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Group 1 Presentation Fir and Iir Filters

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13 views23 pages

Group 1 Presentation Fir and Iir Filters

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edward
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GROUP1 PRESENTATION

•1. FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS


•2. INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS
GROUP MEMBERS
CHIPARAUSHE PRAISE A R188816F
MUTAWO CHANTELLE F R1810774
HOVE RYAN R188192A
CHIFAMBA COURAGE A R1810988
HOVE TERERAI R1813810
TADYANEMHANDU DOROTHY R197966R
MAGUME NICOLE R196724U
MAKOSA GIVENET R197126H
TAHWASHA ROBERT R197137Z
KANDAWASVIKA TREVOR R184132R
WHAT IS A FILTER?
• AN AC CIRCUIT DESIGNED TO PERFORM FREQUENCY SELECTION OUT OF A MIX OF DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES IN A CIRCUIT

• MOST COMMONLY USED FILTERS ARE LOW-PASS, HIGH-PASS, BAND-PASS AND BAND-STOP FILTERS

• THE MAIN REASON TO FILTER A SIGNAL IS TO SMOOTH OUT HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE ASSOCIATED
WITH A MEASUREMENT

• IN THE DIGITAL REALM, THE ARE TWO TYPES OF FILTERS –FIR(FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE) AND
IIR(INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE)
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
❖HIGH-PERFORMANCE STEREO SYSTEMS

❖IN THE “CONDITIONING” OF NON-SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS IN POWER CIRCUITS.

❖FILTER CIRCUITS ARE USED TO ELIMINATE BACKGROUND NOISE

❖THEY ARE USED IN RADIO TUNING TO A SPECIFIC FREQUENCY


PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

❖USED IN PRE-AMPLIFICATION, EQUALIZATION, TONE CONTROL IN AUDIO SYSTEMS

❖THEY ARE ALSO USED IN SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUITS AND DATA CONVERSION

❖FILTER CIRCUITS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN MEDICAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS


SYNTHESIS OF FILTERS
• SYNTHESIS OF THE DIGITAL FILTERS BEGINS WITH THE DEFINITION OF THE FILTER
CHARACTERISTICS
• TO SYNTHESIZE THE DIGITAL FILTER, A KNOWN ANALOG FILTER TEMPLATE IS USED TO FIND A
DIGITAL SYSTEM CHARACTERIZED BY THE TRANSFER FUNCTION H(Z)
• TRANSFER FUNCTION IS THE REPRESENTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INPUT AND THE
OUTPUT SIGNAL OF A CONTROL SYSTEM AND THE INPUT VALUES, FOR ALL INPUT VALUES
SYNTHESIS OF FILTERS

• DETERMINATION OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION BY A DIRECT METHOD IS NOT SIMPLE, ON THE


OTHER HAND
• TRANSFORMING AN ANALOG FILTER TO A DIGITAL FILTER IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE
• MANY METHODS ARE BASED ON DESIGNING A DIGITAL FILTER FROM THE EQUIVALENT
ANALOG FILTER
• THE OBJECTIVE OF FILTER DESIGN IS TO FIND A STABLE FUNCTION THAT IS REALIZABLE USING
A SUITABLE FILTER STRUCTURE TOP ESTIMATE A SPECIFIED FREQUENCY RESPONSE OR IMPULSE
RESPONSE
DIFFERENCE EQUATION

• THE DIFFERENCE EQUATION IS A FORMULA FOR COMPUTING AN OUTPUT SAMPLE AT


TIME BASED ON PAST AND PRESENT INPUT SAMPLES AND PAST OUTPUT SAMPLES IN THE TIME
DOMAIN.
• WE MAY WRITE THE GENERAL, CASUAL, LTI DIFFERENCE EQUATION AS FOLLOWS:
SYSTEM DESCRIBED BY A DIFFERENCE EQUATION

