Introduction “A specific pattern of numbers is called a Sequence”. Example: (i) 2, 4, 6 8, 10. (ii) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20. (iii)-2, -4, -6, -8, 10, -12. (iv) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36. + The various numbers occuring in a sequence are called it's terms. + Terms of a sequence are denoted by a, a2 1 Ag nu An nen ete. Types of Sequence (i) Finite Sequence : A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. For e.g : 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. (ii) Infinite Sequence : A sequence is called infinite, if it is not a finite sequence. For eg: 2,4, 6, B..SEQUENCE Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic Progression Progression Progression (A.P) (G.P) (H.P) “not in syllabus not in syllabus *Please note that Sequences, following specific patterns are called ‘progressions’. 1) A.P: An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between two consecutive terms is constant or same. For e.g. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 is in A.P having common difference, d = 4. 2) G.P Sif the ratio of any two consecutive terms in a sequence is same, then it is called geometric progression. For eg. 2,4, 8, 16, 32, 64,... is a G.P having common ratio, r ‘ Ratio: 4=2; 8=2 ; 16=2 ; 32=2.. 2 4 8 16 3) H.P : if the reciprocal of the terms of a sequence are in A.P, then that sequence is called Harmonic Progression. For eg: 1.4. didbun is & harmonic progression, Reciprocal : 1, 4 10 = 1,4,7,10 T Let's find common difference : 4-1 = 3, 7-4 = 3, 10-7 = 3... Since clearly we are getting same common difference, so the given sequence is in HPAnother way to write a Series : What is a Series ? = Sequence : Series : *matlab dono me difference sirf ye hai ki sequences me ham commas(,) lagate hain jabki series me ham plus(*) sign lagate hain baki sab same hain....0k! Let ddd jnnnd , be a sequence. Then the expression is called the series associated with the given sequence. Like Sequences, series can also be finite or infinite. 1,2,3,4,5 14#2+3+4+5 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 3+6+9+12+15+18 Another way to write a Series : We can also represent Series by ‘Sigma notation’, using the Greek letter >) (Sigma) to indicate the summation involved. For e.g. Series: 1+2+3+4+5+6+7 canalso be written as 1 =dn oT General Term / nth termThe n'* term is the number at the n'* position of the sequence and is denoted by a The n' term is also called the general term of the sequence. Example: Consider a sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, here a,= 1, a= 2, ag= 3, ay= 4, g= 5, a= 6. we can write the nth term of this sequence as dn =n, where nis a natural number. Let's practice some questions : Q. Write the first five terms of the following sentences whose n'* terms are given: 3 9 (i) an= n(n + 2) (ii) an = 2" Sol: (i) substituting n = 1, 2, 3, 4,5 in an,we get a,= (1+ 2)=1%3=3 a, = 22+ 2)=2*4=8 ag= 3(3+2)=3*5=15 47 4(4 + 2)=4%6= 24 a= 5(5 + 2)=5%*7= 35 Therefore, the required terms are 3, 8, 15, 24 and 35. (ii) Substituting n = 1, 2, 3, 4,5 in an, we get : 2 aye 222 ay=2'=4 ag=2 = ay = 2*= 16 . ag= 2° = 32 Therefore, the required terms are 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32. Q. Find the indicated terms in each of the following sequences whose n'* terms are: (i) ane 4n - 35 ayy, ang (ii) an= nod) Sol: (i) a,,= 4(17) - 3= 68 - 3= 65 Aye= 4(24) - 3= 96- 3= 93 iar (iii) an = F209» 79 ned at. # (i) > * am (iii) ajo 20(20-2) = 20 «18 20+3 a3 A22= 22(22-2) = 22* 20 = 440 = 88 5 22+3 25 25Arithmetic Mean Given two numbers a and b. We can insert a number A between them so that a, A, b is an A.P. Such a number A is called the ‘arithmetic mean’ (A.M.) of the numbers a and b. ie, A 2k dekho yaar tum A.M. ka matlab ek tarah se number a and b ka average bhi samjh sakte ho ie arb. 2 Example: consider an A.P : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16... Now if we take any three consecutive terms from this A.P then the mean of 1st & 3rd term is always equal to the nd term. Supoose we take the three terms 6, 8, 10 and will try to verify above rule. AM: 6210 Te 7 a = 8 which is equal to middle term of above three nos. Ceometric Progression (C.P.) A sequence ay, dy dy, us Ans. is called geometric progression, if each term is non-zero and the ratio between any two consecutive terms is constant or same. 3 By letting a= a, we obtain a geometric progression, a, ar, ar’ ar’... where a is called the ‘first term’ and r is called the ‘common ratio’ of the G.P. General term / nth term of a GP. The general term or the n_ term of a G.P. with first term ‘a’ and common ratio 'r’ iven by the following formula: 9 9 2 a,= ar™ Thus, 4 G.P can be written as a, ar, ar? ar... ans a, AY, Ata, APE ni According as G.P. is finite or infinite, respectively. The seriesatar+ar?+...¢ar™loratartar’+..