS J Indicated absorbed energy
Kcalc J Calculated energy
KVR J Certified KV value o f the re ference material used in the indirect verification
a See Figure 4.

4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Symbol/
abbreviated Unit Designation
term a

KV V J Mean KV value of the reference test pieces tested for indirect verification
KN J Nominal initial potential energy (nominal energy)
KP J Initial potential energy (potential energy)
KR J Re ference absorbed energy o f a set o f Charpy re ference test pieces
Indicated absorbed energy or angle o f rise when the machine is operated in
K 1 or β1 J or ° the normal manner without a test piece in position
Indicated absorbed energy or angle o f rise when the machine is operated in
K 2 or β2 J or ° the normal manner without a test piece in position and without resetting the
indication mechanism
Indicated absorbed energy or angle o f rise a fter 11 hal f swings when the
K 3 or β3 J or ° machine is operated in the normal manner without a test piece in position and
without resetting the indication mechanism
m Distance to centre of test piece (centre of strike) from the axis of rotation
l
(length of pendulum)
1
l m Distance to the centre of percussion from the axis of rotation
2
l m Distance to the point of application of the force F from the axis of rotation
M N·m Moment equal to the product F·l2
— Number o f re ference samples tested for the indirect verification o f a pendulum
n V impact testing machine
p J Absorbed energy loss caused by pointer friction
p’ J Absorbed energy loss caused by bearing friction and air resistance
pβ J Correction o f absorbed energy losses for an angle o f rise β
r J Resolution of the pendulum scale
RM — Reference material
s V J Standard deviation of the KV values obtained on nV reference samples
S J Bias in the scale mechanism
t s Period of the pendulum
T s Total time for 100 swings of the pendulum
max
T s Maximum value of T
min
T s Minimum value of T
u — Standard uncertainty

u ( KVV ) J Standard uncertainty o f KV V

u B( V) J Standard uncertainty contribution from bias
u (F ) J Standard uncertainty o f the measured force, F
u (Fftd ) J Standard uncertainty o f the force transducer
u (r) J Standard uncertainty contribution from resolution
J Standard uncertainty o f the certified value o f the re ference material used for
u RM the indirect verification
u V J Standard uncertainty o f the indirect verification result
α ° Angle of fall of the pendulum
β ° Angle of rise of the pendulum
a See Figure 4.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Symbol/
abbreviated Unit Designation
term a
υB — Degrees of freedom corresponding to u(BV )
υ V — Degrees of freedom corresponding to uV
υ RM — Degrees of freedom corresponding to uRM
a See Figure 4.

5 Testing machine
A pendulum impact testing machine consists of the following parts (see Figure 1 to Figure 3):
a) foundation/installation;
b) machine framework: the structure supporting the pendulum, excluding the foundation;
c) pendulum, including the hammer;
d) anvils and supports (see Figure 2 and Figure 3);
e) i nd ic ati ng e qu ipment for the ab s orb e d energ y (e . g. s c a le and fric tion p oi nter or ele c tron ic re adout

device).
6 Direct verification

6.1 General
D i re c t veri fic ation o f the mach i ne i nvolve s the i n s p e c tion o f the item s a) to e) l i s te d i n Clause 5.
Uncer tai nty e s ti mate s a re re qu i re d under Clause 6 f or d i re c t veri fic ation me a s urements to harmon i z e

the acc urac y o f the appl ie d veri fic ation pro ce dure s . Uncer ta i nty e s ti mate s re qu i re d i n Clause 6 are not
relate d to pro duc t s tandard s or materia l prop er ty datab a s e s i n a ny way.

T he u ncer tai nty o f d i a l gauge s , m icrome tre s , c a l l ip ers , and o ther com merc ia l i n s tru mentation u s e d for
the d i re c t veri fic ation me a s urements s ha l l b e e s ti mate d once, b y the pro ducer.

Uncer tai nty o f a me tho d to me as u re a d i re c t veri fic ation p a rame ter i s a s s e s s e d a s p ar t o f the me tho d

va l idation . O nce me tho d va l idation i s comple te d, the u ncer tai nty c a n b e routi nely u s e d ( provide d the

same method is followed, the same instrumentation is used, and the operators are trained).
6.2 Foundation/installation

6.2.1 The fo undatio n to which the machine is fixed and the metho d(s ) o f fixing the machine to the

foundation are of the utmost importance.

6.2.2 I ns p ectio n o f the machine fo undatio n can us ually no t b e made o nce the machine has b een

installed; thus, documentation made at the time of installation shall be produced to provide assurance
that the mass of the foundation is not less than 40 times that of the pendulum.
6.2.3 Inspection of the installed machine shall consist of the following.
a) E n s u ri ng that the b olts are torque d to the va lue s p e c i fie d b y the mach i ne ma nu fac tu rer. T he

torque va lue sh a l l b e no te d i n the do c u ment provide d b y the ma nu fac turer o f the mach i ne (s e e

6.2.1 f ). I o ther mou nti ng arra ngements are u s e d or s ele c te d b y an end u s er, e quiva lenc y s ha l l b e

demonstrated.
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

b) Ensuring that the machine is not subject to external vibrations transmitted through the foundation
at the time of the impact test.
NOTE This can be accomplished, for example, by placing a small container o f water on any convenient
location on the machine framework. The absence of ripples on the water surface during an impact test indicates
that this requirement has been met.
6.3 Machine framework

6.3 .1 Inspection of the machine framework (see Figure 1) shall consist of determining the following
items:
a) free position of the pendulum;
b) location of the pendulum in relation to the supports;
c) transverse and radial play o f the pendulum bearings;
d) clearance between the hammer and the framework.
Machines manufactured after 1998 shall have a reference plane from which measurements can be made.
Annex C is provided for information.
6.3 .2 The axis of rotation of the pendulum shall be parallel to the reference plane to within 2/1 000.
This shall be certified by the manufacturer.

6.3 .3 The machine shall be installed so that the reference plane is horizontal to within 2/1 000.
For pendulum impact testing machines without a reference plane, the axis of rotation shall be
established to be horizontal to within 4/1 000 directly or a re ference plane shall be established from
which the horizontality o f the axis o f rotation can be verified as described above.
6.3 .4 When hanging free, the pendulum shall hang so that the striking edge is within 2,5 mm of the
position where it would just touch the test specimen.
NOTE This condition can be determined using a gauge in the form o f a bar that is approximately 55 mm in
length and o f rectangular section 7,5 mm by 12,5 mm (see Figure 3).

