R- Practical No.

2(Solution)

Q1. monthly_salary = function(no_of_hours,extra_hours){

if(extra_hours >=0 && extra_hours <=5 ){
Monthly_salary = ((no_of_hours*250)+(extra_hours*250))
}
else if(extra_hours >= 5 && extra_hours <= 10 ){
Monthly_Salary = ((no_of_hours*250)+(extra_hours*1.5*250))
}
else{
Monthly_Salary = ((no_of_hours*250)+(extra_hours*2*250))
}
return(Monthly_Salary)
}
Monthly_Salary = monthly_salary(220,10)

in_hand_salary = function(Monthly_Salary,leaves){

in_hand_salary = Monthly_Salary -(leaves*250)-(0.05*(Monthly_Salary))

return(in_hand_salary)
}
Output: in_hand_salary(58750,5)

Q.2 Numbers <- c(1:500)

num_holder = c()
i=1
while(i < 501){
if(i %% 7 == 0 & i %% 5 != 0){
num_holder[i] = i
}
i = i+1
num_holder = num_holder[is.na(num_holder) == FALSE]
}

Q.3 vowel <- c("a","i","e","o",'u',"A","I","E","O","U")

while(TRUE){
alphabet = readline("Enter any Alphabet : ")
if(alphabet %in% vowel){
break
}
else{
print("The entered alphabet is not a vowel !!! Please try again ")
}
}
Q.4 while(TRUE){
a<-sample(c(1:5),1)
print(a)
Guess<-readline("Guess the number: ")
if(Guess != a){
print("Your guess is not correct")
print(paste("The number was -",a,"Your guess was - ", Guess ))
A<- readline("Would you like to try again? (yes/no): ")

if(A != "yes"){
print("you quitted the game")
break
}
}

else if(Guess == a ){
print("Congratulations your guess is correct")
print(paste("The number was -", a ,"Your guess was - ", Guess))
break
}
}

Q.5 products <- data.frame(

productName <- c("Juice", "Sugar", "Toothpaste", "Oven", "Mixer", "Ketchup", "Pickle", "Door mat",
"Curtains", "Bottles", "Salt", "Spices", "Chocolates","Biscuits","School
bag","Umbrella","Toaster","Jam","Dry fruits","Perfume"),
productPrice <- c(50,40,80,
1200,1200,150,95,200,500,110,25,150,250,130,600,300,1300,60,500,700)
)

View(products)
Products_purchased = c("Juice", "Sugar", "Sugar", "Mixer", "Biscuits", "Biscuits", "Biscuits",
"Biscuits", "Chocolates", "Chocolates", "Chocolates", "Umbrella", "Toaster", "School bag", "School
bag","Umbrella", "Spices", "Dry fruits", "Sugar", "Salt", "Chocolates", "Bottles", "Ketchup",
"Ketchup", "Trimmer", "Detergent", "Detergent")

library(dplyr)
df<- productName %>% group_by(Products_purchased) %>% summarise(total_cnt = n())
df<- merge(df, productPrice,by.x = "Products_purchased" , by.y - "Products", all - TRUE)
View(df)
df$total_price <- df$total_cnt * df$productPrice
df[is.na(df)] <- "-"
View(df)
 Practical 3: Graphs and Diagrams
Q1.
(a)
> country=c("India","Germany","China","Pakistan","Sweden")
> birth_rate=c(33,16,40,35,15)
> country
[1] "India" "Germany" "China" "Pakistan" "Sweden"
> birth_rate
[1] 33 16 40 35 15
> #a - bar chart
> barplot(birth_rate,names.arg=country,col="blue",main="Birth Rate per 1000 for different
countries",xlab="Country",ylab="Birth Rate")

