İstanbul Technical University MAK 4038E – Power Plants
Mechanical Engineering Department CRN: 23645
Spring 2023-2024 Part I: Exercises on Exergy Balance
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Ayşegül ABUŞOĞLU Part II: Exercises on Exergy (F-P)
Method
PART I: EXERCISES ON EXERGY BALANCE
1. Steam exits a turbine with a mass flow rate of 2 × 105 𝑘𝑔/ℎ, at a pressure of 0.008 MPa,
a quality of 94%, and a velocity of 70 m/s. Determine the maximum theoretical power that
could be developed in MW, by any one-inlet, one-exit control volume at steady-state that
would reduce the steam to the dead-state at the exit while allowing heat transfer only at
temperature 𝑇0 . The velocity is relative to an exergy reference environment for which
𝑇0 = 15°𝐶, 𝑃0 = 0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Neglect the effect of gravity.
2. Air at 1 bar, 17°C, and a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s enters an insulated compressor
operating at steady-state and exits at 3 bar, 147°C. Determine, the power required by the
compressor and the rate of exergy destruction, each in kW. Express the rate of exergy
destruction as a percentage of the power required by the compressor. Kinetic and
potential energy effects are negligible. Let 𝑇0 = 17°𝐶, 𝑃0 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟.
3. A compressor fitted with a water jacket and operating at steady-state takes in air with
a volumetric flow rate of 900 𝑚3 /ℎ at 22°C, 0.95 bar and discharges air at 317°C, 8 bar.
Cooling water enters the water jacket at 20°C, 100 kPa with a mass flow rate of 1400 kg/h
and exits at 30°C and essentially the same pressure. There is no significant heat transfer
from the outer surface of the water jacket to its surroundings, and kinetic and potential
energy effects can be ignored. For the water jacketed compressor, perform a full exergy
accounting of the power input. Let 𝑇0 = 20°𝐶, 𝑃0 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚.
Hint: Full exergy accounting means to calculate exergy transfer rate by mass at inlet and
exit states, exergy transfer rate by heat transfer, exergy transfer rate by work, exergy
destruction rate, etc.
4. Air enters a counterflow heat exchanger operating at steady-state at 22°C, 0.1 MPa and
exits at 7°C. Refrigerant 134a enters at 0.2 MPa, a quality of 0.2, and a mass flow rate of
30 kg/h. Refrigerant exits at 0°C. There is no significant change in pressure for either
stream. a) For the Refrigerant 134a stream, determine the rate of heat transfer, in kJ/h.
b) For each of the streams, evaluate the change in flow exergy rate, in kJ/h. Compare the
values. Let 𝑇0 = 22°𝐶, 𝑃0 = 0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , and ignore the effects of motion and gravity.
PART II: EXERCISE ON EXERGY (Fuel & Product) METHOD
The schematic of a single-flash geothermal power plant with state numbers is given in
Fig. 1 below. Geothermal resource exists as saturated liquid at 230°C. The geothermal
liquid is withdrawn from the production well at a rate of 230 kg/s and is flashed to a
pressure of 500 kPa by an essentially isenthalpic flashing process where the resulting
vapor is separated from the liquid in a separator and is directed to the turbine. The
steam leaves the turbine at 10 kPa with a moisture content of 5% and enters the
condenser where it is condensed; it is routed to a reinjection well along with the liquid
coming off the separator. Air is used to cool the saturated steam in the condenser. For
this, air enters to the condenser at T7=25°C and exits at T8=40°C with a mass flow rate
of 5078 kg/s (open type air-cooled condenser). Thermodynamic properties of each
state of the geothermal power plant are given in Table 1. Take the dead state
temperature and pressure as T0=25°C and P0=100 kPa, respectively.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a single-flash geothermal power plant
Table 1. Thermodynamic properties of each state of the geothermal power plant
Mass flow rate Temperature Pressure Enthalpy Entropy
Stream Substance (kg/s) (°C) (kPa) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
0 Air - 25.0 100.0 298.18 5.6990
0 Water - 25.0 100.0 104.20 0.3648
1 Water 230.00 230.0 800.0 990.14 2.6100
2 Water 230.00 228.0 500.0 990.14 2.6841
3 Steam 38.19 225.0 500.0 2748.10 6.8207
4 Steam 38.19 80.0 10.0 2464.30 7.7739
5 Water 38.19 70.0 10.0 293.07 0.9551
6 Water 191.81 225.0 500.0 640.09 1.8604
7 Air 5078.0 25.0 100.0 298.18 5.6990
8 Air 5078.0 40.0 98.0 315.27 7.0360
a) Determine the power output of the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the plant.
b) Fill the below table by making appropriate exergy analysis based on the
geothermal power plant given in Fig.1 and find the related data given in Table 1
for the problem. Show all solution steps by writing both analytical and numerical
equations for each subsystem.
Table 2 – Solutions
𝐸̇ 𝑥𝐹 𝐸̇ 𝑥𝑃 𝐸̇ 𝑥𝐷 ε
Component, k (MW) (MW) (MW) (%)
Flash Chamber
Steam turbine
Condenser
Overall Geothermal Power Plant
𝐸̇ 𝑥𝐹 : Exergy rate of fuel for a kth component
𝐸̇ 𝑥𝑃 : Exergy rate of product for a kth component
𝐸̇ 𝑥𝐷 : Exergy destruction rate of a kth component
e : Exergetic (second law) efficiency of a kth component