6.3 .5 The plane of swing of the pendulum shall be 90,0° ± 0,1° to the axis of rotation (u < 0,05°).
6.3 .6 The striker shall make contact over the full thickness of the test piece.
One method o f veri fying this is to use a test piece having dimensions o f 55 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm that
is tightly wrapped in thin paper (e.g. by means o f adhesive tape) and a striking edge that is tightly
wrapped in carbon paper with the carbon side outermost (i.e. not facing the striker). From its position
of equilibrium, the pendulum is raised a few degrees, released so that it contacts the test piece, and
prevented from contacting the test piece a second time. The mark made by the carbon paper on the
paper covering the test piece should extend completely across the paper. This verification can be
per formed concurrently with that o f checking the angle o f contact between the striker and the test
piece (see 6.4.8).
6.3 .7 The pendulum shall be located so that the centre of the striker and the centre of the gap between
the anvils are coincident to within 0,5 mm (u < 0,1 mm).
6.3 .8 Axial play in the pendulum bearings shall not exceed 0,25 mm (u < 0,05 mm) measured at the
centre-o f-rotation under a transverse force o f approximately 4 % o f the e ffective weight o f the pendulum,
Fg [see Figure 4 b)], applied at the centre of strike.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

6.3.9 f
Radial p lay o f u < 0,02 mm) when
the s ha t in the p endulum b earings s hall no t exceed 0 , 0 8 mm (

a force of 150 N ± 10 N is applied at a distance l perpendicular to the plane of swing of the pendulum.
NO TE T he rad ia l p l ay c a n b e me a s u re d , fo r e xa mp le , b y a d i a l gau ge mou nte d on the m ach i ne fra me at the

bearing housing in order to indicate movement at the end of the shaft (in the bearings) when a force of about
1 5 0 N i s ap p l ie d to the p endu lu m p er p end ic u l a rl y to the p l a ne o f the s wi n g.

6.3.10 It is recommended that the mass of the base of the machine framework be at least 12 times that
of the pendulum.
6.4 Pendulum

6.4.1 The verificatio n o f the p endulum (including s triker) s hall co ns is t o f determining the fo llo wing
quantities:
a) p o tenti a l energ y, KP ;
b) error i n the i nd ic ated ab s orb e d energ y, KS ;
c) velo c ity o f the p endu lum at the i n s ta nt o f imp ac t;

d) energ y ab s orb e d b y fric tion;

e) position of the centre of percussion (i.e. distance from the centre of percussion to the axis of
rotation);
f) radius of the striking edge of the striker;
g) angle between the line of contact of the striker and the horizontal axis of the test piece.
6.4.2 The p o tential energy, KP ff f
, s hall no t di er ro m the no minal energy, KN , by mo re than ± 1 % . The

p o tential energy, KP, shall be determined as follows.

T he moment o f the p endu lu m i s de term i ne d by s upp or ti ng the p endu lu m at a cho s en d i s tance, l2 , from
the a xi s o f ro tation b y me an s o f a kn i fe e dge on a b a la nce or dyna mome ter i n s uch a ma nner that the

l i ne th rough the a xi s o f ro tation that j oi n s the centre o f gravity o f the p endu lum i s hori z onta l with i n

15/1 000 [see Figure 4 a)] (u < 5/1 000).

The force, F, and the length, l2 , s ha l l e ach b e de term i ne d to an acc u rac y o f ± 0 , 2 % . T he moment, M, is the
product of F · l2 .
NOTE Length l2 can be equal to length l.
The angle of fall, α , s ha l l b e me a s ure d to an acc u rac y o f ± 0 , 2 °; th i s angle c an b e gre ater tha n 9 0 °.

T he p o tenti a l energ y, KP , i s then c a lc u l ate d b y Formula (1):

K P = M (1 − cos α ) (1)

6.4.3 The graduatio n marks o n the s cale co rres p o nding ap p roximately to values o f ab s o rb ed energy o f

0 % , 1 0 % , 2 0 % , 3 0 % , 5 0 % and 8 0 % o f the no minal energy s hall b e verified.

For each of these graduation marks, the pendulum shall be supported so that the graduation mark is
f β
i nd ic ate d by the p oi nter, a nd the a ngle o ri s e, , then de term i ne d to ± 0 , 2 °. T he c a lc u late d energ y i s

given b y Formula (2):

K calc M ( cos cos )
= β − α (2)

8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

NOTE 1 The measurement uncertainty o f l2 , F and β, as specified, yields a mean total measurement uncertainty
of Kcalc o f approximately ±0,3 % o f the full-scale value.
The di fference between the indicated absorbed energy, KS , and the calculated energy from the measured
values shall not be greater than ±1 % o f the energy reading or ±0,5 % o f the nominal energy, KN . In each
case, the greater value is permitted, i.e.
K calc − KS
· 100 ≤ 1 % at between 50 % and 80 % o f the nominal energy, KN (3)
KS
K calc − KS
· 100 ≤ 0,5 % at less than 50 % o f the nominal energy, KN (4)
KN
NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the fact that the accuracy o f the absorbed energy reading is inversely
proportional to its value, and this is important when K is small in comparison with KN .
NOTE 3 For machines with scales and readout devices that are corrected for energy losses, Kcalc should be
corrected in order to compare the results properly.

6.4.4 The velocity at impact can be determined from Formula (5):

v = 2 gl ( 1 − cos α ) (5)
where
g is the local acceleration o f gravity known to 1 part in 1 000 or better, in m/s 2 .

The velocity at impact shall be 5 m/s to 5,5 m/s (u < 0,1 m/s); however, for machines manufactured
prior to 1998, any value within the range o f 4,3 m/s to 7 m/s is permissible and the value shall be stated
in the report.
6.4.5 The energy absorbed by friction includes, but is not limited to, air resistance, bearing friction and
the friction of the indicating pointer. These losses shall be estimated as follows.
6.4.5 .1 To determine the loss caused by pointer friction, the machine is operated in the normal manner,
but without a test piece in position, and the angle of rise, β1 , or energy reading, K1 , is noted as indicated
by the pointer. A second test is then carried out without resetting the indication pointer and the new
angle of rise, β2 , or energy reading, K2 , is noted. Thus, the loss due to friction in the indicating pointer
during the rise is equal to as given by Formula (6):
p M ( cos 1 cos 2 )
= β − β (6)
when the scale is graduated in degrees, or as given by Formula (7):
p = K1 − K 2 (7)
when the scale is graduated in energy units.

6.4.5 .2 Determination o f the losses caused by bearing friction and air resistance for one half swing is
performed as follows.
After determining β2 or K2 in accordance with 6.4.5.1, the pendulum is put into its initial position.
Without resetting the indicating mechanism, release the pendulum without shock and vibration and
permit it to swing 10 half swings. After the pendulum starts its eleventh half swing, move the indicating

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Download From http://bbs.infoeach.com
9
 Download From http://bbs.infoeach.com
ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

me ch an i s m to ab out 5 % o f the s c a le -ra nge c ap acity a nd re cord the va lue as β3 or K3 . T he lo s s e s b y

b e ari ng fric tion a nd ai r re s i s ta nce for one ha l f s wi ng a re e qua l to as given b y Formula (8):
p′ = 1 10 M ( cos β 3 − cos β 2 ) (8)
when the s c a le i s graduate d i n degre e s , or as given b y Formula (9):
p′ = 1 10 ( K3 − K2 ) (9)
when the s c a le i s graduate d i n energ y u n its .

NOTE If it is required to take into account these losses in an actual test giving an angle of rise, β , the qu a ntity

a s given b y Fo r mu l a (10) f f
c a n b e s ub trac te d rom the va lue o the ab s o rb e d energ y.

p
β
= p
β
+ p′
α + β
(10)
β α + β
1 2
Because β1 and β2 a re ne arly e qua l to α, Formula (10) can be reduced to Formula (11):
α + β
p p
β
p′ (11)
2
= +
β
α α

For mach i ne s graduate d i n energ y u n its , the va lue o f β can be calculated as given in Formula (12):
 
1
β = arccos   (12)


M ( K P − K T ) 
6.4.5 .3 The values of β1 , β2 , and β3 , and the values of K1 , K2 , and K3 shall be the mean values from at
least two determinations. The total friction loss p + p f
′ , s o meas ured, s hall no t exceed 0 , 5 % o the no minal

energy, KN f . I f
it do es , and it is no t p o s s ib le to b ring the rictio n lo s s within the to lerance by reducing the

pointer friction, the bearings shall be cleaned or replaced.

