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Lesson4-Functions02

Ukzn

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Olwethu Nolie
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lesson 4: Functions

Dr M.D. Mhlongo

Functions 02

23 February 2023

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 1 / 14


Functions

Lesson Outline

1 Arithmetic operations on functions


2 Composite functions
3 Transformations
4 Symmetry
5 Even and Odd functions

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 2 / 14


Functions

Arithmetic operations on functions

1 If f and g are functions, we define

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) (1)


(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x) (2)
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x) (3)
(f /g )(x) = f (x)/g (x) (4)

We define their domain to be the intersection of the domains of f


and g and for Eq. (4) g (x) 6= 0.
√
2 Example 1: Let f (x) = 2 + x + 1 and g (x) = x + 2. Find the
domains and formulas for the functions f + g , f − g , fg , f /g and 3f .
√ √
3 Example 2: Show that if f (x) = x + 1, g (x) = x + 1 and
h(x) = x + 1, then the domain of fg is not the same as the natural
domain of h.

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 3 / 14


Functions

Composite functions

Definition: If f and g are functions, the composition of f and g , denoted


by f ◦ g , is a function defined by

(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)) (5)

The domain of f ◦ g consist of all x in the domain of g for which g (x) is


in the domain of f .
√
Example: Let f (x) = x 2 + 2 and g (x) = x. Then
√
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)) = [g (x)]2 + 2 = ( x)2 + 2 = x + 2. Now determine
(g ◦ f )(x).

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 4 / 14


Functions

Translations

Table: Translation principles

Operation Add a Subtract a Add a Subtract a


on + constant + constant + constant + constant
y = f (x) c to f (x) c from f (x) c from x c from x
New Eq. y = f (x) + c y = f (x) − c y = f (x + c) y = f (x − c)
Geometric Translates Translates Translates Translates
effect the graph of graph of the graph of the graph of
y = f (x) y = f (x) y = f (x) y = f (x)
up c units down c units left c units right c units
Example y = x2 y = x2 y = x2 y = x2
y = x2 + 3 y = x2 − 3 y = (x + 3)2 y = (x − 3)2

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 5 / 14


Functions

Translations and reflections

Figure: Translations

Figure: Reflections
Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 6 / 14
Functions

Reflections

Table: Reflection principles


Operation Replace x Multiply
on + by f (x)
y = f (x) −x by −1
New Eq. y = f (−x) y = −f (x)
Geometric Reflects Reflects
effect the graph of graph of
y = f (x) y = f (x)
about y -axis about x-axis
√ √
Example y =√ x y= x
√
y = −x y =− x

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 7 / 14


Stretches and compressions

Table: Stretches and compressions principles

Operation Multiply Multiply Multiply Multiply


on f (x) by c f (x) by c x by c x by c
y = f (x) (c > 1) (0 < c < 1) (c > 1) (0 < c < 1)
New Eq. y = cf (x) y = cf (x) y = f (cx) y = f (cx)
Geometric Stretches Compresses Compresses Stretches
effect the graph of graph of the graph of the graph of
y = f (x) y = f (x) y = f (x) y = f (x)
vertically by vertically by horizontally by horizontally b
a factor of c a factor of 1/c a factor of c factor of 1/c
Example y = sin x y = sin x y = sin x y = sin x
y = 2 sin x y = 12 sin x y = sin 2x y = 12 sin 12 x

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 8 / 14


Functions

Stretches, compression and symmetry

Figure: Stretches and compressions

Figure: Symmetry about y-axis

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 9 / 14


Functions

Symmetry

1 Types of symmetries:
a) symmetry about the x-axis
b) symmetry about the y -axis
c) symmetry about the origin
2 Theorem (Symmetry tests)
a) A plane curve is symmetric about the y -axis if and only if replacing x
by −x in its equation produces an equivalent equation.
b) A plane curve is symmetric about the x-axis if and only if replacing y
by −y in its equation produces an equivalent equation.
c) A plane curve is symmetric about the origin if and only if replacing both
x by −x and y by −y in its equation produces an equivalent equation.

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 10 / 14


Functions

Even and Odd functions

1 A function is f is said to be an even function if

f (−x) = f (x)

Example 1: If f (x) = x 2 then f (−x) = (−x)2 = x 2 = f (x)


2 A function is f is said to be an odd function if

f (−x) = −f (x)

Example 2: If f (x) = sin x then f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin x = −f (x)

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 11 / 14


Functions

Exercise

1 Sketch the graphs of the equation by translating, reflecting,


compressing √and stretching the graph of
y = x 2 , y = x, y = 1/x, y = |x|:
a) y = −2(x + 1)2 − 3, y = 21 (x − 3)2 + 2, y = x 2 + 6x
√ √ √
b) y = 3 − x + 1, y = 1 + x − 4, y = − 3x
1 1
c) y = x−3 , y = 2 − x+1
d) y = |x + 2| − 2, y = 1 − |x − 3|, y = |2x − 1| + 1
e) y = x + |x|
2 Find the formulas for f + g , f − g , fg , f /g , and state the domain of
the functions.
√ √
a) f (x) = 2 x − 1, g (x) = x − 1
x 1
b) f (x) = 1+x 2 , g (x) = x

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 12 / 14


Functions

Exercise

1 Use theorem to determine whether the graph has symmetries about


the x-axis, y -axis or origin.
a) x = 5y 2 + 9
b) xy = 3
c) y 2 = |x| − 3
x
d) y = 3+x 2

2 Find the formulas for fog , gof , and state the domain of the functions.
√
a) f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = 1 − x
1+x
b) f (x) = 1−x , g (x) = x1

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 13 / 14


Functions

References

H.Anton, I. Bivens, and S. Davis, Calculus: Early Transcendentals,


John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., Inc. 2013
G.B. Thomas Jr, M.D. Weir, and J. Hass, Thomas’ Calculus,
Addison-Wesley, 2009.

Dr Mhlongo (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Math 131 23 February 2023 14 / 14

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