(b)
> country=c("India","Germany","China","Pakistan","Sweden")
> birth_rate=c(33,16,40,35,15)
> #b - pie chart
> pie(birth_rate,main="Birth rate per 1000 for different countries - Pie
Chart",labels=country,radius=1,col=rainbow (length(birth_rate)))
 Q2.
> max=c(40.5,42.8,37.8,39.4)
> min=c(34.7,33.5,32.2,33.1)
> d=data.frame(max,min,row.names=c("Delhi","Kolkata","Mumbai","Chennai"))
>d
max min
Delhi 40.5 34.7
Kolkata 42.8 33.5
Mumbai 37.8 32.2
Chennai 39.4 33.1
> boxplot(d,main="Max and Min Temperatures",col=c("lightblue","pink"),names=c("Max","Min"))
 Q3.
> years=c("2000-2001","2001-2002","2002-2003")
> y1=c(20,10,5)
> y2=c(25,9,10)
> y3=c(30,20,20)
> d=data.frame(y1,y2,y3)
>d
y1 y2 y3
1 20 25 30
2 10 9 20
3 5 10 20
> d1=as.matrix(d)
> d1
y1 y2 y3
[1,] 20 25 30
[2,] 10 9 20
[3,] 5 10 20
> barplot(d1,beside=F,names.arg=years,col=1:2:3,legend=c("2000-2001","2001-
2002","2002- 2003"),xlab="Years",ylab="No. of students")
Warning message:
In 1:2:3 : numerical expression has 2 elements: only the first used
 Q4.
> midx=seq(30,70,10)
> f=c(6,12,25,16,11)
> cls_limit=seq(25,75,10)
> y=rep(midx,f)
>y
[1] 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
[51] 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
> hist(y,breaks=cls_limit,col="red",main="Histogram of data",xlab="Marks",ylab="No. of students")
 Q5.
> lb=seq(0,40,10)
> ub=seq(10,50,10)
> midx=(lb+ub)/2
> f=c(6,12,25,16,11)
> x0=c(0,midx,50)
> y0=c(0,f,0)
> y=rep(midx,f)
>y
[1] 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
[51] 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
> bks=seq(0,50,10)
> hist(y,breaks=bks,main="Frequency curve and polygon",col="purple",xlab="Marks",ylab="No. of
students")
> lines(x0,y0)

Q6.
> f=c(12,24,43,38,22,11)
> lc=cumsum(f)
> lc
[1] 12 36 79 117 139 150
> uc=1:6
> uc
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
> for (i in 6:1){
+ uc[i]=sum(f[6:i])}
> uc
[1] 150 138 114 71 33 11
> lbx=seq(19.5,45.5,5)
> lbx
[1] 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5
> ubx=seq(24.5,49.5,5)
> ubx
[1] 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5
> plot(ubx,lc,type="l",xlim=c(15,50),xlab="Age",ylab="Cumulative frequency",lwd=2)
> lines(lbx,uc,type="l",xlim=c(15,50),xlab="Age",ylab="Cumulative frequency",lwd=2)

Q7.
> x=c(50,50,55,60,65,65,65,60,60,50)
> y=c(11,13,14,16,16,15,15,14,13,13)
> plot(x,y,main="Scatterplot - Sales vs Expenses",xlab="Sales",ylab="Expenses")
 Q8.
> marks=c(23,42,12,10,15,14,23,45,10,11,34,56,23,34,19)
> boxplot(marks,main="Marks",xlab="JD College",ylab="Marks of students",col="orange")

Q9.
> jan=c(23,34,32,31,34,35,23,27,34)
> feb=c(23,21,35,34,36,25,26,23,21)
> mar=c(33,35,26,27,28,21,25,24,23)
> apr=c(22,21,23,34,35,39,38,37,36)
> may=c(38,37,39,40,35,37,41,38,39)
> d=data.frame(jan,feb,mar,apr,may)
>d
jan feb mar apr may

1 23 23 33 22 38
2 34 21 35 21 37
3 32 35 26 23 39
4 31 34 27 34 40
5 34 36 28 35 35
6 35 25 21 39 37
7 23 26 25 38 41
8 27 23 24 37 38
9 34 21 23 36 39

> boxplot(d,main="Temperature",xlab="Month",ylab="Degrees in
Celcius",names=c("January","February","March","April","May"),col=topo.colors(5))

Q10.
> x1=c(60,68,50,66,60,55,72,60,62,51)
> x2=c(42,56,45,64,50,55,57,48,56,42)
> x3=c(74,71,78,80,72,62,70,70,76,65)
> df=data.frame(x1,x2,x3)
> corrplot(cor(df),method="square",col=c("pink","grey"))
 Practical 4: Probability Distributions
Q1.