6.4.6 The distance from the centre of percussion to the axis of rotation, l1 , is derived from the period
(time of swing) of the pendulum, and it shall be 0,995 l ± 0,005 l f . The measurement uncertainty o the

calculated value of l1 shall be <0,5 mm.

T he d i s tance c an b e de term i ne d b y s wi ngi ng the p endu lum th rough an angle no t exce e d i ng 5 ° and

measuring the time, t, of a complete swing in seconds.

l1 is derived from Formula (13):

g⋅ t2
l1 = (13)
4π 2
where
g i s the acceleration o f gravity, ta ken a s e qua l to 9, 81 m/s 2;
π 2is taken as equal to 9,87.
Therefore, in metres, l1 = 0,2485 · t2 .
The value of t sha l l b e de term i ne d to with i n 0 ,1 % .

With a p endu lu m havi ng a p erio d o f approxi mately 2 s , th i s acc u rac y may b e ach ieve d as fol lows .
Determine the time, T, of 100 complete swings, three times. An accurate measure of t is the average

10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

of the three values of T divided by 100, provided the quantity (Tmax − Tmin), which represents the
repeatability, is not more than 0,2 s.

6.4.7 The dimensions o f the striker shall be checked. Either o f two types o f striker may be used, the
2 mm striker or the 8 mm striker. The values for the radius of curvature and the angle of the tip for both
types are shown in Table 3.
The maximum width of that portion of the striker passing between the anvils shall be at least 10 mm
but not greater than 18 mm (u < 0,2 mm).
NOTE An example o f a method o f veri fying the geometry o f the striker is to make a replica for examination.

6.4.8 The angle between the line of contact of the striker and the horizontal axis of the test piece shall
be 90° ± 2° (see 6.3.6) (u < 0,2°).
6.4.9 The mechanism for releasing the pendulum from its initial position shall operate freely and
permit release of the pendulum without initial impulse, retardation or side vibration.
6.4.1 0 If the machine has a brake mechanism, means shall be provided to prevent the brake from being
accidentally engaged. In addition, there shall be provision to disengage the brake mechanism, for example
during the measurement of period and friction losses.
6.4.1 1 Machines with automated li fting devices shall be constructed so that direct verification can be
performed.
6.5 Anvil and supports

6.5 .1 Inspection of the anvils and supports should consist of determining the following items (see
Figure 2 and Figure 3 and Table 3):
a) configuration o f the supports;
b) configuration o f the anvils;
c) distance between the anvils;
d) taper of the anvils;
e) radius of the anvils;
f) clearance for the broken test piece to exit the machine.
6.5 .2 The planes containing the support surfaces shall be parallel and the distance between them shall
not exceed 0,1 mm (u < 0,05 mm). Supports shall be such that the axis of the test piece is parallel to the
axis of rotation of the pendulum within 3/1 000 (u < 1/1 000).
6.5 .3 The planes containing the anvil surfaces facing the test piece shall be parallel and the distance
between them shall not exceed 0,1 mm (u < 0,05 mm). The two planes containing the supports and the
anvils shall be 90° ± 0,1° relative to each other (u < 0,05°). Additional requirements for the configuration
of the anvils are given in Table 3.
6.5 .4 Sufficient clearance shall be provided to ensure that fractured test pieces are free to leave
the machine with a minimum of interference and not rebound into the hammer before the pendulum

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

completes its swing. No part of the pendulum that passes between the anvils shall exceed 18 mm in
width (u < 0,2 mm).
Hammers are often of one of two basic designs (see Figure 1 ) . When u s i ng the C -typ e h am mer, the

broken test pieces will not rebound into the hammer if the clearance at each end of the test piece is
gre ater tha n 1 3 m m . I f end s top s are us e d to p o s ition te s t pie ce s , they sha l l b e re trac te d prior to the

i n s ta nt o f i mp ac t. When u s i ng the U-typ e ham mer, me an s s ha l l b e provide d to prevent the broken

te s t pie ce s from reb ou nd i ng i nto the h am mer. I n mo s t mach i ne s u s i ng U-typ e ha m mers , sh roud s (s e e

Figure 3) should be designed and installed with the following requirements:

a) a th ickne s s o f approxi mately 1 , 5 m m;

b) a minimum hardness of 45 HRC;

c) a radius of at least 1,5 mm at the underside corners;
d) a position in which the clearance between them and the hammer overhang does not exceed 1,5 mm.
In machines where the opening within the hammer permits a clearance between the ends of the test
pie ce (re s ti ng i n p o s ition re ady to te s t) a nd the s h roud s o f at le as t 1 3 m m, the re qui rements o f a) a nd d)

ne e d no t apply.

6.6 Indicating equipment

6.6.1 The verificatio n o f the analo gue indicating equip ment s hall co ns is t o f the fo llo wing examinatio ns :

a) examination of the scale graduations;

b) examination of the indicating pointer.
T he s c a le s ha l l b e graduate d i n u n its o f angle or o f energ y.

The thickness of the graduation marks on the scale shall be uniform and the width of the pointer shall
f
b e approxi mately e qua l to the width o a graduation ma rk. T he i nd ic ati ng p oi nter sh a l l p erm it a re ad i ng

free from parallax.

The resolution, r, of the indicator is obtained from the ratio between the width of the pointer and
the centre -to - centre d i s tance b e twe en two adj acent s c a le - graduation marks (s c a le i nter va l) . T he

recommended ratios are 1:4, 1:5, or 1:10; a spacing of 2,5 mm or greater is required to estimate a tenth
of a division on the scale.
T he s c a le i nter va l sh a l l b e at mo s t 1 % o f the nom i na l energ y a nd s ha l l p erm it a n e s ti mation o f energ y

i n i nc rements o f le s s than or e qua l to 0 , 2 5 % o f the nom i na l energ y.

6.6.2 The ve rifi cati o n o f di gital indi cati ng equi p me nt s hal l e ns ure that the fo ll o wing re quireme nts

are met.
— T he s c a le s ha l l b e graduate d i n u n its o f angle or o f energ y.

— The resolution of the scale is considered to be one increment of the last active number of the digital
i nd ic ator provide d th at the i nd ic ation do e s no t fluc tuate b y more than one i nc rement. When the

re ad i ngs fluc tuate by more than one i ncrement, the re s olution i s ta ken to b e e qua l to h a l f the range

o f fluc tuation .

— T he re s olution sha l l b e le s s th an or e qua l to 0 , 2 5 % o f the nom i na l energ y.

12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

7 Indirect verification by use o f re ference test pieces

7.1 Re ference test pieces used

Indirect verification consists o f veri fying points on the measuring scale using re ference test pieces. The
following reference test pieces are used:
a) for comparison between test results obtained with the machine under consideration and test
results obtained with a particular reference machine or set of reference machines, or with an SI
traceable KR value obtained in full accordance with ISO 148-1;
b) to monitor the per formance o f a machine over a period o f time, without re ference to any other
machine.
7.2 Absorbed energy levels
The indirect verification shall be per formed at a minimum o f two absorbed energy levels within the
range o f use o f the machine. A set for each energy level shall consist o f at least five reference test pieces.
The reference test piece absorbed energy levels shall be as close as possible to the upper and lower limits
o f the range o f use, subject to the availability o f reference test pieces for these absorbed energy levels.
When more than two re ference test piece absorbed energy levels are used, the other level(s) should be
distributed as uni formly as possible between the upper and lower limits subject to the availability o f
reference test pieces.
7.3 Requirements for re ference test pieces
Reference test pieces shall be obtained from a reference material producer who has prepared the test
pieces as specified in ISO 148-3. Whether or not test pieces that do not break shall be taken into account,
the calculation o f pendulum bias and repeatability is decided by the re ference material producer.

