KJ'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES

Trinity Polytechnic, Pune

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT: 04 Use Co-generation and relevant tariff for reducing losses in facilities

Course: - Energy Conservation and Audit Course Code: 22525 Class:TYEE

Relevance
Que. Bloom’s
Questions to
No. Level
CO
1 2 State the term co-generation and explain its significance.
Marking 1 mark for definition and 1 mark for each of any three points = 3 marks
Scheme
Co-generation: A co-generation system is a single, integrated system in which many
forms of useful energy are simultaneously generated, mostly electrical,
mechanical and thermal using single source of fuel.
Significance of Co-generation:
i) In conventional power plant efficiency is only 35% and remaining 65% of energy is
lost.
Answer ii) The conventional system uses energy of fuel to produce electrical energy or thermal COI504.4
energy whereas co-generation system produces both electrical and thermal energy
from both fuels.
iii) The overall efficiency of energy use in co-generation can be up to 85% or above.
iv) Lower volume of CO2 compared to the conventional system where separate
production of electricity and heat.
v) In Co-generation system, heat generated is byproduct in electricity generation
process.
vi) Limited need of cooling water in co-generation system therefore reduces thermal
pollution.
2 Give classification of co-generation system on the basis of sequence of
2
use and use of technology. COI504.4
Marking 4 Marks for correct classification
Scheme
Answer

With neat diagram explain the following terms:

3 3 (i) Steam turbine co-generation system
(ii) Gas turbine co-generation system
Marking 2 marks each
Scheme
(i) Steam turbine co-generation system:

Back pressure steam turbine co-generation system:

 In this type steam enters the turbine chamber at High Pressure and expands to COI504.4
Low or Medium Pressure. Enthalpy difference is used for generating power /
work. Depending on the pressure (or temperature) levels at which process steam
is required, backpressure steam turbines can have different configurations as
shown in Figure. In extraction and double extraction backpressure turbines, some
amount of steam is extracted from the turbine after being expanded to a certain
pressure level. The extracted steam meets the heat demands at pressure levels
Answer higher than the exhaust pressure of the steam turbine. The efficiency of a
backpressure steam turbine cogeneration system is the highest. In cases where
100 per cent backpressure exhaust steam is used, the only inefficiencies are gear
drive and electric generator losses, and the inefficiency of steam generation.
Therefore, with an efficient boiler, the overall thermal efficiency of the system
could reach as much as 90 percent.
 The specific advantage of using steam turbines in comparison with the other
prime movers is the option for using a wide variety of conventional as well as
alternative fuels such as coal, natural gas, fuel oil and biomass.
 The power generation efficiency of the demand for electricity is greater than one
MW up to a few hundreds of MW. Due to the system inertia, their operation is
not suitable for sites with intermittent energy demand.
ii) Gas turbine co-generation system
  Gas turbine cogeneration systems can produce all or a part of the energy
requirement of the site. The energy released at released at height temperature in
the exhaust stack be recovered for various heating cooling applications.
 The typical range of gas turbines varies from a fraction a MW to around 100
MW.
 Gas turbine cogeneration has probably experienced the most rapid development
in the recent years due to the greater availability of natural gas, rapid progress in
the technology, significant reduction in installation costs, & better environment
performance.
 Gas turbine has a low short start up time and provides the flexibility of
intermittent operation. Though it has a low heat to power conversion efficiency
more heat can be recovered at higher temperatures. If the heat output is less than
that required by the user it is possible to have supplementary natural gas firing by
mixing additional fuel to the oxygen rich exhaust gas to boost the thermal output
more efficiently .
 Steam generated from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through a
backpressure of extraction condensing steam turbine to generate additional
power.
The exhaust or the extracted steam from the steam turbine provides the required thermal
energy.
With neat diagram explain working of any one reciprocating engine
4 3 and state area of application.

Marking 3 Marks for explanation of any one method & 1 Mark for application =4 Marks
Scheme
Working of Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration System:
There are two types of reciprocating engine cogeneration system as: COI504.4
1. Spark Ignition Gas Engine:

Answer
 These engines have shaft efficiency near about 35% but low capital cost / kW
comparing to compression ignition engine. Temperature range of 70-80o C can
be obtained at engine cooling system which is possible to increase upto 110o C.
 Sizes of the engine may range upto 4 MW. Spark ignition engines are used to
extract low pressure steam or medium or low temperature hot water on site.
 Area of application: Small capacity cogeneration plants.

