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VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY
Question Paper

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B.Sc. Honours Examinations 2020

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(Under CBCS Pattern)
Semester - VI
Subject: MATHEMATICS

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Paper: DSE - 4
(Mathematical Modelling – Theory)
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a
(Differential Geometry – Theory)

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(Bio Mathematics – Theory)

asa Full Marks: 60 (Theory)

Time: 3 Hours (Theory)

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Candiates are required to give their answer in their own
words as far as practicable.
Questions are of equal value.

V Answer any one question [within 250 words] from the following:

Mathematical Modelling (Theory)

1. (i) Using Laplace transformation, find the solution of initial value problem

dy dy
+ y = 0, − x = 0, x ( 0 ) = 1, y ( 0 ) = 0 .
dt dt

(ii) Given that L ( S ) is the one side Laplace transformation of f ( t ) , then obtain the Laplace

transformation of L ( ∫ f ( τ) d τ) .
0
t
 2 ( s + 1)
(iii) If L ( s ) = , then show that the initial and final values of f ( t ) are respectively
s + 4s + 7
2

2 and 0.

(iv) Given two continuous time signals x ( t ) = e −t and y ( t ) = e −2t which exist for t > 0, then

find the convolution z ( t ) = x ( t ) * y ( t ) , where * is the convolution operator.

2. (i) Examine that whether infinity is a regular singular point for Bessel’s differential equation or
not.

d2y

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+ ( x + x 2 ) + ( x − 9 ) y = 0 near x = 0.

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(ii) Solve the differential equation x 2 2
dx dx

t
d2y dy
+ (1 − 2t ) − 2 y = 0, y ( 0 ) = 1, =2. in v
(iii) Use Laplace transforms to solve the ordinary differential equation

dy ( 0 )
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2
dt dt dt

3.

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(i) Describe Monte Carlo Algorithm to find the area under a curve. Using Monte Carlo
simulation, write an algorithm to calculate that part of volume of an ellipsoid

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x2 y 2 z 2
+ + ≤ 16 that lies on the first octant x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 .

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2 4 8

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(ii) Write the proper equation of linear congruence method by which random number is
generated. Using this method, find five random numbers between 50 and 100.

4.
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(iii) What are the disadvantages of middle square method to generate random numbers? Generate

V 5 random numbers using this method and initially taking x0 = 653217 .

(i) If the function f ( t ) has the period T > 0 then prove that

L { f ( t )} =
1
∫ f (t ) e
T
− pt
dt .
1 − e − pT 0

(ii) Define exponential order on Laplace transform? Find the exponential order on the function
n
et (n > 1) (if exists).
 (iii) Find the Laplace transform of J 0 ( t ) by using initial value theorem, where J 0 ( t ) is the
Bessel’s function of order zero.

⎧ F ( p) ⎫
∫ ∫ ∫ f ( u ) dudvdw = L ⎨ 3 ⎬ where F ( p ) = L { f ( t )} .
t v w
−1
(iv) Show that
0 0 0
⎩ p ⎭

5. (i) Two different products, P1 and P2, can be manufactured by one or both of two different

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machines, M1 and M2. The unit processing time of either product on either machine is the

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same. The daily capacity of machine M1 is 200 units (of either P1 or P2, or both), and the

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daily capacity of machine M2 is 250 units. The shop supervisor wants to balance the
production schedule of the two machines such that the total number of units produced on

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one machine is within 5 units of the number produced on the other. The profit per unit of P1

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is $10 and that of P2 is $15. Set up the problem as an LPP in equation form.

(ii) Solve the following LPP using simplex method:

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Maximize z = 5 x1 − 2 x2 + 3 x3

Subject to

gar2 x1 + 2 x2 − x3 ≥ 2
3 x1 − 4 x2 ≤ 3

a
x2 + 3 x3 ≤ 5

6.

yas x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0.

(i) Solve the following LPP by graphical method

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Maximize 60 x + 50 y

x + 2 y ≤ 1000
Subject to 4 x + 2 y ≤ 1600
x, y ≥ 0

(ii) Discuss the sensitivity of changes of the cost co-efficient in the objective function of a LPP
associated with both basic and non-basic variables.
 (iii) Find the optimal solution of the LPP:

Maximize z = 4 x1 + 5 x2

3 x1 + 4 x2 ≤ 14,
4 x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 8,
Subject to
2 x1 + x2 ≤ 6,
x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

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(iv) Show that the optimality of the solution is not violated if the right-hand side of the first

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constraint varies between 6 and 16. Show further that the range of c2 is ⎛⎜ ,
5 20 ⎞
⎟ in order
⎝2 3 ⎠
that the optimal solution obtained remains optimal.

in ve ⎧ t sin u ⎫
7. (a) State initial value theorem in respect of Laplace transform. Evaluate L ⎨ ∫
⎩ 0 u
du ⎬ with
⎭
the help of initial value theorem.