7.4 Limited direct verification

A limited direct verification shall be per formed be fore each indirect verification. This limited direct
verification includes the following:
a) inspection of the machine in accordance with 6.2.3 a) and of the machine framework in accordance
with 6.3.4 and 6.3.6;
b) inspection (visual at least) of the striker and anvils for excessive wear (see Table 3);
c) measurement of the distance between the anvils (see Table 3);
d) when the striker or supports or anvils are changed: measurement of items 6.3.4, 6.3.6, 6.3.7, 6.4.7,
6.4.8, 6.5.2, 6.5.3 and 6.5.4;
e) measurement of the losses due to bearing friction and air resistance;
f) measurement of the loss due to pointer friction.
7.5 Bias and repeatability

7.5.1 Repeatability

KV1 , KV2 , ..., KVn are the absorbed energies of the nV reference test pieces used for the indirect
V
verification at a particular energy level. The repeatability o f the machine under the particular controlled

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 13

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

conditions is characterized by b, the difference between the highest and lowest of the n V KV values, as
given by Formula (14):
b = KVmax − KVmin (14)
The maximum allowed repeatability values are given in Table 2.

7.5.2 Bias

The bias o f the machine under the particular controlled conditions is characterized by the number, as
given by Formula (15):
BV = KV V − KVR (15)
where

KV V =
∑ KV1 +  + KVn V
(16)
nV
The maximum allowed bias values are given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Maximum allowed values for repeatability and bias
Dimensions in joules
Absorbed energy Repeatability Bias
level b | B V|
<40 ≤6 ≤4
≥40 ≤15 % KVR ≤10 % KVR

8 Frequency o f verification
8.1 A full direct verification followed by an indirect verification shall be performed at the time o f
installation and after moving the machine.
8.2 Indirect verifications, including a limited direct verification, shall be performed at intervals not
exceeding 12 months. More frequent indirect verifications may be necessary based on the wear observed.

8.3 When anvils and/or striker are replaced, a direct verification in accordance with clauses describing
the affected part(s) shall be performed. An indirect verification shall also be performed.

8.4 I f the results o f a first indirect verification are unsatis factory and i f limited corrective interventions
on the instrument fail to lead to a satis factory result o f the repeated indirect verification, then a full direct
verification shall be performed.

9 Verification report
9.1 General
The verification report shall include at least the following in formation:
a) reference to this part of ISO 148, i.e. ISO 148-2;
b) identification o f the machine: manu facturer’s name, model and serial number;

14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

c) radius of the striking edge;

d) name of owner and address of place of installation;
e) name or mark o f organization per forming the verification;
f ) date o f the verification.

9.2 Direct verification

The following in formation on the direct verification o f the machine shall be included:
a) nominal energy o f the pendulum;
b) velocity o f pendulum at impact;
c) absorbed energy lost due to air resistance and friction.

9.3 Indirect verification

The following in formation on indirect verification o f the machine shall be included:
a) identification o f the re ference test pieces used in the indirect verification, including the re ference
values and the actual observed absorbed energy values for these test pieces;
b) results o f the indirect verification:
1) repeatability;
2) bias;
3) a statement that the machine does or does not conform to the requirements of this part of
ISO 148.
10 Uncertainty
A method for establishing the uncertainty o f the indirect verification results is given in Annex A.
Annex B gives methods for calculating measurement uncertainty for several of the measurements
occurring in the direct verification.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 15

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

a) C-type hammer b) U-type hammer

c) Test machine
Key
1 scale 9 test-piece supports
2 pendulum bearings 10 foundation
3 friction pointer 11 C-type hammer
4 pendulum rod 12edge of striker
5 machine framework 13striker
6 base a Angle of striker.
7 anvil b Radius of striking edge.
8 test piece c Axis of rotation.

Figure 1 — Parts o f a pendulum-type impact test machine

16 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

a) 2 mm striker b) 8 mm striker

c) Overview
NOTE See Table 3 for geometrical characteristics.
Figure 2 — Strikers, test-piece supports and anvils o f pendulum-type impact test machines

Table 3 — Geometrical characteristics

Numbera Designation Dimension
1 Length of test piece see ISO 148-1
2 Width of test piece see ISO 148-1
3 Thickness of test piece see ISO 148-1
4 Width of test piece minus depth of notch (ligament) see ISO 148-1
5 Angle of notch see ISO 148-1
6 Depth of notch see ISO 148-1
7 Notch root radius see ISO 148-1
a See Figure 2.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 17

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Table 3 (continued)

Number a Designation Dimension

+0, 20 mm
8 Distance between anvils 40, 00 mm
−0, 00 mm

+0, 50 mm
9 Radius of anvils 1 , 00 mm
−0, 00 mm
10 Angle of taper of anvil 11° ± 1°
11 Angle of striker 30° ± 1°
12 Radius of striking edge
+0, 50 mm
12A 2 mm striker 2, 00 mm
−0, 00 mm
12B 8 mm striker 8,00 mm ± 0,05 mm
+0, 50 mm
12C Radius of shoulder of 8 mm striker 0, 25 mm
−0, 05 mm
12D Width of edge of 8 mm striker 4,00 mm ± 0,05 mm
13 Width of striker 10 mm to 18 mm
a See Figure 2.

18 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Key
1 anvils 6 length of the test piece, L
2 standard size test piece 7 thickness of test piece, B
3 test piece supports 8 direction of pendulum swing
4 shroud 9 centre of strike
5 width of test piece, W

Figure 3 — Configuration o f test piece supports and anvils o f an industrial pendulum-type

impact test machine

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 19

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

a) Determination o f moment, M

b) Designation o f terms used to determine energy

Key
1 centre of percussion
2 centre of test piece
3 centre of strike of pendulum
4 centre of standard-size test piece
a Angle of rise, β.
b Angle of fall, α.
c Axis of rotation.

Figure 4 — Determination o f the initial potential energy

20 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Annex A
(informative)
Measurement uncertainty o f the result o f the indirect verification
o f a Charpy pendulum impact machine

A.1 Overview and general requirements

A.1.1 General
This Annex provides a method for determining the uncertainty associated with the results o f indirect
verification tests o f a Charpy pendulum impact machine. Other methods for assessing the uncertainty
o f these tests can be developed and are acceptable, i f they meet the requirements o f the GUM (see
Reference [1]).
This Annex proposes a systematic approach, which leads to estimates for B V (the bias of the machine)
and uV (the uncertainty of the overall indirect verification result). The values of these parameters are
required for the calculation o f the measurement uncertainty o f the results o f tests per formed with the
pendulum impact testing machine a fter the verification, as described in ISO 148-1.
NOTE ISO 148-1:2016, Annex E, also provides a general scheme of the metrological chain used to disseminate
absorbed energy scales through indirect verification using re ference test pieces.