2. Compression Ignition Engine:

 
These are suitable for large co-generation plants. Shaft efficiency is in the range
of 35-40%. These are direct injection engines which may employ turbochargers,
intercoolers on fittings. This system offers flexibility to make use of an
alternative fuel that is oil. Full output can be derived using the same which proves
useful for curtailing the cost of gas tariff.
 Compression ignition engines require complex cooling system as compared to
spark ignition gas engine.
 Area of application: Large capacity cogeneration plants.
Draw neat block diagram and explain:
5 3 1) Topping cycle
2) Bottoming cycle
Marking 2 Marks for Figure and 1 Mark for description each
Scheme
Answer 1)Topping cycle:

COI504.4

 Topping cycle is that cycle in which fuel supplied is first used to produce power,
and then it is used to generate thermal or heat energy i.e. heat energy is the
byproduct of this cycle.
 The heat energy available from this cycle is used for healing of various processes
or it is used to meet the requirement of heat for different purposes.
 In most of the systems topping cycle, co-generation is widely used, and it is the
most popular method of co-generation.
2)Bottoming cycle:

 Bottoming cycle of co-generation system is that in which high temperature heat

energy is produced using primary fuels.
 This heat produced is mainly used for other processes except generation of
electricity.
 Rejected heat from process is utilized to generate electricity.
  The rejected heat is taken from recovery boiler and it is then applied to the
turbine connected to the generator to produce electricity.
 From manufacturing process of some products heat at high temperature is
required in furnaces and kilns.
 After the manufacturing process, the heat rejected or not utilized is also at
significantly high temperature which cannot be neglected. And if neglected it will
reduce the overall efficiency of the system greatly.
 Bottoming cycles are suitable for cement industries, ceramic factories etc.
6 2 State the factors governing selection of co-generation.
Marking 4 Marks for any four factors
Scheme
Factors to be considered for selection of co-generation techniques:
1) Heat power ratio: It should match characteristics of cogeneration system.
2) Load pattern: For selection of cogeneration system, the type of load, its continuity is
important aspect.
3) Type of fuel: Generally the type of fuel is selected according to cost. The cost of fuel
should be less.
4) The quality of thermal energy: The quality of steam is decided by temperature &
pressure of the steam.
5) Electricity buyback: Sometime the electrical energy generated in cogeneration system
is sold out to supply company, after that whenever that factory is need of electrical
power; it is purchased from Supply Company by common electricity buyback COI504.4
agreement.
6) Grid dependent & independent system technology: There are various technology
systems applicable for grid.
Answer
7) Local environment regulations: In this regulation for cogeneration system we have to
study all environmental conditions, politics & other regulation factors also.
8) Base electrical load matching: By cogeneration system the minimum electricity
demand should be supplied.
9) Electricity load matching: It is the stand alone system or it is totally independent
system in which the 100% electrical energy is achieved by the cogeneration system.
10) Base thermal load matching: The minimum thermal energy can be achieved by our
cogeneration system & if required for additional thermal energy can be generated
from purchased power of supply company or grid system.
11) Thermal load matching: In this system the 100% thermal energy is achieved by
cogeneration system.
7 2 State name of eight industries suitable for co-generation of energy.
Marking 1 mark Each = 4 marks
Scheme
Industries suitable for co-generation of energy:
i) Sugar mills ii) Rice mills COI504.4
iii) Petrochemical Industry iv) Distilleries
v) Cement Industry vi) Pulp and paper industry
Answer vii) Aluminum Industry viii) National parks
ix) Wineries x) Waste treatment plants
8 2 Write any four merits of co-generation system.
Marking 1 Mark each merit of any four = 4 Marks
Scheme
Merits of co-generation system:
1) Co-generation can meet both power & heat needs. COI504.4
2) Less cost than conventional generation.
3) Higher system efficiency as energy wastage is highly reduced.
Answer
4) Reduction in emission of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption.
 5) A much more efficient use of primary energy can be achieved than with a separate
production of electricity & heat.
6) In this system, heat generated is by-product in electricity generating process.
7) Due to decentralization of electricity supply it avoids transmission losses & makes
system more flexible.
9 2 Write any four objectives of tariff system.
Marking 1 Mark for each of any four objectives = 4 Marks
Scheme
Objectives of tariff system:
1) Recover judiciously and legally capital investment made on electricity generation,
transmission & distribution.
2) Recover judiciously and legally the cost of operation, supplies, maintenance & losses
COI504.4
incurred.
3) The costs incurred must be judiciously distributed amongst the consumers.
4) Cost of metering, billing, collection & miscellaneous services must be recovered.
5) Encourage the consumers for using power during the off peak hours so that load factor
Answer
is maintained high.
6) Discourage users from drawing higher loads than contracted.
7) Should have a provision of penalty for low power factor and incentive for high power
factor.
8) Gain a suitable profit on the capital investment.
10 3 State the different types of tariffs. Explain any one.
Marking any one 4 marks
Scheme
Different types of tariffs:
i) Simple tariff ii) Flat rate tariff
iii) Block rate tariff iv) Two part tariff
v) Maximum demand tariff vi) Power factor tariff
vii) Three part tariff viii) Time-of-Day (TOD) tariff
i) Simple Tariff: In this type of tariff, rate per unit is fixed. The rates will not vary with
type of consumers, so it is very simple tariff to understand for consumers.

