Topic-3: SQL (07-06-2023)

===========
- SQL stands for structure query language which was introduced by IBM for
communicating with databases.
- The initial name is "SEQUEL" and later renamed as "SQL".
- SQL is not a case sensitive language.i.e we can write sql queries in upper
case
or in lower case or combination of upper and lower case characters.
Ex:
SELECT * FROM EMP; --------> allowed
select * from emp;---------> allowed
SeLecT * From Emp;-----> allowed

Sub-languages of SQL:
===================
1. Data Definition Language(DDL):
=============================
- create
- alter
> alter - modify
> alter - add
> alter - rename
> alter - drop
- rename
- truncate
- drop

Latest features:
==============
- recyclebin
- flashback
- purge

2. Data Manipulation Language(DML):

===============================
- insert
- update
- delete

Latest features:
=============
- insert all
- merge

3. Data Query Language(DQL) / Data Retrieval Language(DRL):

====================================================
- select

4. Transaction Control Language(TCL):

=================================
- commit
- rollback
- savepoint

5. Data Control Language(DCL):

==========================
- grant
- revoke
1) CREATE:
==========
- to create a new object in database.
Ex: Table,View,Synonym,Sequence,.......etc
Datatypes in Oracle:
=================
- Datatype is an attribute to specify "what type of data" is storing into a
column.
- Oracle supports the following datatypes are,
1. Numeric datatypes
2. String / Character datatypes
3. Long datatype
4. Date datatypes
5. Raw and Long Raw datatypes
6. LOB datatypes

1. Numeric datatypes:
===================
i) int :
- this datatype column will store integer values only.

ii) number(p,s):
- thise datatype column will store integer and float values.
- if number(p) then store "integer values"only.
- if number(p,s) then store "float values" only.

Precision(p):
===========
- it counts all digits including left and right sides of a decimal point.

Ex:
i) 67.24
precision = 4

ii) 9873.28
precision = 6

Scale(s):
=======
- it counts the right side digits only.

Ex:
i) 67.24
scale = 2
precision = 4

ii) 9873.281
scale = 3
precision = 7

Ex:
Price Number(6,2)
================
1.1---------------------------> 1.1
23.14-----------------------> 23.14
452.65---------------------> 452.65
999.99--------------------> 999.99
4500.00------------------> 4500.00
 45000.00 ---------------> error
9999.99 -----------------> 9999.99
10000.00----------------> error
957.342------------------> error
98345.39----------------> error

2. String / Character datatypes:

==========================
- these datatypes are allowed string format data only.
- in databases string can be represented with '<string>' only.

Ex: Ename char(10)

=============
smith-------> error
'smith'------> smith

1021 --------> error

'1021' -------> 1021

string format data

|
characters only alphanumeric
string data string data
| |
[ A-Z (or) a - z ] [ A-Z (or) a-z , 0-9,@,#,$,%,&,_,.... ]
Ex: 'SMITH','allen',.......etc Ex:
'[email protected]',password,HTno,...etc

> string / character datatypes are again classified into two ways,
1. Non-Unicode datatypes
======================
- these datatypes are storing localized data i.e English langauge only.
- char(size)
- varchar2(size)

2. Unicode datatypes
==================
- these datatypes are storing globalized data i.e all national
langauges.
- Nchar(size)
- Nvarchar2(size)
- "N" stands for "national language".

char(size):
=========
- it is a fixed length datatype (static).
- it will store non-unicode characters only(i.e english language)
in the form of 1 char = 1 byte.
- maximum size is 2000 bytes.

Ex:
Ename char(10)
=============
'hello'-----> hello ---------------> 5 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 5 bytes
(wasted)
'hel' -------> hel ------------------> 3 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 7 bytes
(wasted)
'he' --------> he -------------------> 2 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 8 bytes
(wasted)
 Disadvantage:
=============
- memory wasted.

varchar2(size):
=============
- it is a variable length datatype (dynamic).
- it will store non-unicode characters only(i.e english language)
in the form of 1 char = 1 byte.
- maximum size is 4000 bytes.

