MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Application of derivatives

1. If a quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some rule y = f(x), then
dx dy
(or f ′(x) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x and ] (or f′(x0 )
dy dx x=x0

represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = xo.

2. If two variables x and y are varying with respect to another variable t, i.e., if x = f(t) and y
=g(t) then by Chain Rule

3. A function f is said to be increasing on an interval (a, b) if x1 < x2 in (a, b) ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) for
all x1, x2 ∈ (a, b). Alternatively, if f’(x) > 0 for each x in, then f(x) is an increasing function on
(a, b).

4. A function f is said to be increasing on an interval (a, b) if x1 < x2 in (a, b) ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2) for
all x1, x2 ∈ (a, b). Alternatively, if f’(x) > 0 for each x in, then f(x) is an decreasing function on
(a, b).

5. The equation of the tangent at (x0, y0) to the curve y = f (x) is given by

dy
6. If does not exist at the point (x0, y0), then the tangent at this point is parallel to the y-axis
dx
and its equation is x = x0.
dy
7. If tangent to a curve y = f(x) at x = x0 is parallel to x-axis, then ] =0
dx x=x0

8. Equation of the normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point (xo, yo), is given by

dy
9. If at the point (xo, yo), is zero, then equation of the normal is x = x0.
dx

dy
10. If at the point (xo, yo), does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and its equation
dx
is y = y0.
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

11. Let y = f (x), ∆x be a small increment in x and ∆y be the increment in y corresponding to the
dy
increment in x, i.e., ∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x). Then given by dy = f’(x) dx or dy = ( ) dx is a
dx
good of ∆y when dx x = ∆ is relatively small and we denote it by dy ≈ ∆y.

12. A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f ′(c) = 0 or f is not differentiable is
called a critical point of f.

13. First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let f be continuous
at a critical point c in I. Then,

i. If f ′(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, i.e., if f ′(x) > 0 at
every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f ′(x) < 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local maxima.

ii. If f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f ′(x) < 0 at
every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f ′(x) > 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local minima.

iii. If f ′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima. In fact, such a point is called point of inflexion.

14. Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice
differentiable at c. Then,

i. x = c is a point of local maxima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) < 0

The values f (c) is local maximum value of f.
ii. x = c is a point of local minima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) > 0
In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f.
iii. The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) = 0.
In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of
maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.

15. Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/ or absolute minima

Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f ′(x) = 0 or f
is not differentiable.
Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.
Step 3: At all these points (listed in Step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f.
Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in Step3.
This maximum value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be
the absolute minimum value of f.
 Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 6
If a quantity if ‘y’ varies with another quantity x so that y = f(x), then
Let y=f (x) x be a small increment in 'x' and y be the small dy
f ’(x) represents the rate of change of y w.r.t x and dy f ’(xo )
increment in y corresponding to the increment in 'x', i.e. dx dx x=xo
dy represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = xo
y f x x x Then, ∆y is given by dy=f'(x)dx or dy x
dx
is a good approximation of ∆y when dx=∆x is relatively small and
denote by dy ≈∆y. For eg: Let us approximate To do this, we take If 'x' and 'y' varies with another variable 't' i.e., if x = f (t)
y x,x x then y x dx – x and y = g (t), then by chain rule
dy dy dx , dx
if 0
– dx dt dt dt
–
– dy
– For eg: if the radius of a circle, r = 5 cm, then the rate
Now, dy is approximately ∆y and is given by dy
of change of the area of a circle per second w.r.t 'r' is –
x . So, da d
x x r r rr=5
dr r dr
A point C in the domain of 'f ' at which A function f is said to be (i) increasing on (a,b) if x1 <x2 in
g and
either f’(c)=0 or is not differentiable is sin a,b x1 x2 a,b and (ii) decreasing on
rea
called a critical point of f. c (a, b) if x1 <x2 in a,b x1 x2 x1 x2 a,b
In
Ifx x a,b then f is increasing in (a,b) and if f' (x)
x a,b then f is decreasing in (a,b) For eg: Let f (x)=

t
3 2

tes
t
x – 3x +4x,x∈R, then x – x x– x

tes
Application
of Derivatives So, the function f is strictly increasing on R.