ii) Flat rate Tariff: In this type of tariff different types of consumers are charged at
different rates i.e. the flat rate for light and fan load is less than that for power load.

iii) Block rate Tariff: This type of tariff uses a method of charging a consumer in
COI504.4
blocks. Generally, block of first few units is charged at high rate, then next block of
some units is charged at low rate and a third block of remaining units consumed by him
is charged at still reduced rate. However in Maharashtra, the electricity board uses this
type of tariff in the reverse manner so as to reduce the consumption of electricity for
light and fan loads.
It charges less for the first block and the rate increases for the succeeding blocks.
Answer
iv) Two Part Tariff: In this consumer has to pay his electricity bill, which consists of
two parts. One part depending upon the maximum demand of the consumer and the other
part consists of energy charges on the actual energy consumed.
Total Energy Charges = a*KW+b*KWh
where a = Charge per kW of maximum demand
b = Charge per kWh or unit of energy consumed.

v) Maximum demand tariff: It consists of two parts i.e. Demand charge and Energy
charge. This system need a M.D. indicator to be installed at the premises of the
consumer, hence such type of tariff is suitable to large and medium scale industries. It is
 also beneficial for electrical installations having high load factor. Exceeding the
maximum demand over a sanctioned limit may cause penalty to consumer.

vi) Power factor tariff: In this tariff, Power factor of the consumer load is taken into
consideration while charging the consumer for his electricity use. Low power factor
consumers are penalized and high pf consumers are given incentives. Hence it is
necessary that consumer be made to use electricity at high power factor otherwise he is
charged more. There are three types of power factor tariff:
KVA maximum demand tariff, Sliding scale tariff, kWh and kVAR tariff.