Ex:
Ename varchar2(10)
================
'hello'-----> hello ---------------> 5 bytes / 5 bytes ---- left 0 bytes (not
wasted)
'hel' -------> hel ------------------> 3 bytes / 3 bytes ---- left 0 bytes
(not wasted)
'he' --------> he -------------------> 2 bytes / 2 bytes ---- left 0 bytes
(not wasted)

advantage:
=============
- memory saved.

Nchar(size):
==========
- it is a fixed length datatype (static).
- it will store unicode characters only(i.e all national languages)
in the form of 1 char = 1 byte.
- maximum size is 2000 bytes.

Ex:
Ename Nchar(10)
=============
'hello'-----> hello ---------------> 5 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 5 bytes
(wasted)
'hel' -------> hel ------------------> 3 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 7 bytes
(wasted)
'he' --------> he -------------------> 2 bytes / 10 bytes ---- left 8 bytes
(wasted)

Disadvantage:
=============
- memory wasted.

Nvarchar2(size):
==============
- it is a variable length datatype (dynamic).
- it will store unicode characters only(i.e all national languages)
in the form of 1 char = 1 byte.
- maximum size is 4000 bytes.

Ex:
Ename Nvarchar2(10)
================
'hello'-----> hello ---------------> 5 bytes / 5 bytes ---- left 0 bytes (not
wasted)
 'hel' -------> hel ------------------> 3 bytes / 3 bytes ---- left 0 bytes
(not wasted)
'he' --------> he -------------------> 2 bytes / 2 bytes ---- left 0 bytes
(not wasted)

advantage:
=============
- memory saved.

3. Long datatype:
===============
- it is a variable length datatype (dynamic).
- it will store non-unicode & unicode characters only in the form of 1 char =
1 byte.
- maximum size is 2gb.
- a table is having only one long datatype column.

4. Date datatypes:
================
- storing date and time information.
- date from '01-jan-4712 bc' to '31-dec-9999 ad'.
i) date
ii) timestamp
i) date:
======
- this datatype is allowed date and time information
of a particular day.
- time is optional.if user is not insert time information
then oracle server will take '12:00:00am' / '00:00:00am' by default.
- default format of date datatype is,
'DD-MON-YY/YYYY HH:MI:SS am/pm'
'08-JUN-23/2023 17:08:22 pm '
- date datatype is occupied 7 bytes.(fixed memory)
'DD-MON-YY/YYYY HH:MI:SSam/pm'
1 1 2 1 1 1 ---------------> 7 bytes

ii) timestamp:
============
- this datatype is allowed date and time information
along with milli seconds.
- default format of timestamp datatype is,
'DD-MON-YY/YYYY HH:MI:SS.MS am/pm'
'08-JUN-23/2023 17:08:22.0000 pm '
- date datatype is occupied 11 bytes.(fixed memory)
'DD-MON-YY/YYYY HH:MI:SS.MS am/pm'
1 1 2 1 1 1 4 ---------------> 11 bytes
5. Raw and Long Raw datatypes:
============================
- to storing image / audio / video file in the form of 0101000101010101
binary format.
Raw ----- 2000 bytes(static)
Long Raw ----- 2gb(dynamic)

6. LOB datatypes:
================
- LOB stands for large objects.
- BLOB
- CLOB
- NCLOB
BLOB:
=====
- it stands for binary large object.
- storing image / audio / video files in the form of binary format.
- it is a dynamic datatype.
- maximum size is 4gb.

CLOB:
=====
- it stands for character large object.
- storing non-unicode characters.
- it is a dynamic datatype.
- maximum size is 4gb.
NCLOB:
=======
- it stands for national charcter large object.
- storing unicode characters.
- it is a dynamic datatype.
- maximum size is 4gb.

Non-unicode characters :
=====================
> char(size) - 2000 bytes
> varchar2(size) - 4000 bytes
> long - 2gb
> clob - 4gb

Unicode characters :
=====================
> Nchar(size) - 2000 bytes
> Nvarchar2(size) - 4000 bytes
> long - 2gb
> Nclob - 4gb

Binary data:
==========
> raw - 2000 bytes
> long raw - 2gb
> blob - 4gb

How to create a new table in oracle DB:

=================================
syntax:
======
create table <table name>(<column name1> <datatype>[size],<column name2>
<datatype>[size],<column name3>
<datatype>[size],..............................................................);

Note:
=====
1. a table is a collection of rows and columns.
- a table contains minimum 1 column and maxium 1000 columns.
- a table contains "unlimited" rows.