Let f be continuous at a critical

Let f be a function defined
point C in open I. Then (i) if f '
on I and CC–I, f is twice The equation of the tangent at (x0,y0), to the curve y = f (x) is given by
(x)> 0 at every point left of C dy dy
differentiable at C. Then (y–y0) dx ( x 0 ,y0 )
] (x – x0) if dx does not exists at (x0 ,y0), then the tangent at
and f' (x) <0 at every point right
(i) x=C is a point of local max. (x0 ,y0) is parallel to the y–axis and its equation is x = x0. If tangent to
of C, then 'C' is a point of local
If f' (C)=0 and f" (C) <0, f(C) is dy
maxima. (ii) If f' (x) <0 at every a curve y = f (x) at x = x0 is parallel to x–axis, then |x = x = 0.
local max. of f. dx 0
point left of C and f' (x) >0 at
(ii) x=C is a point of local min dy
every point right of C, then 'C' is y = f (x) at ( x 0 ,y0) is y – y0 = – 1 ( x – x0 ) if= at ( x0 ,y0) is zero,then equation
if f' (C)=0 and f" (C)>0. f (C) is dy dx
a point of local minima. dx |
( x0 ,y0)
local min of f. (iii) The test fails dy
(iii) If f' (x) does not change sign of the normal is x = x0. If dx at ( x0 ,y0) does not exist, then the normal is parallel
if f' (C)=0 and f" (C)=0
as 'x' increases through C, then 'C' to x-axis and its equation is y=y0 For eg: Let y=x3–x be a curve, then the slope of
is called the point of inflection. 3 dy
the tangent to y=x –x at x=2 is x=2 = 3x 2 –1 =3.22–1=11
dx |
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r = 6 cm is:

(a) 10π

(b) 12π

(c) 8π

(d) 11π

2. The total revenue received from the sale of x units of a product is given by R(x)=3x²+36x+5.
The marginal revenue, when x = 15 is:

(a) 116

(b) 96

(c) 90

(d) 126.

3. The interval in which y = x² e-x is increasing with respect to x is:

(a) (-∞, ∞)

(b) (-2,0)

(c) (2, ∞)

(d) (0, 2).

4. The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2x² + 3 sin x at x = 0 is

(a) 3

(b)

(c) -3

(d) -

5. The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y² = 4x at the point:

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

(a) (1, 2)

(b) (2, 1)

(c) (1, -2)

(d) (-1, 2).

6. If f(x) = 3x² + 15x + 5, then the approximate value of f(3.02) is:

(a) 47.66

(b) 57.66

(c) 67.66

(d) 77.66.

7. The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the
side by 3% is:

(a) 0.06 x³ m³

(b) 0.6 x³ m³

(c) 0.09 x³m³

(d) 0.9 x³ m³

8. The point on the curve x² = 2y, which is nearest to the point (0, 5), is:

(a) (2 √2, 4)

(b) (2 √2, 0)

(c) (0, 0)

(d) (2, 2).

9. For all real values of x, the minimum value of is

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 3
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

(d)

10. The maximum value of [x (x – 1) + 1]1/3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is

(a) ( )1/3

(b)

(c) 1

(d) 0

Very Short Questions:

1. For the curve y = 5x- 2x3, if increases at the rate of 2 units/sec., find the rate of change of
the slope of the curve when x = 3. (C.B.S.E. 2017)

2. Without using the derivative, show that the function f(x) = 7x – 3 is a strictly increasing
function in R.

3. Show that function:

f(x) = 4x3 – 18×2 – 27x – 7 is always increasing in R. (C.B.S.E. 2017)

4. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve:

x = at2, y = 2at t = 2.

5. Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions without using
derivatives:

(i) f(x) = (2x-1)2 + 3

(ii) f(x)= 16x2 – 16x + 28

(iii) f(x) = -|x+ 1| + 3

(iv) f(x) = sin 2x + 5

(v) f(x) = sin (sin x).

6. A particle moves along the curve x2 = 2y. At what point, ordinate increases at die same rate
as abscissa increases? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2019-20)

Long Questions:
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

1. A ladder 13 m long is leaning against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder is dragged
away from the wall along the ground at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is the height on the
wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 5 m away from the wall? (C.B.S.E. Outside
Delhi 2019)

2. Find the angle of intersection of the curves x2 + y2 = 4 and (x – 2)2 + y2= 4, at the point in
the first quadrant (C.B.S.E. 2018 C)

3. Find the intervals in which the function: f(x) = – 2x3 – 9x2 – 12x + 1 is (i) Strictly increasing
(ii) Strictly decreasing. (C.B.S.E. 2018 C)

4. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total

perimeter of the window is 10 meters. Find the dimensions of the window to admit
maximum light through the whole opening. (C.B.S.E. 2018 C)

Assertion and Reason Questions:

1. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false and R is true.
e) Both A and R are false.

Assertion(A): For each real 't', then exist a point C in [t,t+π]

such that f′(C) = 0

Reason (R): f(t)=f(t+2π) for each real t

2. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes(a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false and R is true.
e) Both A and R are false.

Assertion (A): One root of x3−2x2−1= 0 and lies between 2 and 3.

Reason(R): If f(x) is continuous function and f [a], f[b] have opposite signs then at least one or
odd number of roots of f(x)=0 lies between a and b.
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Case Study Questions:

1. An architecture design a auditorium for a school for its cultural activities. The floor of the
auditorium is rectangular in shape and has a fixed perimeter P.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

2. Rohan, a student of class XII, visited his uncle's flat with his father. He observe that the
window of the house is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening having
perimeter 10m as shown in the figure.
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Answer Key-
Multiple Choice questions-
1. Answer: (b) 12π

2. Answer: (d) 126.

3. Answer: (d) (0, 2).

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

4. Answer: (d) -

5. Answer: (a) (1, 2)

6. Answer: (d) 77.66.

7. Answer: (c) 0.09 x³m³

8. Answer: (a) (2 √2, 4)

9. Answer: (d)

10.Answer: (c) 1

Very Short Answer:

1. Solution:

The given curve is y = 5x – 2x3

∴ = 5 – 6x2

i.e., m = 5 – 6x2,

where ‘m’ is the slope.

∴ = -12x = -12x (2) = -24x

∴ ]x=3 = -24(3) = -72.

Hence, the rate of the change of the slope = -72.

2. Solution:

Let x1 and x2∈ R.

Now x1 > x2

⇒ 7x1 > 7x2

⇒ 7x1 – 3 > 7x2 – 3

⇒ f(x1) > f(x2).

Hence, ‘f’ is strictly increasing function in R.

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

3. Solution:

We have: f(x) = 4x3 – 18 × 2 – 27x – 7

∴ f(x) = 12x2 – 36x + 27 = 12(x2 – 3x) + 27

= 12(x2 – 3x + 9/4) + 27 – 27

= 12(x – 3/2)2∀ x∈ R.

Hence, f(x) is always increasing in R.

4. Solution:

The given curve is x – at2, y = 2at.

∴ = 2at

= 2a

/
∴ = = =
/

Hence, slope of the tangent at t = 2 is: ]t=2 =

5. Solution:

(i) We have:

f(x) = (2x – 1)2 + 3.

Here Df = R.

Now f(x) ≥ 3.

[∵ (2x – 1)2 ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R]

However, maximum value does not exist.

[∵ f(x) can be made as large as we please]

(ii) We have:

f(x) = 16x2 – 16x + 28.

Here Df = R.
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Now f(x) = 16 (x2 – x + 14 + 24

= (16(x – )2 + 24

⇒ f(x) ≥ 24.

[∵ 16(x – 12)2 ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R

Hence, the minimum value is 24.