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aga ⎛ p2 ⎞ 1
(b) Show that L−1 ⎜ 4 4 ⎟
=
⎝ p + 4a ⎠ 2a
(Coshat.Sinat + Cosat.Sinhat)

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(c) Using Laplace transform, Solve y n − y = a cosh nt , with y ( 0 ) = y′ ( 0 ) = 0 .

8. (a) Prove that the convolution operator for Laplace transform is commutative.

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(b) Find the Laplace transform of f ( x ) = [ x ] where [ x ] represents the greatest integer less
than or equal to x.

(c) Apply Convolution theorem, prove that

1
Γ ( m) Γ ( n)
B ( m, n ) = ∫ u m−1 (1 − u )
n −1
du = , m, n > 0 .
0
Γ ( m + n)

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(d) Solve {tD 2 + (1 − xt ) D − 2} y = 0 with y ( 0 ) = 1 and y′ ( 0 ) = 2, D = .
dt
 9. (a) Obtain the Power series solution for the Legendre equation y n + p ( x ) y′ + q ( x ) y = 0

2x α ( α + 1)
where p ( x ) = and q ( x ) = if x 2 ≠ 1 .
1− x 2
1 − x 2

⎧ ⎫
⎪ s2
−1 ⎪
(b) Use the convolution theorem to evaluate L ⎨ 2 ⎬.
⎪⎩ ( s + a ) ⎪⎭
2 2

(b) Explain a method for generation of random number.

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10. (a) What is simulation? Describe its advantages in solving the problems.

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(c) Explain Monte-Carlo simulation. State different mathematical steps in Monte-Carlo method.

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11. A company wants to produce three products: A, B and C. The per unit profit on these products
is Rs 4, Rs 6 and Rs 2, respectively. These products require two types of resources, manpower
and raw materials. The linear programming model formulated for determining the optimal product
mix is as follows:

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Maximize Z = 4 x1 + 6 x2 + 2 x3

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Subject to x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ 3 (Manpower required)

x1 + 4 x2 + 7 x3 ≤ 9 (Ram material available)

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where x1 , x2 and x3 are the number of units of products A, B and C respectively, to be produced.

(a) Find the optimal product mix and the corresponding profit of the company.

(b) Find the range of the profit contribution of product C (i.e. coefficient c3 of variable x3).

(c) What shall be the new optimal product mix when per unit profit from product C is increased
from Rs 2 to Rs 10?

(d) Find the range of the profit contribution of product A (i.e., coefficient c1 of variable x1) in
the objective function such that the current optimal product mix remains unchanged.
12. (a) Use Monte Carlo simulation to approximate the area under the curve f ( x ) = x over
1 3
the interval ≤x≤ .
2 2

(b) A farmer has 30 acres on which to grow tomatoes and corn. Each 100 bushels of tomatoes
require 1000 gallons of water and 5 acres of land. Each 100 bushels of corn require 6000
gallons of water and 2.5 acres of land. Labour costs are $1 per bushel for both corn and
tomatoes. The farmer has available 30,000 gallons of water and $750 in capital. He knows

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that he cannot sell more than 500 bushels of tomatoes or 475 bushels of corn. He estimates
a profit of $2 on each bushel of tomatoes and $3 on each bushel of corn.

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(i) How many bushels of each should he raise to maximize profits?

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(ii) Next, assume that the farmer has the opportunity to sign a nice contract with a grocery
store to grow and deliver at least 300 bushels of tomatoes and at least 500 bushels of
corn. Should the farmer sign the contract? Support your recommendation.

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(iii) Now assume that the farmer can obtain an additional 10,000 gallons of water for a total
cost of $50. Should he obtain the additional water? Support your recommendation.

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 Differential Geometry (Theory)

1. (a) Define evolutes and involutes of curves in space.

(b) State and prove the Serret-Frenet formulae connected to curves in space.

(c) Show that a space curve is a straight line iff its curvature is zero.

2. (a) What do you mean by geodesic in an n-surface?

(c) Find the torsion and curvature of a geodesic.

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(b) Show that straight lines on a surface over the only asymptotic lines which are geodesics.

3. (a) When does a surface become minimal?

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(b) Prove Euler's theorem on the normal curvature.

(c) Find the differential equations of the lines of curvature for any given surface with parameters
u and v.

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4. (a) What is principal curvature for a space curve?

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(b) State and prove Rodrigues' theorem.

(c) Find the principal curvature at a point on the surface z = f ( x, y ) .

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5. (a) Define the conjugate and asymptotic directions at a point on a surface.

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(b) Find the differential equation of the asymptotic lines when the surface is z = f ( x, y ) .

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(c) Calculate the condition for any two directions on a surface given by
P ( dx ) + PQ ( du )( dv ) + R ( dv ) = 0 , where P, Q, R are functions of u and v , represent
2 2

conjugate directions on the surface.

6. (a) What is developable surface?

(b) Find the differential equation of developable surface for the surface z = f ( x, y ) .

(c) Check whether the surface xyz = a 3 is developable or not.

 du 2 + dv 2
7. (a) Find the geodesic lines on a surface with the linear element ds =
2
.
v2

(b) Find the Gaussian curvatures of a paraboloid z = axy at the point (0, 0, 0).