A.1.2 Uncertainty disclaimer

Measurement uncertainty analysis is use ful for identi fying major sources o f inconsistencies for
measured results.
Product standards and material property databases based on this and earlier versions o f this part o f
ISO 148 have an inherent contribution from measurement uncertainty. It is there fore inappropriate to
apply further adjustments for measurement uncertainty and thereby risk failing product compliance.
For this reason, the estimates o f uncertainty derived by following this procedure are for in formation
only, unless specifically instructed otherwise by the customer.
The test conditions and limits defined in this part o f ISO 148 should not be adjusted to take account o f
uncertainties o f measurement, unless specifically instructed otherwise by the customer. The estimated
measurement uncertainties should not be combined with measured results to assess compliance to
product specifications, unless specifically instructed otherwise by the customer. Instead, the indicated
tolerances are to be interpreted as acceptance intervals.[2] This approach assumes that measurements
are made with a tacitly accepted maximum measurement uncertainty. Where possible, this maximum
measurement uncertainty has been specified in the current version o f the ISO 148 series. Measurement
uncertainties of the measured values should be smaller than the indicated values.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 21

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

A.2 Contributions to the uncertainty o f the indirect verification result

A.2.1 Bias
The primary result o f an indirect verification is the estimate o f the instrument bias, B V, as given by
Formula (A.1):
BV = KV V − KVR (A.1)
where
KVV is the mean value o f the re ference test pieces broken during the indirect verification;
KV R is the certified KV value of the reference test pieces.
The absolute value of BV should meet the criteria set in Clause 7.
A.2.2 Uncertainty o f the bias value
The standard uncertainty o f the bias value is equal to the combined standard uncertainties o f the two
terms in Formula (A.1).
uRM , the standard uncertainty o f the certified re ference value, KVR, is calculated from the expanded
uncertainty, URM , indicated on the certificate o f the re ference test pieces, by dividing URM by the
appropriate coverage factor (also indicated on the certificate).
The uncertainty associated with KVV is calculated as given by Formula (A.2):
s
u( KVV ) = V (A.2)
nV
where
s V is the standard deviation of the results of the nV reference test pieces.
7.2 prescribes the use of at least five reference test pieces for the indirect verification.
NOTE Formula (A.2) shows that choosing a larger number nV can be used to reduce the measurement
uncertainty.
Therefore, u(BV ), the standard uncertainty of BV, is calculated as given by Formula (A.3):
2

sV 
u ( BV ) =   + u RM
2
(A.3)


nV 


A.3 Determining the combined uncertainty o f the indirect verification result, u V

As a general rule, bias should be corrected for. However, due to wear of the anvils and hammer parts,
it is di fficult to obtain a per fectly stable bias value throughout the period between two indirect
verifications. This is why the measured bias value is o ften considered an uncertainty contribution, to

22 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

b e combi ne d with its own u ncer tai nty to ob ta i n the u ncer tai nty o f the i nd i re c t veri fic ation re s u lt, u V, as
given by Formula (A.4):
uV = u2 ( BV ) + BV 2 (A.4)
To corre c t the ab s orb e d energ y va lue s me a s u re d with a p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne, add a term

equal to BV . T h i s re qu i re s that the bia s va lue b e fi rm ly e s tabl i she d a nd s table . Such a level o f knowle dge

on the p er forma nce o f a p ar tic u lar p endu lu m i mp ac t te s ti ng mach i ne c an on ly b e ach ieve d a fter a s erie s

o f i nd i re c t veri fic ation and control cha r t te s ts , wh ich shou ld provide the re qu i re d evidence ab out the

s tabi l ity o f the i n s tru ment bia s . T here fore, the prac tice i s l i kely to b e l i m ite d to re ference p endu lu m

impact testing machines.

A.4 Expanding the combined uncertainty
The value of uV is used in ISO 148-1:2016, Annex E, as one of the contributions to the total measurement
u ncer tai nty. To exp a nd a combi ne d s tandard u ncer tai nty, the degre e s o f fre e dom o f the re s p e c tive

u ncer tai nty contribution s ne e d to be combi ne d i nto e ffe c tive degre e s of fre e dom . T he de gre e s of

freedom of uV a re c a lc u l ate d u s i ng the Welch-S atter thwaite approxi mation, a s given by Formula (A.5):
u V4
vV = (A.5)
u ( KV V ) u 4
4
B V4
RM
+ +
vB v RM vB
The value of v equals nV
B − 1 ; the va lue o f vRM i s ta ken from the re ference materi a l s ’ cer ti fic ate .

T he nu mb er o f veri fic ation te s t pie ce s i s at le as t five, but the he tero geneity o f the s ample s i s no t

i n s ign i fic ant. T h i s i s why the numb er o f e ffe c tive de gre e s o f fre e dom i s mo s t o ften no t la rge enough to

use a coverage factor of k equal to 2. Other values of k may b e u s e d i f i ntere s te d p a r tie s a re i n agre ement.

A.5 Examples o f BV and u V calculation and reporting

T h i s s ub cl au s e pre s ents a n example o f an i nd i re c t veri fic ation re s u lt and its ana lys i s . T he i nd i re c t

veri fic ation i s e xe c ute d a fter a d i re c t veri fic ation, u s i ng re ference te s t pie ce s o f th re e d i fferent energ y

levels. The results presented in Table A.1 a re tho s e ob ta i ne d on re ference te s t pie ce s with a cer ti fie d

KV R va lue o f 1 2 3 , 8 J , and a n e xp ande d u ncer tai nty o f 3 ,4 J , with 3 0 degre e s o f fre e dom (va lue s ta ken

from the RM cer ti ficate) .

Table A.1 — Example — Results of the indirect verification tests

Calculation o f bias and
Test results and data from certificates
uncertainty values

Sample 1 123,1 J KVV 119,4 J

Sample 2 116,1 J s V 4,7 J
Sample 3 112,8 J nV 5
Sample 4 123,6 J From Formula (A.2): u ( KVV ) 2,1 J
Sample 5 121,3 J
From cer ti fic ate: de gre e s o f fre e dom , vRM 30 From Formula (A.1): BV − 4,4 J

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 23

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Table A.1 (continued)

Calculation o f bias and
Test results and data from certificates
uncertainty values
From cer ti fic ate: e x p a nde d u ncer ta i nty at a con fidence

le vel o f ab o ut 9 5 % , URM 3,4 J From Formula (A.3): u(BV ) 2,7 J

Since vRM > 10, uRM , the s ta nd a rd u ncer ta i nty, c a n b e
1,7 J From Formula (A.4): uV 5,2 J
calculated as URM/2
D e gre e s o f fre e dom for fi ve s a mp le s , vB 4 From Formula (A.5): vV 7
T he pri ma r y re s u lt o f the i nd i re c t veri fic ation i s go o d: the ab s olute va lue o f the bi as ( BV = − 4,4 J ) i s

below the upper threshold set in Clause 7. The value of BV ne e d s to b e combi ne d with its uncer ta i nty

to obtain uV, unless its value is well established, which we do not consider to be the case here. From
Formula (A.5), the number of degrees of freedom corresponding to uV is calculated to be 7. The
Table A.2.
veri fication re s u lts c an b e rep or te d as s hown i n

Table A.2 — Summary table o f the result with expanded measurement uncertainty, U ( KV )
KVR BV u (BV) uV
J J J v V J
123,8 − 4,4 2,7 7 5,2
BV i s no t firm ly e s tabl ishe d

…a … … … …
…
a T h i s s u m m a r y tab le co nta i n s o ne ro w fo r e ach o f the energ y le ve l s at

wh ich the p endu lu m wa s i nd i re c tl y ve r i fie d .