• IF THE COEFFICIENTS a0 ≠ 0 , THE SYSTEM IS SAID TO BE RECURSIVE THUS IIR


SYSTEM DESCRIBED BY A DIFFERENCE EQUATION

• IF THE COEFFICIENTS ai = 0, THEN THE SYSTEM IS DEPENDENT ONLY ON AND IT IS SAID TO BE


NON RECURSIVE THUS FIR
FIR AND IIR FILTERS

• TWO CLASSES OF FILTERS ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE LENGTH OF THEIR LINEAR IMPULSE
RESPONSE
• FIR, FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS ARE ALWAYS STABLE AND CAN BE DESIGNED TO HAVE
EXACTLY LINEAR PHASE
• IIR, INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS ARE UNSTABLE AND CAN’T BE DESIGNED TO HAVE
LINEAR PHASE
FIR & IIR FILTERS
• CLASSES OF FILTERS ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE LENGTH OF THEIR
LINEAR IMPULSE RESPONSE
• THERE ARE TWO METHODS FOR THE APPROXIMATION OF FIR FILTERS
WHICH ARE THE WINDOW METHOD AND THE FREQUENCY SAMPLING
METHOD
CONTINUE
• THE WINDOW METHOD CONSIST OF 7 STEPS WHICH ARE
1. NORMALIZE
2. CHOOSE H(N)
3. CHOOSE WINDOW FUNCTION USING ATTENUATION
4. CALCULATE N
5. CALCULATE H(N)
6. FIND HN(N)
7. TRANSLATE
WINDOW METHOD EXAMPLE
• FIND THE COEFFICIENT OF FIR LOW PASS FILTER USING THE WINDOW METHOD FROM THE
FOLLOWING
• CUTOFF FREQ = FS/10, TRANSITION BAND FREQ = FS/5 AND ATTENUATION IS GREATER THAN
50DB
FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD

• THE FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD ALLOWS US TO DESIGN RECURSIVE AND NON-


RECURSIVE FIR FILTERS FOR BOTH STANDARD FREQUENCY SELECTIVE AND FILTERS WITH
ARBITRARY FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• THE FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD CAN BE USED TO DESIGN A FILTER WITH AN ARBITRARY
FREQUENCY RESPONSE SUCH AS H(Ω) .
STEPS FOR FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD

• 1 CHOOSE THE DESIRED FREQUENCY RESPONSE H(Ω)


• 2 SAMPLE H(Ω) AT N -POINTS BY TAKING Ω=ΩK=2ΠKN WHERE K=0,1,2,3,…...
• 3 THE N-POINT INVERSE DFT OF THE SEQUENCE H(K) GIVES THE IMPULSE RESPONSE OF THE
FILTER H( N).
IIR MAPPING TECHNIQUES
• THE MAPPING TECHNIQUES ARE THE IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD AND THE BILINEAR
TRANSFORMATION METHOD
• THE IDEA IS TO MAP AN ANALOG SIGNAL INTO A DIGITAL SIGNAL
IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD
• THE STEP INVOLVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• SAMPLING METHOD
• APPLY Z TRANSFORM
IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD EXAMPLE
TRANSFORM THE FOLLOWING TO H(Z)

1
H S = 𝑓 = 5 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(𝑆 + 1)(𝑆 + 2) 𝑠
ADVANTAGES OF FIR FILTERS

• IS ALWAYS STABLE(THIS IS BECAUSE ITS POLES ARE AT THE ORIGIN)


• HAS A FINITE DURATION
• SIMPLE(BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO FEEDBACK MEANING THEY DO NOT USE THEIR PREVIOUS VALUES TO COMPUTE THEIR
PRESENT)
• DESIGN COMPLEXITY GENERALLY LINEAR(BECAUSE THEY HAVE A PHASE RESPONSE THAT GRACES OUT A STRAIGHT
LINE)
• NON CAUSAL
• NOISE ERROR IS MINIMUM
• ROBUST
• GOOD PERFOMANCE
DISADVANTAGES OF FIR FILTERS

• LARGE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS


• CANNOT SIMULATE PROTOTYPE ANALOG FILTER(BECAUSE OF LARGE STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS)
• DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT(REQUIRES COMPLEX COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES)
• EXPENSIVE DUE TO LARGE ORDER
• REQUIRES MORE MEMORY
• TIME CONSUMING PROCESS
ADVANTAGES OF IIR FILTERS

• HAS A STABLE DESIGN


• IMPLEMENTATION REQUIRES FEWER PARAMETERS
• LESS MEMORY REQUIREMENT
• LOWER COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY
• EASY TO IMPLEMENT AND DESIGN
DISADVANTAGES OF IIR

• UNSTABLE
• USUALLY HAS A NON-LINEAR RESPONSE
• HAS A FEEDBACK LOOP HENCE INCREASE NOISE ERROR
• USEFUL ONLY WHEN THE ANALOG FILTER IS BANDLIMITED
• HARDER TO IMPLEMENT USING FIXEDPOINT ARITHMETIC SUCH AS NOISE
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE PROBLEM OF FINITE LENGTH ARITHMETIC
• DOES NOT OFFER COMPUTATIONAL AVANTAGES OF FIR FILTER

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