(c) Find the curvature of a circle of radius R.

8. (a) Show that an asymptotic geodesic line is straight.

z = ψ (u ) .

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(b) Find the first fundamental form of the surface of revolution x = ϕ ( u ) cos v, y = ϕ ( u ) sin v,

t
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(c) Show that curvature and torsion of a helix are constant.

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⎛ t ⎞
9. (a) Show that the evolute of the tractrix x = − a ⎜ ln tan + cos t ⎟ , y = a sin t is the catenary
⎝ 2 ⎠

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x
curve y = a cosh .
a

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(b) Show that the Gaussian curvature of the surface formed by the tangents to a curve is zero.

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a
2 2
(c) Find the curvature of the ellipse x 2 + y2 = 1 at its vertices.

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a b

a
10. (a) Given the linear element ds = λ ( du + dv ) of a surface, show that its Gaussian curvature

y
2 2 2

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1 ⎛ ∂ 2 ln λ ∂ 2 ln λ ⎞
is K = − ⎜ + ⎟.
2λ ⎝ ∂u 2 ∂v 2 ⎠

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(b) Find the asymptotic lines on the catenoid x = cosh u cos v, y = cosh u sin v, z = u .

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(c) Find the curvature of the curve x = t − sin t , y = 1 − cos t , z = 4sin .
2

11. (a) Given the linear element ds 2 = du 2 + 2cos ω du dv + dv 2 of a surface, show that its
ωuv
Gaussian curvature is K = − .
sin ω

(b) Find the curvature and torsion of x = a cosh t , y = a sinh t , z = at .

 (c) Find the second fundamental form of the helix x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = v .

12. (a) Find the evolute of the parabola y 2 = 2 px .

(b) Find the lines of curvature on the helicoid x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = cv .

x y
(c) Find the asymptotic lines on the surface z = + .
y x

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 Bio Mathematics (Theory)

Answer any One of the following questions.

1. Determine the logistic type growth equation of a single species population and find its solution.
Also, find the equilibrium points and investigate the stability analysis.

2. What do you mean by a predator-prey system? Consider the following predator-prey system

dx
dt
= x (1 − x − y )

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dy
dt
= β( x − α) y

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Investigate the nature of the equilibrium points of the system.

3. What do you mean by fixed point of a first order difference equation? If x* be a fixed point of the

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equation xn+1 = f ( xn ) then find the condition for asymptotic stability of x* . If the growth of a

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population satisfies the following difference equation

xn +1 =
kxn
b + xn

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, b, k > 0

a
then find the fixed point of the system and investigate its nature.

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4. Consider the following SIR (Susceptible-Immigration-Removal) model :

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dS
= A − β SI − dS
dt

dI
= β SI − ( d + m ) I
dt

dR
= mI − dR
dt

Find the co-ordinates of disease free and endemic equilibrium point. When the disease free
equilibrium will be asymptotically stable?
5. (a) Consider the following two-dimensional system:

dx
= f ( x, y ) ,
dt

dy
= g ( x, y ) .
dt

If ( x* , y * ) be an equilibrium point of above system; then find the condition for which the

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equilibrium point ( x* , y* ) will be locally asymptotically stable?

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(b) State and prove Bendixson-Dulac theorem on dynamical system.

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6. Write the short notes on the following:

(a) Transcritical bifurcation

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(b) Saddle node bifurcation

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(c) Pitchfork bifurcation

(d) Hopf bifurcation.

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7. The following system of equations govern a competition model of two species

a
y
dx
= x ( r1 − α1 y )
dt

dy
dt

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= y ( r2 − α 2 x )

with x ( 0 ) = x0 and y ( 0 ) = y0 , where r1 , r2 , α1 and α 2 are all positive constants.

(i) Find the solution of the above system of equations.

(ii) Determine the critical points and discuss their stability.

(iii) Discuss the geometrical interpretation of this model.

8. (i) What are the basic assumptions of SIR (Susceptible-Immigration-Removal) epidemic model?
 (ii) Formulate differential equation and find steady state solution of SIR model.

(iii) Discuss the stability of the steady state solution of SIR model.

9. (i) Deduce Fisher's equation for spreading of genes.

(ii) What are the additional restrictions on Fisher's problem for traveling wave solution?

(iii) Analyze the phase plane and local stability on Fisher's problem.

10.

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(i) Formulate discrete-time-discrete age scale BLL age structured population model and find
its solution.

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(ii) Give interpretation of this solution with respect to dominant Eigen values.

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11. (i) What are several assumptions that lead to form Nicholoson-Bailey (host-parasitoid) model?

(ii) What are the equilibrium solutions of Nicholoson-Bailey (host-parasitoid) model?

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(iii) Discuss the stability of each equilibrium solution.

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12. (i) What are the assumptions of logistic growth model in population dynamics?

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(ii) Formulate the differential equation and find solution of logistic growth model.

(iii) Sketch the graph of population at any time 't' and discuss the behavior of the solution

a
mentioning restrictions on the initial solution.

idy [All notations and symbols are in their usual meaning]