A graphical representation of the example is given in Figure A.1, together with the results obtained
f
i f
the me a s u re d ab s orb e d energ y va lue s are corre c te d f
or the me as u re d bi as . T he u ncer tai nty o the

uV = 5,2 J) as it consists of the combination of u(BV ) and BV. If the

i nd i re c t veri fic ation i s relatively l arge (

f
bi as va lue had b e en b e tter e s tabl i she d , a nd the me a s u re d va lue corre c te d or its va lue, a con s iderably

u(BV ) = 2,7 J].

s ma l ler u ncer tai nty cou ld h ave b e en ob tai ne d [

Figure A.1 — Graphical representation o f the de fault approach (le ft) with an uncorrected
absorbed energy and the associated uncertainty, u V, as well as the case where the measured
value is corrected for the bias (right), giving a smaller uncertainty, u B V ( )

24 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Annex B
(informative)
Measurement uncertainty o f the results o f the direct verification
o f a Charpy pendulum impact testing machine

B.1 General
Direct verification consists o f a series o f checks o f geometrical and mechanical features o f a pendulum
impact testing machine. Deviation from the nominal values of these features contributes to the bias in
the instrument with respect to the expected behaviour o f a pendulum impact testing machine fulfilling
the requirements of Clause 6.
In theory, one can use a formula such as Formula (B.1) for the estimation of z, the combined
instrument bias:
z= + + + + +( − 1)+ +
R A C E V l l H S (B.1)
where
R is the bias in K (in energy units) due to bias in the radius of the edge of the striker;
A is the bias in K (in energy units) due to bias in anvil and supports geometry;
C is the bias in K (in energy units) due to bias of the centre of strike;
E is the bias in K (in energy units) due to the energy calculation from measured angles;
V is the bias in K (in energy units) due to bias in the impact velocity;
(l − l1)is the bias in K (in energy units) due to bias in the di fference between pendulum length and
centre of percussion;
H is the bias in K (in energy units) due to the correction for friction loss;
S is the bias in K (in energy units) due to the bias in the energy read from an analogue or
digital scale.
The effects of the factors (R, A , C, E, V, l − l1 , H, S) on the absorbed energy are assumed to be small
i f they are within the tolerances required for direct verification o f the machine (see Clause 6) and if
the pendulum impact test is performed according to the standard procedure (see ISO 148-1). However,
there are uncertainties associated with the assessment of the individual factors contributing to z.
Assuming that all quantities are independent, the combined standard uncertainty o f z would be as
given by Formula (B.2):

u
c
(z ) = u
2
(R ) + u 2 ( A ) + u 2 ( C ) + u 2 ( E ) + u 2 ( V ) + u 2 (l − l 1 ) + u 2 ( H ) + u 2 (S ) (B.2)
Not all the elements from Formula (B.1) and Formula (B.2) can be reliably and quantitatively assessed.
Instead, indirect verification o f the instrument, with re ference materials, is used to assess the bias in a
pendulum and the associated uncertainty.
Nevertheless, it remains important to consider the reliability o f the di fferent steps in the mandatory
direct verification. This is why this Annex discusses state-o f-the-art methods to determine the

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 25

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

uncertainties associated with the results of a number of measurements performed during the direct
veri fic ation o f a C ha rp y p endu lu m i mp ac t mach i ne .

Us ua l ly, the u ncer ta i nty o f a cer ti fie d va lue on the cer ti fic ate of a cer ti fie d re ference materia l is

s p e c i fie d for RM , has

a con fidence level o f ab out 9 5 % . T here fore, the s ta ndard combi ne d u ncer ta i nty, u
to be expanded using an appropriate coverage factor, k. The coverage factor to be used depends on the
nu mb er o f de gre e s o f fre e dom a s s o ci ate d with the combi ne d u ncer tai nty, wh ich c a n b e compute d us i ng

the Welch- S atter thwaite approxi mation . For a typic a l c a s e, the nu mb er o f e ffe c tive degre e s o f fre e dom
is larger than 20 and a coverage factor of k = 2 can be used.
NO TE O ther me tho d s to a s s e s s the me a s u rement u ncer ta i ntie s c a n b e de velo p e d a nd a re accep tab le i f the y

meet the requirements of the GUM (see Reference [1]).

T he u lti mate a i m i s to ach ieve a rel i able e s ti mate o f the me as u rement u ncer tai nty for the d i re c tly

veri fie d fe ature s so as to veri fy whe ther the s um o f the deviation b e twe en the nom i na l and the

me a s ure d va lue a nd the me a s u rement u ncer tai nty o f th i s deviation i s with i n the tolerance s a l lowe d b y

Clause 6.
Uncer tai nty d i s clai mer no te: M e a s urement uncer ta i nty ana lys i s i s u s e fu l for identi fyi ng maj or s ou rce s

o f i ncon s i s tencie s o f me as u re d re s u lts . P ro duc t s tanda rd s a nd materia l prop er ty datab as e s b a s e d on

this and the previous version of this part of ISO 148 have an inherent contribution from measurement
uncer ta i nty. I t i s there fore i nappropri ate to apply fu r ther adj u s tments for me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty

and thereb y ri s k fai l i ng pro duc t compl i ance . For th i s re as on, the e s ti mate s o f u ncer tai nty derive d

by fol lowi ng th i s pro ce du re are for i n formation on ly, un le s s s p e c i fica l ly i n s truc te d o ther wi s e b y the

c u s tomer. T he te s t cond ition s and l i m its defi ne d i n th i s p ar t o f I S O 14 8 s hou ld no t b e adj u s te d to ta ke

accou nt o f u ncer tai ntie s o f me a s u rement, un le s s s p e ci fic a l ly i n s truc te d o ther wi s e b y the c u s tomer.

The estimated measurement uncertainties should not be combined with measured results to assess
compl i ance with pro duc t s p e c i fication s , un le s s s p e c i fic a l ly i n s truc te d o ther wi s e b y the c u s tomer.

Instead, the indicated tolerances are to be interpreted as acceptance intervals. [2] This approach
a s s u me s th at me as u rements are made with a tacitly accep te d ma xi mum me as u rement u ncer tai nty.

Where p o s s ible, th i s ma xi mu m me a s u rement uncer ta i nty ha s b e en s p e c i fie d i n the c u rrent vers ion

of the ISO 148 series. Measurement uncertainties of the measured values should be smaller than the
indicated values.
B.2 Uncertainty for particular instrument parameters

B.2.1 Centre o f percussion

T he p endu lu m i s con s truc te d i n a way th at ma ke s p endu lu m leng th, l, equal to the distance between the
centre of percussion and the axis of rotation, l1 .
For the determination of l1 , Formula (B.3) is valid:
gt 2
l1 = (B.3)
4p 2
where
l1 is the distance between the position of the centre of percussion and the axis of rotation
(reduced pendulum length), in metres;
t is the average period of swing of pendulum from three measurements at 100, 50 or
25 swings.