> n=10; p=0.6

> a = dbinom(0,n,p)

>a

[1] 0.0001048576

> b = dbinom(2,n,p)

>b

[1] 0.01061683

> c = pbinom(3,n,p)

>c

[1] 0.05476188

> d = 1 - pbinom(5,n,p)

>d

[1] 0.6331033

Q2.

> m=3.2

> a = dpois(3,m)

>a

[1] 0.222616

> b = dpois(5,m)

>b

[1] 0.1139794

> c = ppois(1,m)

>c

[1] 0.1712013

> d = 1 - ppois(3,m)

>d

[1] 0.3974803

> e = 1 - ppois(4,m)

>e

[1] 0.2193875
 Q3.

> mean=10

> a = 1 - pexp(1,mean)

>a

[1] 4.539993e-05

> b = pexp(6,mean)

>b

[1] 1

> c = pexp(5,mean)

>c

[1] 1

> d = 1 - pexp(6,mean)

>d

[1] 0

Q4.

> mu=50

> sigma=sqrt(40)

> a = pnorm(60,mu,sigma)

>a

[1] 0.9430769

> b = 1 - pnorm(99,mu,sigma)

>b

[1] 4.662937e-15

> c = pnorm(20,mu,sigma) - pnorm(10,mu,sigma)

>c

[1] 1.050591e-06

> d = qnorm(0.293,mu,sigma)

>d

[1] 46.55538

Q5.

(a)

PMF:
> # X ~ P(2.6)

> m=2.6

> x=0:50

> prob=dpois(x,m)

> pois_pmf = data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(pois_pmf)

x Prob
1 0 0.0743

2 1 0.1931

3 2 0.2510

4 3 0.2176

5 4 0.1414

6 5 0.0735

> plot(x,prob,"h")

CDF:

> # X ~ P(2.6)

> m=2.6

> x=0:50

> prob=ppois(x,m)

> pois_cdf = data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(pois_cdf)

x Prob

1 0 0.0743
2 1 0.2674
3 2 0.5184

4 3 0.7360

5 4 0.8774

6 5 0.9510

> plot(x,prob,"s")

(b)

PMF:

> # X ~ Bin(8,0.65)

> n=8; p=0.65

> x=0:n

> prob=dbinom(x,n,p)

> binom_pmf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(binom_pmf)

x Prob
1 0 0.0002

2 1 0.0033

3 2 0.0217

4 3 0.0808

5 4 0.1875

6 5 0.2786

> plot(x,prob,"h")
 CDF:

> plot(x,prob,"h")

> # X ~ Bin(8,0.65)

> n=8; p=0.65

> x=0:n

> prob=pbinom(x,n,p)

> binom_cdf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(binom_cdf)

x Prob
1 0 0.0002

2 1 0.0036

3 2 0.0253

4 3 0.1061

5 4 0.2936

6 5 0.5722

> plot(x,prob,"s")
 Q6.

(a)

PDF:

> # X ~ Exp(5)

> m=5

> x=0:20

> prob=dexp(x,m)

> exp_pdf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(exp_pdf)

x Prob
1 0 5.0000

2 1 0.0337

3 2 0.0002

4 3 0.0000

5 4 0.0000

6 5 0.0000

> plot(x,prob)
 CDF:

> # X ~ Exp(5)

> m=5

> x=0:20

> prob=pexp(x,m)

> exp_cdf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(exp_cdf)

x Prob
1 0 0.0000

2 1 0.9933

3 2 1.0000

4 3 1.0000

5 4 1.0000

6 5 1.0000

> plot(x,prob)
(b)

PDF:

> # X ~ N(10,16)

> mu=10; sigma=sqrt(16)

> x=seq(-2,2,by=0.02)

> prob=dnorm(x,mu,sigma)

> norm_pdf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(norm_pdf)

x Prob
1 -2.00 0.0011

2 -1.98 0.0011

3 -1.96 0.0011

4 -1.94 0.0012

5 -1.92 0.0012

6 -1.90 0.0012

> plot(x,prob)
 CDF:

> # X ~ N(10,16)

> mu=10; sigma=sqrt(16)

> x=seq(-2,2,by=0.02)

> prob=pnorm(x,mu,sigma)

> norm_cdf=data.frame(x,Prob=round(prob,4))

> head(norm_cdf)

x Prob
1 -2.00 0.0013

2 -1.98 0.0014

3 -1.96 0.0014

4 -1.94 0.0014

5 -1.92 0.0014

6 -1.90 0.0015

> plot(x,prob)
Practical 5: Analysis of Variance (One way and Two way)
Q1.