vii) Three part tariff: In this, total charges are divided into three parts namely, Fixed
charge, Semi-fixed charge and variable charge.
Total Energy Charges = a+b*KW+c*KWh
Where, a = Fixed charge, consisting of interest and depreciation
on the cost of distribution of energy and labour cost of official
staff for collecting bills etc.
b = Charge per kW of M.D.
c = Charge per kWh of energy consumed.
This type of tariff is applied to the consumers having greater consumption.
viii) Time-of-Day (TOD) Tariff: Here the electricity charges are according to the time
of day of energy usage. In peak hours, the rates are high and in non-peak hours, the rates
are low. So that the consumers are encouraged to use the electricity during non-peak
hours.
11 2 Discuss how power factor tariff results into energy conservation.
Marking 4 Marks
Scheme
Power factor tariff results into energy conservation:
 Applying incentives and penalties according to power factor is an effective way,
which enables consumer to improve power factor so that he can reduce his higher
electricity bill.
 Incentive is given to those consumers who are charged on the basis of maximum
demand and are provided with meters to measure their load power factor. COI504.4
 When the average power factor of the consumer is more than 0.95, an incentive at
the rate of 1% of the amount of the monthly bill is given.
 When the average power factor of the consumer is 0.99 an incentive at the rate of
Answer 5 % of the amount of the monthly bill is given.
 When the average power factor of the consumer is unity an incentive at the rate
of 7% of the amount of the monthly bill is given.
 If power factor declines from 0.9, consumer is penalizes at the rate of 1 %.
 It is further increases with low power factor. Thus motivating consumers for
maintaining higher power factor will finally leads to reduction in the current
drawn by the load and helps for energy conservation.
Calculate annual bill of consumer whose maximum demand is 100kW
12 2 at 0.8 p.f. lagging and at 60% load factor. Tariff used is Rs. 100/KVA of
maximum demand and Rs. 2/kwh consumed.
Marking 6 Marks
Scheme
Data Given: M.D. = 100kW, p.f.= 0.8 Lag, L.F.= 60%= 0.6, COI504.4
Tariff is Rs. 100 / kVA of MD, and rate p.u. = 2 Rupees /kWh
Units consumed / year: Max. Demand x L.F. x Hrs in years 2 Marks
= (100) x (0.6) x (365 x 24)
Answer = 525600kWh
Max. Demand in kVA = MD in kW/ p.f. 1 Mark
 = 100 / 0.8 = 125 kVA
Annual Bill = Annual Max. Demand charges + Annual Energy charges 2 Marks
= (100 x 125) x 12 + (2) x 525600
= 12500 x 12 + 1051200
= Rs. 1201200/- 1 Mark
(assuming that MD charges given are on per month basis)
13 2 What is Time of Day tariff? How it help in energy conservation?
Marking 2 Marks for TOD tariff and 2 Marks for explanation
Scheme
Time-off-day tariff:-
 In addition to basic tariff (Maximum Demand Tariff / KVA Maximum Demand
Tariff / Load factor tariff /also the tariff in which P.F. of industrial consumer is
taken into consideration.), consumer has to pay energy consumption charges
according to time of a day for which energy is consumed.
 TOD energy meter is installed in the consumer premises.
 This meter is specially designed to measure energy consumption w.r.t. time.
 This type of tariff is such that energy consumption charges/unit are less during
Off-load period
 Energy consumption charges/unit are more during Peak-load period.
 This type of tariff is introduced to encourage industrial consumers to run their
maximum load during Off-load period.
COI504.4
For Example:

Answer

Time-off-day tariff and Energy conservation:

 TOD tariff gives opportunity for the user to reduce their billing. During off peak
hours they provide an incentive to shift consumption from peak to off peak
periods.
 The off peak hours tariff charges are quite low in comparison to peak hour’s
tariff. TOD tariff structure is implemented for industrial consumers as their load
demands are very high.
 As the supply agencies get loaded as much near to the rated load for longer times
of the day their overall efficiency gets higher helping to conserve energy.
14 State the incentives and penalties related with power factor tariff.
Marking
2 Marks each (Incentives + Penalty)= 4 Marks
Scheme
Incentives and penalties related with power factor tariff:
 In addition to basic tariff (Maximum Demand Tariff / KVA Maximum Demand
Tariff / Load factor tariff) the tariff in which P.F. of industrial consumer is taken COI504.4
into consideration is known as Power Factor Tariff.
 If the P.F. of consumer is less than P.F. declared by Supply Company (say below
0.9 Lag.) then penalty will be charged in energy bill.
Answer
 If The P.F. of consumer is more than P.F. declare by Supply Company (say above
0.95lag.) then discount will be given in energy bill.
 As usual consumer has to pay actual energy consumption charges
  Application:- This type of tariff is applicable to industrial consumer/H.T/
commercial consumers with contract demand above 80 kw/ 100Kva/107 hp
consumer.
 Incentives and Penalties to Power factor tariff :-
Power factor incentive:- e.g.

Power factor penalty:- e.g.