26 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

The time measurement T , e . g. for 5 0 s wi ngs , i s c arrie d out manua l ly or b y a c a l ibrate d ti me -me as u ri ng

device . I n th i s example, a re a l i s tic me a s u rement u ncer tai nty o f u (T) = 0 ,1 s wi l l b e u s e d . T he uncer ta i nty
of l1 c an then b e c a lc u late d a s given by Formula (B.4):
2 gT
u ( l1 ) = ⋅ u( T ) (B.4)
(4 p 2 ) ⋅ 50 2
The pendulum length, l, is measured with callipers. Because l f c an o ten no t b e me a s ure d d i re c tly, it i s

L1 , L2 and L3 , which means:

de term i ne d b y th re e p ar tia l me as u rements

u( l ) = u 2 ( L1 ) + u 2 ( L2 ) + u 2 ( L3 ) (B.5)
Callipers for smaller lengths (e.g. L1 and L3 ) u s ua l ly have a me as u rement uncer ta i nty o f 0 ,1 mm.

Callipers for the larger length (here L2 ) typic a l ly have a me as u rement uncer ta i nty o f 0 , 3 m m . I n th i s

u (l ) = 0,3 mm.
c as e , the combi ne d u ncer tai nty

NO TE T he s e va lue s a re typic a l l y i nclude d o n the c a l ibration cer ti fic ate o f the i n s tr u ment u s e d .

T he me as u rement u ncer tai nty o f the devi ation o f the p o s ition o f the centre o f p erc u s s ion from the

measured pendulum length, (l − l1 ) , is c a lc u late d with the ab ove - given u ncer ta i ntie s as given by

Formula (B.6):
u ( l − l1 ) = u 2 ( l ) + u 2 ( l1 ) (B.6)
EXAMPLE See also Table B.1.
For a measured pendulum length l = 800,0 mm, a measured T (50 swings) = 89,7 s, and the
resulting calculated value for l1 = 799,75 mm, and using the above uncertainties for length and time
u (l l1) of 1,07 mm is obtained. This shows that the measured (l l1) is
me as u rements , an u ncer ta i nty − −

with i n the a l lowe d tolera nce (0 , 5 %) , a l s o ta ki ng i nto accou nt me as u rement u ncer ta i nty.

Table B.1 — Measurement uncertainty o f position o f centre o f percussion

Uncertainty Contribution
Estimated Standard Sensitivity
Quantity to uncertainty
value Value Distribution type uncertainty coe fficient
( )
o f l − l1
l 800,0 mm 0,3 mm Normal 0,3 mm 1 mm/mm 0,3 mm
T 89,7 s 0,1 s Rectangular 0,058 s 17,83 mm/s 1,03 mm
C omb i ne d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty u( l − l1 ) 1,07 mm
E xp a nde d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty u s i ng k = 2 fo r a 9 5 % co n fidence le vel 2,14 mm
B.2.2 Impact velocity
T he i mp ac t velo city i s c a lc u l ate d from the p endu lum leng th and the fa l l a ngle a nd i s a typic a l p ara me ter

o f the te s ti ng mach i ne . T he p erm i s s ib le errors s p e c i fie d i n th i s p ar t o f I S O 14 8 for the d i re c t veri fic ation

are rel atively large . Si nce the relative u ncer tai ntie s o f the me as u rements ne e de d to c a lc u l ate i mp ac t

velo c ity are ver y s ma l l , a s p e ci fic c a lc u lation o f the u ncer tai nty o f its va lue i s no t re qu i re d .

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 27

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

B.2.3 Absorbed energy calculation

For the ca lc u lation o f the ab s orb e d energ y, Formula (B.7) measurement formulae is valid:
KV = F × l
2
× ( cos β − cos α ) (B.7)
where
KV i s the ab s orb e d energ y a s c a lc u late d from me a s ure d fa l l a nd ri s e a ngle s , i n j ou le s;

F i s the force e xer te d b y the p endu lu m i n the hori z onta l p o s ition on the force -provi ng device

for distance l2 , in newtons;

l2 is the distance between the point of application of force F and the axis of rotation, in metres;
β is the angle of fall, in degrees;
α is the angle of rise, in degrees.
T he ab ove p arame ters a re no t b ound by cer tai n nom i na l va lue s or range s i n the s tanda rd . T here fore,

there i s no bi a s as s o c iate d with the s e p ara me ters , on ly a me as u rement u ncer tai nty. T he u ncer tai nty o f

the energ y c a lc u late d from the me as u re d va lue s i s expre s s e d a s given i n Formula (B.8):
2 2 2 2

(B.8)
 ∂KV   ∂KV   ∂KV   ∂KV 
2 2 2 2 2
u
1
=   u (F) + 
 ∂l


u ( l2 ) +   u (β ) +   u (α )
 ∂F   2   ∂β   ∂α 

From Formula (B.7), the following can be derived:

∂KV
= F⋅ l
2
⋅ sin α (B.9)
∂α

∂KV
= −F ⋅ l
2
⋅ sin β (B.10)
∂β

∂KV
= l
2
⋅ ( cos β − cos α ) (B.11)
∂F

∂KV
= F ⋅ ( cos β − cos α ) (B.12)
∂l
2

With re s p e c t to the i nd ividual u ncer tai nty contribution s:

u( F ) = u 2 ( Fftd ) + u 2 ( t ) + u 2 ( S ) + u 2 ( D ) (B.13)

28 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

where
δ ⋅ a temp
u( t ) = (B.14)
3

where
δ is the temperature coe fficient o f the working standard (given by the manu facturer);
a temp is the deviation from the reference temperature.
a stab
u ( S) = (B.15)
3

where
astab is the long-term stability o f the working standard;

u ( D) = a int-dev (B.16)
where
a int-dev is the interpolation deviation of the working standard;
D2
(B.17)
l
u ( l2 ) =
l
2
where
Δ l2 is the uncertainty o f the distance measurement between the point o f application o f the force
and the axis of rotation.
NOTE A minimum estimate for Δ l2 can be taken from the certificate o f the instrument used to measure l2 .
EXAMPLE See also Table B.2.
a) Force
Measurement uncertainty o f the force transducer: Uftd = 0,12 % (k = 2)
Long-term stability o f the force transducer: astab = 0,05 %
Temperature coe fficient o f the force transducer: δ = 0,01 %
Deviation from the reference temperature: atemp = 5,0 °C
Measurement uncertainty due to linear interpolation o f the force exerted by the pendulum on the
force-proving device: aint-dev = 0,05 %
Force exerted by the pendulum on the force-proving device at a 750,1 mm length o f the pendulum:
F = 206,70 N
The combined contributions to the force uncertainty reach 0,1 %. For a force F of 206,70 N, the
combined standard uncertainty, u(F), is therefore 0,21 N.
b) Pendulum length
Uncertainty o f the distance measurement: l2 = 0,3 mm

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 29

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Length of the pendulum: l = l2 = 750,1 mm

f
T he u ncer tai nty o l2 , over which the force measurement is carried out, can be applied
the d i s tance

with Δl2 = ±0,3 mm for careful use.