To test, H0: no significant difference between scores of all three groups against H1: not H0

>values=c(85,86,88,75,78,94,98,79,71,80,91,92,93,85,87,84,82,88,95,96,79,78,88,94,92,85,83,85,82,81)

>groups=c(rep("Group1",10),rep("Group2",10),rep("Group3",10))

>df=data.frame(groups,values)

>a=aov(values~groups,data=df)

Conclusion: since p value (0.114) is not less than α = 0.05, we do not reject H0.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q2.
To test, H0: no significant difference between the mean heights of men above 20 years of
age across three different countries such as US, UK, and India against H1: not H0
>heights=c(180,183,172,178,169,179,178,180,185,181,180,179,164,173,180,178,170,183,180,175,181, 183,
176,167)

>countries=c(rep("Country (US)",8),rep("Country (UK)",8),rep("Country (India)",8))

>df=data.frame(countries,heights)

>a=aov(heights~countries,data=df)

Conclusion: since p value (0.974) is not less than α = 0.05, we do not reject H0.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q3.
To test, H0: Acidity of rain does not have a significant effect on Alaska, Florida and
Texas against H1: not H0
>Acidity=c(5.11,5.01,4.90,5.14,4.80,5.24,4.87,4.18,4.40,4.67,4.89,4.09,5.46,6.29,5.57,5.15,5.45,5.30)
>Site=c(rep("Alaska",6),rep("Florida",6),rep("Texas",6))
>Df=data.frame(Site,Acidity)
>A=aov(Acidity~Site,data=Df)
Conclusion: since p value (0.000229) is less than α = 0.05, we reject H0.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Q4.
To test, H0: dosage level does not have a significant effect on cholesterol level against
H1: not H0

>dosage=c(210,240,270,270,300,210,240,240,270,270,180,210,210,210,240)

>groups=c(rep("Group 1, 0mg",5),rep("Group 2, 50mg",5),rep("Group 3, 100mg",5))

>df=data.frame(groups,dosage)

>a=aov(dosage~groups,data=df)

Conclusion: Since p value (0.0424) is less than α = 0.05, we reject H0 and accept H1: dosage level
does not have a significant effect on cholesterol level.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Q5.

To test, H01: There is no significant difference between all methods against H11: not H01
H02: There is no significant difference between all Analyst against H12: not H02

>sample=c(7.5,7.4,7.3,7.6,7.4,7.0,7.2,7.0,7.2,7.1,7.1,6.7,6.9,6.8,6.9)

>method=c(rep("M1",5),rep("M2",5),rep("M3",5))

>analyst=c(1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5)

>a=aov(sample~method+analyst)
Conclusion: Since p-value (9.09e-05) are less than α = 0.05, we reject H01 .
And p-value (0.889) are not less than α = 0.05, we do not reject H02 .
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q6.
To test, H01: There is no significant difference between all determination against H11: not H01
H02: There is no significant difference between all Analyst against H12: not H02

>experiment=c(1.963,2.958,2.956,2.948,2.953,2.941,2.996,2.964,2.945,2.960,2.961,2.940,2.675,2.955,
2.963,2.953,2.261,2.931,2.970,2.241,2.975,2.950,2.949,2.930,2.979,2.950,2.958,2.951,2.955,2.937)

>determination=c(rep("1",6),rep("2",6),rep("3",6),rep("4",6),rep("5",6))

>analyst=c(1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6)

>a=aov(experiment~determination+analyst)

Conclusion: Since p-values (0.603, 0.261) are not less than α = 0.05, we do not reject H01 and H02.
>transportation=data.frame(D1=c(5,4,3,16),D2=c(3,7,4,18),D3=c(6,9,7,31),D4=c(2,1,5,25),Supply=c(19,37
,34,90),row.names=c("O1","O2","O3","Demand"))

> transportation

D1 D2 D3 D4 Supply

O1 5 3 6 2 19

O2 4 7 9 1 37

O3 3 4 7 5 34

Demand 16 18 31 25 90

> library(TransP)

> nwc(transportation)

