lecture examples

lecture example 1 particle in a box

.

Considering a 1-D of
box length, we have the
potential: a

N a

U(x) 0
=

x < 0
u(x)
H(x) 0
=

for 0 x L
=

U(x) 0
=

x > L >
O x h

potential with
square
* well
infinitely high walls

Time-independent Schrodinger equation:

- 824(x) U(x)4(x) EQ(x)

=

-
+

2M 2x

General solution:

x7 =
*
YC) Asin)
=
+
BcOst x]

probability density:

1814(x) 1 dx f.14(x)12dx =

1
=
 lecture example 2 the quantum experiment
.

In an experiment, which can be modelled by

a "particle in a box"
theory, only the first 2

energy states are measured, with probability

P(E,) 0.25and =

PCE2) 0,75.
=

I obtain an expression for the eigenstates

4, and P2

Un(x) Ansin*x(= (n>)

=

V -
0 v 0
-

Ex Et--
42() Azsinx
=

(=12>)

EEE. 42()=A,sintC )=11

⑧ L

2. Find the normalisation constant

1- (* Ansin") *
(Ansin") dx

1-1 An1")!sinz(*) d
-1 An 1 )! ax If cos(2) di -

in
-1Ani(t2)- 1I (sinzni-sino((
0
=

for any ne
-1 An 1

. An=
3. obtain the complete wavefunction for the

System

14 > B, 11
=

> +

B2 /2 >

1 (B,
=
*
x1 B2*1)(B,(1>
+

Bc 12>)
+

normal: 1 orthogonal=1
=1B,1211k +
B,*Bc <112) B,Bc*(2117
+

+ 1B21 < 2/2> orthogonal=1

normal=1

(B,1 (B2)
=
+

4. Calculate the probability of

Measuring Ec

P(Ez) (<214 =

> 12

(< 2)(B1(1)
=
B (z)
+
12
(B,< 2(1) B2
=
+ < 2/2>12
1B21
-

..1B21 =
0,75 < B2 0,75
=

B,
=

0,25

the
5. Calculate
energy expectation value <E>

- Ex E,1<1(4 >1
= +
Ec(<214>12

#z Phi
phi l
phi22
phil
2
 lecture example 3 particle in a 2d box
:

A:V(x,y)
E and <
80<x< <y
0
=

otherwise

Schrodinger eqn:
B:
-

(an+) N(x,y) E4(x,y)

=

C:4(x,y) Bsin(*)
=

sin (n*(

D:E tm
=

E: K Ki=
+

Ky

Fi.(re
I

2
a

.....
S

-
1

3
->

->

->
Mx

Mc
1, My=
=

ncc 1,
=

2,
=
1

MY
hy
2
=

1
=

4
-> Mx 2, My=3
=

# ........
>

#
 lecture example 4 :
k spaces

I
E S

:
·R

#
# > S

In thefigure state in anare

2 -

A L2
=

(physical area)
#
>

Allowed wave vectors with energy (Ex dre shown

in light pink. They occupy an area shown in purple.

Area: ITK2=ITEM M =

Number states:
of area x
densityx spin states

m** *2
=

2s 1
+

/(Ex) T**
=

(25 1)
+

And density ofStates g(E) d

=
=

(25+ 1)

number of states in pink area area

 lecture example 5 quantum coin toss
:

coin toss SAMC

toss 2 coins
different

classical T T H H

coins are

distinguishable T H T H

I pink and black)

25%58%58% 25%

bosons different

coins are
H
indistinguishable T T

T H H

33% 33% 33%

SOME

fermions
indistinguishable T

b It must be in
a different state H

100 "
 lecture example 6 average occupation number
:

consider a "gas"of4 particles, in a system that

allows 3 energy states, with energy 1, 2 and 3

respectively (in arbitrary units (

Energy states consider the gas to

Es 3
=

consist of bosons, i.e.,

Ez 2
=

we can put as
many
like into
Ei 1 as we
any
=

state
energy
The highest energy the "gas"can have is 12,
when all particles are in the Es state:

E3:
total
Ez:
E, i
energy:
* beads
While the lowest state is
energy 4:

E3:
Ez: total energy:1x4 4
=

El i E, x 4 beads

consider a state with energy 8:

E3 2x 3 3 x 1

Ez 4
x2 2 x2

El 2x 1 IX I

8 3 4+1 8
= =

6 2 8
+
+ =
 lecture example 6 average occupation number continued
:

Average occupation numbers:

n= 3,n
=

5(2
=

0
+
1)
+

1
=

n=z 3,n=
=

(0
=
+
4 2)
+

2
=

nes
=

,nEs (2
=

0
+
1) 1
+
=

Total energy:

n, E, +4zEc+sEs 1X 1
=

+2x2 +1X3 8
=

particle number:

ni nz ns 1 2 1 4
= =
+ + +
+
 lecture example 7 the unit cell
"

Unit cells are often taken from the center of an atom.

We look at a 2D example of Nace

tratce
- ..

.......
-

- -

↓Cl

Inside the cell:4xICl-=1Cl-

4 x Nat= 2 Nat
IC ICl-
-=

1x

:There are zNat and ace in this unit cell.

 lecture example 8 crystalline solids
!

In cu lattice: CU dtOM

overlap
e- Je

:
--
= =

e e

I II I
8 8

e- e

nuclei inner

valence electrons

electron

I
mine
size of Cuatom interatomic distance
~2.3 (lattice const) a -2.3 a

⑱ Ican move freely from one cu atom to another

 lecture example 9 homogenous semiconductors
:

T 8 <O 0,E> 0
=

T >
E

·i
e
conduction
e

in
and

am e
e e e
e
valence
band

electrons electrons an electric

fill all levels obtain thermal field E can
in the band
energy and make electrons
can jump to jump to higher
conduction unoccupied
band energy levels
within the same
band
 lecture example 10 shift of chemical potential
:

Intrinsic semiconductor N-doped

lowest egg

=8
unoccupied e-

state

e
-chemical
learnerpotential ene
e-
-

e e

in middle
donor

highestoccupied impurity

8
e-states energy

p-doped

lowest egg unoccupied

e-state

impurity
ee
acceptor
-

Free
chemical potential in middle
 lecture example 10 shift of chemical potential continued
i

The p-n junction

0
o+

Mp
un

B-doped n-doped

depletion
region