Ex:
Enter user-name: system/tiger
SQL> CREATE USER MYDB4PM IDENTIFIED BY MYDB4PM;
User created.
SQL> GRANT CONNECT TO MYDB4PM;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> GRANT CREATE TABLE TO MYDB4PM;

Grant succeeded.

Ex:
SQL> CONN
Enter user-name: MYDB4PM/MYDB4PM
Connected.

SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT(STID INT,SNAME CHAR(10),SFEE NUMBER(6,2));

Table created.

How to view the structure of a table in oracle db:

=========================================
syntax:
======
desc <table name>;

Ex:
SQL> DESC STUDENT;

How to view the list of tables in oracle db:

===================================
syntax:
=======
select * from tab;

Ex:
SQL> SELECT * FROM TAB;

ALTER:
=======
- to modify / change the structure of a table.
- sub commands of alter command,
i) alter - modify
ii) alter - add
iii) alter - rename
iv) alter - drop

i) alter - modify:
=============
- to change datatype from one datatype to another datatype and also to change

the size of datatype.

syntax:
======
alter table <table name> modify <column name> <new datatype>[new size];

EX:
SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY SNAME VARCHAR2(20);

ii) alter - add:

============
- this command is used to add a new column to an existing table.
syntax:
=======
alter table <table name> add <new column name> <datatype>[size];

EX:
SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD SADDRESS VARCHAR2(10);

iii) alter - rename:

===============
- to change a column name in a table.

syntax:
=======
alter table <table name> rename <column> <old column name> to <new column name>;

EX:
SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT RENAME COLUMN SNAME TO STUDENT_NAME;

iv) alter - drop:

============
- to delete a specific column from a table.

syntax:
======
alter table <table name> drop <column> <column name>;

EX:
SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP COLUMN SFEE;

RENAME:
========
- to change a table name.
syntax:
======
rename <old table name> to <new table name>;

EX:
SQL> RENAME STUDENT TO STUDENT_DETAILS;
SQL> RENAME STUDENT_DETAILS TO STUDENT;

TRUNCATE:
==========
- is used to delete all rows but not columns of a table.
- by using truncate we cannot delete a specific row from a table because it
does not
support "WHERE" clause condition.
- rows are deleted permanently.so that we cannot restore rows into a table.

syntax:
=======
truncate table <table name>;

Ex:
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE DEPT;

DROP :
======
- to delete a table ( rows and columns ) from a database.
syntax:
======
drop table <table name>;

EX:
SQL> DROP TABLE STUDENT;

Note:
=====
- before oracle10g enterprise edition once we drop a table from database then
it
was permanently dropped. but from oracle10g enterprise edition onwards once we drop
a
table from database then it was temporarly dropped.

New features in oracle10g enterprise edition:

======================================
1. recyclebin
2. flashback
3. purge

1. recyclebin:
===========
- it is a pre-defined table / system defined table.
- this table will save the information about dropped tables.
- it is similar to windows recyclebin in computer.

To view the structure of recyclebin table:

===================================
syntax:
=======
desc recyclebin;

EX:
SQL> DESC RECYCLEBIN;

To view dropped tables in recyclebin:

===============================
syntax:
=======
SELECT OBJECT_NAME,ORIGINAL_NAME FROM RECYCLEBIN;

OBJECT_NAME ORIGINAL_NAME
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
----------------------------------------------
BIN$sZqM6vzzTB+TNw0rV8cOng==$0 STUDENT

2. flashback:
===========
- it is a ddl command which is used to restore a table
from recyclebin to database memory.

syntax:
=======
flashback table <table name> to before drop;

EX:
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE STUDENT TO BEFORE DROP;
3) PURGE:
=========
- to delete a table permanently.

case-1 : deleting a table from recyclebin:

==================================
syntax:
=======
purge table <table name>;

EX:
SQL> PURGE TABLE TEST1;

case-2 : deleting all tables from recyclebin:

====================================
syntax:
======
purge recyclebin;

EX:
SQL> PURGE RECYCLEBIN;
Recyclebin purged.

case=3: deleting a table from database permanently:

============================================
syntax:
======
drop table <table name> purge;

Ex:
SQL> DROP TABLE STUDENT PURGE;

II) DML:
=======
INSERT:
=======
- to insert a new row data into a table.

method-1:
========
syntax:
=======
insert into <table name> values(value1,value2,..............);

EX:
SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT(STID INT,SNAME VARCHAR2(10),SFEE NUMBER(6,2));

Granting insert data permission:

============================
SQL> CONN
Enter user-name: system/tiger
Connected.
SQL> GRANT UNLIMITED TABLESPACE TO MYDB4PM;

SQL> CONN
Enter user-name: MYDB4PM/MYDB4PM
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1021,'SMITH');
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00947: not enough values
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1021,'SMITH',3000,4500);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00913: too many values

SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1021,'SMITH',3000);

1 row created.

NOTE: in this method we should insert all values as per columns in a table.i.e
no.of COLUMNS
must be match with no.of passing value.

method-2:
========
syntax:
======
insert into <table name>(list of columns names) values(value1,valu2,.....);

EX:
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT(STID,SNAME,SFEE)VALUES(1022,'ALLEN',5000);
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT(STID,SNAME)VALUES(1023,'WARD');
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT(STID)VALUES(1024);

NOTE:
======
- we inserting values for required columns only.

How to insert data into a table dynamically:

=====================================
& : inserting values into a column at runtime level.

method-1:
========
syntax:
=======
insert into <table name> values(&value1,&value2,..............);

EX:
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&STID,'&SNAME',&SFEE);
Enter value for stid: 1025
Enter value for sname: SCOTT
Enter value for sfee: 3400

SQL> / (TO RE-EXECUTE THE LAST EXECUTED SQL QUERY IN SQLPLUS EDITOR)
Enter value for stid: 1026
Enter value for sname: WARNER
Enter value for sfee: 5600

method-2:
========
syntax:
======
insert into <table name>(list of columns names) values(value1,valu2,.....);

EX:
SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT(STID)VALUES(&STID);
Enter value for stid: 1028

SQL> /
Enter value for stid: 1029

SQL> /
Enter value for stid: 1030

UPDATE:
=======
- to update all rows data in a table.
(or)
- to update a specific row data in a table by using "where" clause condition.

syntax:
======
update <table name> set <column name1>=<value1>,............. [where <condition>];

Ex:
SQL> UPDATE STUDENT SET SNAME='JONES',SFEE=6000 WHERE STID=1029;
SQL> UPDATE STUDENT SET SFEE=5000;

DELETE:
========
- to delete all rows from a table.
(or)
- to delete a specific row from a table by using "where" condition.

syntax:
======
delete from <table name> [where <condition>];

EX:
SQL> DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SNAME='ALLEN';
SQL> DELETE FROM STUDENT;

DELETE vs TRUNCATE:
====================

DELETE TRUNCATE
======= ==========
1. it is a DML command. 1. it is a DDL command.

2. it can delete a specific row. 2. not possible.

3. it supports "where" clause condition. 3. it is not supports "where"

clause
condition.

4. it is a temporary data deletion. 4. it is a permanent data deletion

5. we can restore deleted data by using 5. it is not possible.

"rollback" command.

6. execution speed of delete command 6. execution speed of

truncate is
is slow. fast.
(deleting rows in one by one manner) (deleting rows as a page
wise)

3) DQL / DRL:
============
I) SELECT :
==========
- to read / retrieving all rows from a table at a time.
(or)
- to read / retrieving a specific row / (s) from a table by using "where"
clause
condition.

syntax:
=======
select * / <list of columns> from <table name> [ where <condition>];

Here,
" * " ---- all columns in a table.