However, maximum value does not exist.

[ ∵ f(x) can be made as large as we please]

(iii) We have :

f(x) = – 1x + 11 + 3

⇒ f(x) ≤ 3.

[ ∵ -|x + 1| ≤ 0]

Hence, the maximum value = 3.

However, the minimum value does not exist.

[∵ f(x) can be made as small as we please]

(iv) We have :

f(x) = sin2x + 5.

Since – 1 ≤ sin 2x ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R,

– 1+5 ≤ sin2x + 5 ≤ 1+5 for all x∈ R

⇒ 4 ≤ sin2x + 5 ≤ 6 for all x ∈ R

⇒ 4 ≤ f(x) ≤ 6 for all x ∈ R.

Hence, the maximum value = 6 and minimum value = 4.

(v) We have :

f(x) = sin (sin x).

We know that – 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

⇒ sin(-1) ≤ sin(sinx) ≤ sin 1 for all x ∈ R

⇒ – sin 1 ≤ f(x) ≤ sin 1.

Hence, maximum value = sin 1 and minimum value = -sin 1.

6. Solution:

The given curve is x2 = 2y …(1)

Diff.w.r.t.t, 2x =2

⇒ 2x =2

∵ = given

From (1), 1 = 2y ⇒ y =

Hence, the reqd. point is (1, )

Long Answer:
1. Solution:
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Hence, the height is decreasing at the rate of 5/6 cm/sec.

2. Solution:

The given curves are:

x2 + y2 = 4 ………….(1)

(x – 2)2 + y2 = 4 ………….. (2)

From (2),

y = 4 – (x – 2)2

Putting in (1),

x2 + 4 - (x - 2)2 = 4

⇒ x2 – (x – 2)2 = 0

⇒ (x + (x - 2)(x – x) + 2) = 0

⇒ (2x – 2)(2) = 0
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

⇒ x = 1.

Putting in (1),

1 + y2 = 4

⇒ y = √3

∴ Point of intersection = (1, √3 )

3. Solution:

Given function is:

f(x) = – 2x3 – 9x2 – 12x + 1.

Diff. w.r.t. x,

f'(x) = -6x2 – 18x – 12

= -6(x + 1) (x + 2).

Now, f'(x) – 0

⇒ x = -2, x = -1

⇒ Intervals are (-∞ – 2), (-2, -1) and (-1, ∞).

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Getting f’ (x) > 0 in (-2, -1)

and f'(x) < 0 in (-∞, -2) u (-1, ∞)

⇒ f(x) is strictly increasing in (-2, -1) and strictly decreasing in (-∞, 2) u (-1, ∞).

4. Solution:

Let ‘x’ and ‘y’ be the length and breadth of the rectangle ABCD.

Radius of the semi-circle = .

Circumference of the semi-circle =

MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

or Max ./Min. of A (x), A’ (x) = 0

20 - (2 + π)(2x) + πx = 0

20 + x(π – 4 – 2π) = 0

20 – x(4 + π) = 0

Case Study Answers:

1. Answer :
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

2. Answer :
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
MATHEMATICS APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

Assertion and Reason Answers:

1. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Solution:
Given that f(x)=2+cosx
Clearly f(x) is continuous and differentiable everywhere Also f′(x) = −sinx ⇒ f′(x=0)
⇒ −sinx = 0 ⇒ x = nπ
These exists C ∈ [t, t+π] for t ∈ R
such that f′ (C) = 0
Statement-1 is true Also
f(x) being periodic function of period 2π
Statement-2 is true, but Statement-2 is not a correct explanation of Statement -1.
2. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Solution:
Given f(x)=x3−2x2−1=0
Here, f(2)=(2)3−2(2)2−1=8−8−1=−1
and f(3)=(3)3−2(3)2−1=27−18−1=8
f(2)f(3)=(−1)8=−8<0
⇒ One root of f(x) lies between 2 and 3
Given Assertion is true Also Reason R is true and valid reason
Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.