$Alloc_Matrix

D1 D2 D3 D4

O1 16 3 0 0

O2 0 15 22 0

O3 0 0 9 25

$Total_Cost

[1] 580

b)

> colnames=c("D1","D2","D3","D4","Supply")

> rownames=c("O1","O2","O3","Demand")

>
transp=matrix(c(5,4,3,16,3,7,4,18,6,9,7,31,2,1,5,25,19,37,34,90),nrow=4,ncol=5,dimnames=list(rowname
s,colnames))

> transp

D1 D2 D3 D4 Supply

O1 5 3 6 2 19

O2 4 7 9 1 37

O3 3 4 7 5 34

Demand 16 18 31 25 90
> mincost(transp)

$Alloc_Matrix

D1 D2 D3 D4

O1 16 3 0 0
O2 0 0 12 25

O3 0 15 19 0

$Total_Cost

[1] 415

1)

2)

>
data=data.frame(Destination1=c(25,30,15,200),Destination2=c(45,65,40,100),Destination3=c(10,15,
55,300),Destination4=c(0,0,0,100),Supply=c(200,100,400,700),row.names=c("SOURCE1","SOURCE2",
"SOURCE3","DEMAND"))

> data

Destination1 Destination2 Destination3 Destination4 Supply SOURCE1 25 45 10 0 200

SOURCE2 30 65 15 0 100

SOURCE3 15 40 55 0 400

DEMAND 200 100 300 100 700

> library(TransP)

> a=nwc(data)

>a

$Alloc_Matrix

Destination1 Destination2 Destination3 Destination4

SOURCE1 200 0 0 0

SOURCE2 0 100 0 0

SOURCE3 0 0 300 100

$Total_Cost
[1] 28000

LCM

> rownames=c("SOURCE1","SOURCE2","SOURCE3","DEMAND")

> colnames=c("DESTINATION1","DESTINATION2","DESTINATION3","DESTINATION4","SUPPLY")

>data=matrix(c(25,35,10,0,200,30,65,15,0,100,15,40,55,0,400,200,100,300,100,700),nrow=4,byrow=TRU
E,dimnames=list(rownames,colnames))

> data

DESTINATION1 DESTINATION2 DESTINATION3 DESTINATION4 SUPPLY SOURCE1 25 35 10 0 200

SOURCE2 30 65 15 0 100

SOURCE3 15 40 55 0 400

DEMAND 200 100 300 100 700

> a=mincost(data)

>a

$Alloc_Matrix

DESTINATION1 DESTINATION2 DESTINATION3 DESTINATION4 SOURCE1 0 0 100 100

SOURCE2 100 0 0 0

SOURCE3 100 100 200 0

$Total_Cost

[1] 20500

2) Max Z= 3X1+2X2+5X3

Subject to: X1+2X2+2X3≤8

3X1+2X2+6X3≤12

2X1+3X2+4X3≤12

X1, X2, X3≥0

> objective_function=c(3,2,5)

> constrains=matrix(c(1,2,2,3,2,6,2,3,4),nrow=3,byrow=TRUE)
> constrain_sign=c("<=","<=","<=")

> rhs=c(8,12,12)

> library(lpSolve)

> a=lp("max",objective_function,constrains,constrain_sign,rhs) > a$solution

[1] 4 0 0

>a

Success: the objective function is 12

3)

Equations

Let toy A be x anf toy B be y

Max=25x+20y

Constrains are:

20x+12y<=2000

5x+5y<=540
x,y>=0

> objective_function=c(25,20)

> constrains=matrix(c(20,12,5,5),nrow=2,byrow=TRUE)

> constrain_sign=c("<=","<=")

> rhs=c(2000,540)

> a=lp("max",objective_function,constrains,constrain_sign,rhs) > a$solution

[1] 88 20

>a

Success: the objective function is 2600

4)

> rownames=c("A","B","C","D")

> colnames=c("M1","M2","M3","M4")

>
a=matrix(c(10,12,9,11,5,10,7,8,12,14,13,11,8,15,11,9),byrow=TRUE,nrow=4,ncol=4,dimnames=list(rowna
mes,colnames))
> s=lp.assign(a)

>s

Success: the objective function is 37 > s$solution

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 0 0 1 0

[2,] 1 0 0 0

[3,] 0 1 0 0