Ex:
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
(OR)
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC FROM DEPT;

EX:
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7788;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK';

ALIAS NAMES:
============
- it is a temporary name for columns / table name.
- alias can be created at two levels.
i) column level :
===============
- in this level, we are creating alias names for columns.
syntax:
=======
<column name> [as] <column alias name>;

ii) table level:

============
- in this level,we are creating alias names for table name.

syntax:
=======
<table name> <table alias name>;

CREATING ALIAS NAMES OF THE COMBINATION OF COLUMN AND TABLE LEVELS:

=======================================================================
syntax:
=======
select <column name1> [as] <column alias name1>,<column name2> [as] <column alias
name2>,....................... <table name> <table alias name>;

Ex:
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO AS X,DNAME AS Y,LOC AS Z FROM DEPT D;
(OR)
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO X,DNAME Y,LOC Z FROM DEPT D;

CONCATENATION OPERATOR( || ):
==========================
 - to add two or more than two string expressions.

syntax:
======
<string1> || <string2> || <string3> || ...........................;

Ex:
SQL> SELECT 'GOOD'||'EVENING' FROM DUAL;

OUTPUT:
---------------
GOODEVENING

Ex:
SQL> SELECT 'THE EMPLOYEE'||' '||ENAME||' '||'WORKING AS A'||' '||JOB FROM EMP;

OUTPUT:
-----------------
THE EMPLOYEE SMITH WORKING AS A CLERK

DISTINCT KEYWORD:
==================
- it is a pre-defined keyword which is used to eliminate duplicate values.

syntax:
======
<distinct> <column name>;

EX:
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPTNO;
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT JOB FROM EMP;

NOTE:
=====
- to retrieving / display a large scale data in proper systematically order
then
we need to set the following two properties like below,
i) pagesize n
ii) lines n

i) pagesize n:
===========
- this property is used to disply the no.of rows per a page.
- by default 1 page = 14 rows.here "n" is nothing but the size of a page.

syntax:
=======
set pagesize n;

Ex:
set pagesize 100;

Note:
=====
- the maximum size of a page in oracle database is 0 - 50000.

ii) lines n:
========
- this property is used to display no.of characters in a single line.
 - by default a line contains 80 bytes (i.e 1 char = 1 byte , 80 char's = 80
bytes).

syntax:
=======
SET LINES n;

Ex:
SET LINES 150;

NOTE:
=====
- The maximum size of lines property is from 1 byte - 32767 bytes.
==============================================================================
HOW TO CREATE A NEW TABLE FROM AN EXISTING TABLE:
===================================================
case-1: without rows (data):
========================
syntax:
=======
create table <new table name> as select * from <old table name> where <false
condition>;

Ex:
SQL> CREATE TABLE NEWDEPT1 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=2;

case-2: with rows (data):

========================
syntax:
=======
create table <new table name> as select * from <old table name> where <true
condition>;

Ex:
SQL> CREATE TABLE NEWDEPT2 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=1;

case-3: with specific rows:

=======================
syntax:
=======
create table <new table name> as select * from <old table name> where <specific
condition>;

Ex:
SQL> CREATE TABLE NEWEMP1 AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB='CLERK';

case-4: with specific columns:

===========================
syntax:
=======
create table <new table name> as select <list of columns> from <old table name>;

Ex:
SQL> CREATE TABLE NEWEMP2 AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMP;

How to copy data from one table to another table:

===========================================
syntax:
======
insert into <destination table name> select * from <source table name>;

Ex:
SQL> INSERT INTO NEWDEPT1 SELECT * FROM DEPT;

INSERT ALL:
===========
- it is DML command is used to insert an existing table data into multiple
tables at a time.

syntax:
======
insert all into <tn1> values(<column name1>,<column name2>,.................)
into <tn2> values(<column name1>,<column name2,..................................)
...................................................................................
.................................
...................................................................................
.................................
into <tn n> values(<column name1>,<column name2>,..............................)
select * from <old table name>;

EX:
CREATING EMPTY TABLES:
=========================
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST1 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=0;
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST2 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=0;
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST3 AS SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE 1=0;

INSERTING DATA INTO TABLES:

===========================
SQL> INSERT ALL INTO TEST1 VALUES(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC)
2 INTO TEST2 VALUES(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC)
3 INTO TEST3 VALUES(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC)
4 SELECT * FROM DEPT;

CALLING TABLES:
================
SQL> SELECT * FROM TEST1;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TEST2;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TEST3;
Recording Videos:
================
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===============================
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