+ar™'s.. ave called finite or infinite geometric series, respectively.Sum to n terms of a G.P. Let the first term of a G.P be a and the common ratio be r. Let us denote by S,,the sum to n terms of G.P. Then 2 4 Sptatartar?+..+ ar! the sum to n terms is given by Sy = 8) When 1 r-1 Example: Given a G.P. with a = 729 and 7th term 64, determine S,. SOLUTION: Given first term, a = 729 7th term, a= 64 Let ¥ be the common ratio of the G.P. We know that, an= ar"! az = ar = are= 64 => 729 x r°= 64 ; ou *-(2) eredct 3 3 Now, we know Sy =A) toy ct 729[1-(2/3)'] __729(1-2"/3") 1-2/3 1/3, 729 x3 [i -3) 729% 3 “729% 30 : 2187 - TQ «ax ne VSR 2187 -2 2187 - 128 = 2059Example: Find a G.p. for which sum of the first two terms is - 4 and the fifth term is 4 times the third term. SOLUTION: Given, sum of first 2 terms is -4 ie. ay + ag= -4 Fifth term is 4 times 3rd term ie. a, 4a, y= wr = dar? atar=-4.... Now Putting the values of r in eq(i), to get the value of a CASE1: When r = 2 a+a(2)=-4 => a+2a=-4 => 3a=-4 => a= -4/3 3 vee = ~4/3, -8/3, -16/3, -32/3 jose 7. G.P: a, ay, ar?, ar CASE2: when r = -2 atal-2)=-4 =a-2a=-4 GPa, ar, ar?, ar... = 4, -8, 16, -32... => -a=-4 =>a=4 Geometric Mean (G.M.) The geometric mean of two positive numbers a and b is the number ab . ieG.M= ab For e.g: Consider three numbers 2, 4, 8 here the G.M. of Ist and 3rd number will be equal to the 2nd or middle number. G.M= 2x8 = 16 = whichis the middle number.Relationship between A.M.and G.M. Let A and G be A.M. and G.M. of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively. Then — and G= ab A= a+b — A-G= 2 - ab a+b -2 ab. 2 _(a)?+(_b)?-2 ab se 2 A-G= fa- a) b) SHOE tt (1) From (1), we obtain the relationship A >. Let's Practice: Example:if a.m. and G.m. of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5, respectively, SOLUTION: then obtain the quadratic equation. Let the roots of the quadratic equation be a and b We are given A.M = 8 and G.M=5 ive AM= a+b 2g ssa+ b= 16 G.M.= ab = 5 => ab=25 We know from class10 that any quadratic equation is given by, x" (Summ of roots): + (Product of roots) = x? (a+b) + (ab) =0 X= 16e +25 =0 [using (i) and (ii) Thus, the required quadratic equation is X* tox + 25 =0Example:Find the sam to n terms of the sequence, 8, 88, 888, 8886..... SOLUTION: The given sequence is neither an A.P. nor a G.P. But we will convert this sequence in G.P. Also, such types of questions are solved by writing the given terms as 9, 99, 999, 9999. Sn = 8 + 88 + 886 + 8888 «. 3 [2 * 09 + 008 + 9058 «.... .to n terms. =S[(10-1) + (100-1) + (1000-1) + (1000-1) +. = 8f10 + 100 + + + = 5 {10 100 + 1000 + 10000 +... “this is now a G.P. ) +(4¥n)] Taking G.P. = [10 + 100 + 1000 + 10000 +.........] here a = 10 & r = 100/10 = 10 >1 210(10" 1) 10 pan_ a Sn a to") sesvee(ii) Putting eq(ii) in eq(i), we get = 8 fF 10(10"- 1) 5 ee =S0(10"-1) - Sn 81 9 Exim ple: the sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean, show that numbers are in the ratio (3 +2 2):(3-2 2). SOLUTION: Let the two numbers be a and b. We know that G.M.= 4b AT.Q. atb=6ab (1) => (a +b)’ = 36ab Also, (a - 6)’ = a2+b - 2ab =a? +b’ - 2ab + 2ab - 2ab =a?+b' + 2ab -2ab -2ab = (a+b) -4ab = 36ab - 4ab => (a-b)*=32ab a-b= 2 ab=42 ab (2) Now, adding equation (1) & equation (2), we get a+h=6 a6 putting value of a in eq(1) 42a (3+2 2) abs b=6 ab ab+4 246 | b=6 ab-(3+2 2) ab 2a = 2(3 +2 2) ab b=(6-3-2 2) ab a=(3*2 2) ab b= (3-2 2) aba _ (3+2 2) ab 3422 b (3-2 2)ae 3-22 Thus, the required ratio is(3 +2 2): (3-2 2). Example: Let the sequence an be defined as follows: O,= 1 dnp= aq yt 2forn 2 Find first five terms and write corresponding series. Solution We have, a, = 1a, =4,+2=142=3,d,=a,42=3+2=5, 4,2 05¢2=542=7, a,=a,+2=7+2=9, Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1,3,5,7 and 9. The corresponding series is1*3+5+7+9+.. Example: What is the 20" term of the sequence defined by a= (n-1)(2-n)(3+n)? Solution Putting n= 20, we obtain a,9= (20 - 1) (2 - 20) (3 + 20) = 19 « (- 18) x (23) = - 7866.Example: Which term of the G.P., 2,8,32, ... up to n terms is 131072? Solution Let 131072 be the n'' term of the given G.P. Here a= 2and r= 4, 4 Therefore 131072 = an= 2(4)" or 65536 = 4"" This gives 4°= 4°" . So that nn -1=8,ie,n=9. th Hence, 131072 is the 9 term of the G.P. Example: Find the sum of the sequence 7, 77, 777, 7777, ... to n terms, Solution This is not a G.P., however, we can relate it to a G.P. by writing the terms as Sn=7+77+777+ 7777+... ton terms = 7/9 [9+ 99+ 999 +9999......ton term] = 7/9 [(10 - 1) # (107-1) (10° 1) + (10% 1) +......to n term] = 7/9 [(10) + (10+ (10) + (10)*+.....to nterm - (161414... terms)] — yo) 1010" 1) 10(10"- 1) | = ral “1 ‘ = a 3) ‘Example: A person has 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great grandparents, and so on. Find the number of his ancestors during the ten generations preceding his own Solution Herea=2,r=2andn=10 Using the sum formula 5, _ 4(r"=1) “(r=1) We have, Sto =2(2° - 1) = 2046 Hence, the number of ancestors preceding the person is 2046.