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12 views47 pages

Eee 2223 1

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Basic Electrical Engineering

EEE 2223
Course Teacher
ম োঃ স ফিউল ইসল
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, KUET
Email: [email protected]
Introduction
Topics:
Network terminology
Voltage
Current
Power
Energy
Circuit Elements
Cont.
Resistance
Basic laws
Ohm’s Law
KVL
KCL
Joule’s Law
Cont.
Simple resistive circuit
Series and parallel circuits
Voltage and current division
Wye-Delta transformation
Commonly used network terminology
Circuit
Branch
Node or Junction point
Loop
Mesh
Circuit
A closed Conducting path through which a
current flows or intended to flow.
Branch
Any two terminal element in a electrical circuit or
network is called a branch.
Ex. Resistor, inductor, capacitor, source, etc.
How many branches are there in the circuit shown
in left side? 1 2
1 2
1 2
1

2
Node or Junction
A node or junction is a point where at least two
or more branches are connected together.
“KCL is applicable only at node or junction point”
How many node are there in the circuit?
Node or Junction
4 Nodes
2 3

4
Loop
A loop is a closed path formed by starting from a
node and passing through a sets of node and
returning back to the starting node without
passing through any node more than once is
called a loop.
Mesh
A Mesh is special type of loop that does not
contains any other loop within it.
“KVL is applicable around any mesh or closed
path”
Loop and Mesh

2 3

4
Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V)
Voltage
The voltage between two points a and b in an
electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to
move a unit charge from a to b; mathematically,
𝑣𝑎𝑏 ≜ 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
Voltage
Voltage at point a is +9V more than b
voltage at point b is -9V more than a
Potential rise from point b to a is +9V
And Potential drop from point b to a is -9V
Voltage
Suppose you put a kick on a football
The football gets motion due to your kick
So kick is the cause and the motion of the football is
effect
kick---cause and
Motion of the football---effect
Similarly, Voltage is the cause and flow or
displacement of charge (current) is effect
Current
Due to voltage or potential drop charge flow
through the element.
And the rate of change of charge w.r.t time, t is
called current.
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in
amperes (A). Mathematically,
𝑖 ≜ 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
Classification Current
Two types
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current
DC current is a current that remains constant with
time.

By convention, the uppercase letters are used to


represent DC quantities.
Alternating Current
An AC current is a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

By convention, the lowercase letters are used to


represent AC quantities.
Direction of Current
We are defining the current as time rate of
change of charge.
Conventionally,
Direction of current flow is taken opposite to the
direction of flow of negative charge i.e., electron
Direction of electron flow

Direction of current flow


Cont.
Summary
Voltage is the energy or work needed to move a unit
charge through an element.

Current is the time rate of change of charge due to


the application of voltage.
Cont.
Voltage or potential difference or potential drop is
always across the element or between two points.
But
Current is always through the element.
Voltage
Voltage is a point function. It is measured from a
reference point. We measure voltage of any point
w.r.t. a reference point called ground. The
potential of ground is 0 V.
Single subscript notation
Potential of point a, w.r.t. ground or reference point
is, Va0
Potential of point b, w.r.t. ground or reference point
is, Vb0
Va0 and Vb0 are sometimes denoted as simply Va or
Vb instead of Va0 or Vb0

a b

0V
0
Single subscript notation
b c
Voltage drop across resistor, R1=Vab
a R2 Vab=Va0-Vb0=Va-Vb
R1 R3
Vab is also called as voltage or
potential difference between point a
0 and b
0V
Power
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in
watts (W).
Mathematically, 𝑃 ≜ 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑡 = ∗ =𝑣∗𝑖
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
Power
𝑃 =𝑣∗𝑖

When v and i both are function of time then P is called


instantaneous power.(for AC)
If V>0 and i>0 then P>0 i.e. P is positive. Positive P indicates
power supplied to or absorbed by the element.
Power
𝑃 =𝑣∗𝑖
If V<0 or i>0 and vice versa then P<0 i.e. P is negative.
Negative P indicates power is supplied by
the element.
(Passive sign convention)
Power
According to conservation of energy,
The algebraic sum of total power in a circuit must be
zero.
So, Power supplied-power absorbed=0
i.e. Power supplied=Power absorbed
Circuit Elements
1. Active elements
2. Passive elements
“An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive element is not”
Circuit Elements
Active elements-Battery, Operational amplifier, Generator,
Voltage source, current source

Passive elements-Resistors, inductors, capacitors


Resistance
The physical property, or ability
of a material to resist current, is
known as resistance and is
represented by the symbol R.
R=Resistance, ohm
A=Cross-sectional area in m2
𝜌=resistivity in ohm-m
Basic Laws
1. Ohm’s Law
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
3. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
4. Joule’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current i flowing through
the resistor is directly proportional to the voltage v
across a resistor at a fixed temperature.
𝑖∝𝑉
𝑖 = 𝐺𝑉
G-Conductance and opposite to resistance, R.
𝑅=1 𝐺
Ohm’s Law
𝑖=𝑉 𝑅
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅

i Linear Resistor nonlinear Resistor

Slope=
Slope=
1/R
1/R

v v

Graphical Representation of Ohms law


Two extreme possible value of R
1. Open Circuit (R tends to infinity)
2. Short Circuit (R tends to zero)
Open Circuit
An open circuit is a circuit element with
resistance approaching infinity.
Short Circuit
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero.
Classification of Resistors
1. Fixed Resistors
2. Variable Resistors

Wire wound type Fixed Carbon film type


Variable Resistor
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path
(or loop) is zero
Voltage rise + ve
Voltage drop- ve
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 0
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠 = 0

𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠

“KVL is applicable only around a closed path or


loop”
KVL

“Current entering point of an element is at higher


potential than current leaving point of that element”
KVL
V1+V4=V2+V3+V5

Sum of potential drops


Sum of potential rises

V1-V2-V3+V4-V5=0 Algebraic sum of potentials


around a closed path
KCL
Algebraic sum of current entering and leaving at
the same junction is equal to zero.
sum of Entering currents=sum of leaving currents
I1+i3+i4=i2+i5
The sum of the currents entering
a node is equal to the sum of
the currents leaving the node

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