c) Angles
Uncer ta inty o f the angle me a s u rement: Δ α = Δ β = 0,2°; rise angle: β = 120°; fall angle: α = 160°
C a re s hou ld b e ta ken to conver t de gre e s i nto rad ia n s and m i l l i me tre s i nto me tre s prior to applyi ng

the formulae.
Table B.2 — Budget o f measurement uncertainty for the absorbed energy calculation
Uncertainty Contribution
Estimated Standard Sensitivity
Quantity Distribution to uncertainty
value Value uncertainty coe fficient
type o f KV
F 206,7 N 0,21 N Normal 0,21 N 0,33 J/N 0,07 J
L 750,1 mm 0,3 mm Rectangular 0,17 mm 91 J/m 0,016 J
β 120° 0,2° Rectangular 0,12° 134 J/rad 0,27 J
α 160° 0,2° Rectangular 0,12° 53 J/rad 0,11 J
C ombi ne d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty 0,30 J
E xp a nde d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty u s i n g k = 2 for a 9 5 % con fidence le vel 0,6 J
B.2.4 Absorbed energy readings from an analog or a digital scale
S is the bias in the scale mechanism; it indicates the difference between the reading of an absorbed
energ y from the i n s tr u ment ana lo g s c a le or a d igita l va lue d i s playe d on the i n s tru ment P C , and the

ca lc u late d energ y. S c an b e de duce d for a p a r tic u l ar p endu lu m u s i ng the re s u lts o f d i re c t veri fic ation, a s
given b y Formula (B.18):
S = K S − Kcalc (B.18)
where
S i s the deviation o f the i nd ic ate d energ y;

KS is from the c a lc u late d energ y, Kcalc , b o th i n j ou le s .

T he e ffe c tive u ncer tai nty, u (S ) , i s c a lc u late d a s given by Formula (B.19) and Formula (20):

u( S ) = u ² ( KS ) + u ² ( Kcalc ) (B.19)
where
u ( KS ) = a (B.20)
2⋅ 3
where
a is the resolution of the scale (i.e. the smallest distinguishable difference between two meas-
ured values).
EXAMPLE See also Table B.3.
Value read from analog scale: KS = 68,0 J

30 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Resolution of the indicator: a = 0,5 J

E nerg y va lue c a lc u late d from me a s ure d angle s: Kcalc = 68,17 J
Uncer tai nty o f the energ y c a lc u late d from me a s u re d angle s: u (Kcalc) = 0,38 J

Table B.3 — Measurement uncertainty o f the deviation o f the indicated absorbed energy
Uncertainty Contribution
Estimated Standard Sensitivity
Quantity Distribution to uncertainty
value Value uncertainty coe fficient
type of S
KS 68,0 J 0,5 J Rectangular 0,14 J 1 0,14 J
Kcalc 68,17 J 0,3 J Normal 0,3 J 1 0,3 J
C o mb i ne d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty 0,33 J
E x p a nde d me a s u rement u ncer ta i nty u s i ng k = 2 for a 9 5 % con fidence level 0,7 J

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 31

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Annex C
(informative)
Direct method o f veri fying the geometric properties o f pendulum
impact testing machines using a jig

C.1 Field o f application

This Annex describes a direct method for veri fying the geometric properties o f pendulum impact
testing machines using a jig.
The properties which can be verified are the following:
— position o f the striker in the plane o f symmetry o f the anvils;
— horizontality o f the axis o f rotation o f the pendulum;
— perpendicularity between the arm o f the pendulum and the axis o f rotation;
— alignment of the striker and the arm of the pendulum;
— perpendicularity between the plane o f the striker and the test piece.
This method may be applied to all machines and, in particular, to machines without a re ference plane
on the framework.
C.2 Jig
The shape and the dimensions o f the jig are specified in Figure C.1 . The jig has two ends (A and B)
corresponding to two positions of use (A and B).
C.3 Procedure
Be fore using the jig, the following two properties should be verified using a level:
— the horizontality o f the plane o f the supports;
— the perpendicularity between the plane o f the anvils and the plane o f the supports.
The jig should be used in the two positions (A and B). As shown in Figure C.2, passing from position A to
position B corresponds to the striker travelling 30 mm.
Figure C.3 and Figure C.4 illustrate the way in which to use the jig for veri fying the properties
defined in C.1.

32 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 end A o f jig
2 end B o f jig
EXAMPLE X46Cr13 (55 HRC), 100Cr6 (62 HRC).
NOTE 1 Material: Stainless steel or steel with improved corrosion resistance, with low thermal expansion.
NOTE 2 All the dimensional tolerances should be ±0,2 mm unless otherwise specified.

Figure C.1 — Jig

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 33

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

Dimensions in millimetres

a) Position A b) Position B
Key
1 striker
2 anvil
3 end A o f jig
4 end B o f jig
Figure C.2 — Change o f position from A to B corresponding to the striker travelling 30 mm

34 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 148-2:2016(E)

a)

b)

Key
1 test piece
2 jig
3 end A
4 end B
a Pendulum axis.
b Plane of swing of the pendulum perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test piece.
c Plane of swing of the pendulum not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test piece.

Figure C.3 — Example o f application o f the jig illustrated in Figure C.1

In Figure C.3:
a) the plane of swing of the pendulum is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test piece
(right-hand figures);
b) the error is characterized by the fact that the striking edge is in contact with the sides o f the jig: top
le ft and bottom right parts o f end A o f the jig.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 35

ISO 148-2:2016(E)

a a

b
c

a)

b)

Key
1 test piece
2 jig
a Pendulum axis.
b Plane o f symmetry o f the hammer in the plane o f swing o f the pendulum.
c Plane o f symmetry o f the hammer not in the plane o f swing o f the pendulum.

Figure C.4 — Example o f application o f the jig illustrated in Figure C.1

In Figure C.4:
a) the plane o f symmetry o f the hammer is not in the plane o f swing o f the pendulum (right-hand
figures);
b) the error is characterized by the fact that the striking edge is in contact with the sides o f the jig: top
le ft and bottom right parts o f end A o f the jig;

36 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

 ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

c) the error is characterized by the fact that the striking edge is not in contact with the bottom o f the
V o f the jig.

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 37

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO/IEC 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM:1995)
[2] JCGM 106, Evaluation of measurement uncertainty — The role of measurement uncertainty in
con formity assessment
[3] Wehrs tedt A., & Patkovszky I. News in the field of standardization about verification and
calibration o f materials testing machines, May 2001. EMPA Academy, 2001
[4] Yam aguchi Y., Takagi S., N akano H. E ffects of anvil configurations on absorbed energy. In:
Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress (eds. Siewert, T.A. and Manahan, M.P.) , ASTM
International STP 1380, 2000, pp. 164-180
[5] Re vise G. Influence des paramètres dimensionnels du mouton pendule. Bulletin BNM. 1982, 47
pp. 29–39
[6] I shino J., S hin S., N agai S., Yano H. Error evaluation of Charpy impact test. Keiryo Kenkyujo
Hokoku. 1992, (2) pp. 97–102
41

[7] Takagi S., & Yam aguchi Y. Uncertainty analyses of reference specimens for the verification
o f Charpy impact test machines, J. Material Testing Research Association of Japan . 2003, (4)
48
pp. 250–254
[8] Gerber S., & H änsel G. Determination of Uncertainty of Measurements in Calibration of Impact
Testing Machines. Proceedings of the EUROLAB International Workshop, 17 to 18 May 2001,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
[9] Gerber S. Kalibrierung von Pendelschlagwerken und deren Messunsicherheit, Werkstoffprüfung
2005, Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung e.V. (DVM), 1-2 December 2005,
Berlin, Germany

38 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 1 48-2 : 2 01 6(E)

ICS 77.040.1 0
Price based on 38 pages
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved