WORKSHEET - 1

CLASS - XII- MATHEMATICS TOPIC : PROBABILITY

Probability: Probability is a branch of mathema cs in which the chance of an event happening is assigned a numerical
value that predicts how likely that event is to occur.
Random Experiment: The experiment, in which the outcomes may not be same even if the experiment is performed in
iden cal condi on, is called random experiment. e.g., Tossing a coin is a random experiment because if we toss a coin in
iden cal condi on, outcomes may be head or tail.
Outcome: An outcome is a result of some ac vity or experiment.
Sample Space: A sample space is a set of all possible outcomes for a random experiment.
Event: An event is a subset of the sample space.
Theore cal Probability: The theore cal probability of an event is the number of ways that the event can occur, divided
by the total number of possibili es in the sample space.

n(E )
Symbolically, we write P (E) = , where P(E) represents the probability of the event.
n(S )

Sure or Certain Event : The probability of an event that is certain to occur is 1. i.e P(S)=1

Impossible Event : The probability of an event that is impossible to occur is 0. i.e, P(ϕ) = 0

• 0 ≤ P(E ) ≤ 1

• P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)

Complementary Event : If A c (or A or Ā ) is the complementary event of A then P(A c ) = 1 − P(A) .

• P(A ∪ B) represents the probability of occurrence of atleast one of A and B .

• P(A ∩ B) represents the probability of simultaneous occurrence of A and B .

Mutually Exclusive Event : A ∩ B = ϕ

If events A and B are mutually exclusive then P(A ∩ B) = 0 and P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)

If n events A1, A2 . . . . . . , An connected with a random experiment are mutually exclusive , then .
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ . . . An ) = P(A1) + P(A2 ) + . . . . . P(An ) ;
Exhaus ve Event : If events A and B are exhaus ve event then A ∪ B = S then P(A ∪ B) = P(S ) = 1

Mutually Exclusive as well as Exhaus ve Event : P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ . . . An ) = 1 or

P(A1) + P(A2 ) + . . . . . P(An ) = 1 .






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 Condi onal Probability : The Condi onal Probability of event A when it is know that the event B has actually occurred is
P(A ∩ B)
denoted by P(A /B) and is de ned as P(A /B) =
P(B)

Mul plica on Theorem on Probability :

For two event : P(A ∩ B) = P(B) . P(A / B)

For three event : A, B and C ; P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A) . P(B/A) . P(C/A ∩ B)

Independent Event :

If A and B are if P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)

Three events A , B and C are independent if , P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P(A) . P(B) . P(C )

Note :

• P(A ∩ B c ) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)

• P(A c ∩ B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B)

• P(A c ∩ B c ) = P(A ∪ B)c = 1 − P(A ∪ B)

THEOREM ON TOTAL PROBABILITY :

The events E1 , E 2, E3 ..... En represent a par on of the sample space S if they are mutually exclusive ,, exhaus ve and
have nonzero probabili es. For example, E and E are par on of a sample space S because E ∩ E = ϕ , E ∪ E = S and P(E)
≠ 0 and P(E ) ≠ 0.
Let E1 , E 2, E3 ..... En be a par on of the sample space S and let A be any other event associated with sample space S
then Total Probability = P(A) = P(E1 ) × P(A | E1 ) + P(E2 ) × P(A | E2 ) + ... + P(En ) . P(A | En )

BAYES’ THEOREM :

Let E1 , E 2, E3 ..... En be a par on of the sample space S and let A be any other event associated with sample space S .
Then

P(Ei ) × P(A | Ei )
P(Ei | A) = where i = 1 ,2 ,3 …n
P(E1) × P(A | E1) + P(E2 ) × P(A | E2 ) + . . . + P(En ) . P(A | En )

Random Variable: Random variable is simply a variable whose values are determined by the outcomes of a random
experiment; generally it is denoted by capital le ers such as X, Y, Z, etc. and their values are denoted by the
corresponding small le ers x, y, z, etc.

Probability Distribu on: The system consis ng of a random variable X along with P(X) is called the probability
distribu on of X.




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 Mean and Variance of a Random Variable: Let a random variable X assume values x1 , x 2, x3 ..... xnwith
n

∑
probabili es p1 ,p 2, p3 ..... pn respec vely, such that pi ≥ 0 , pi = 1 .
i=1
n

∑
Them , mean of X , denoted by x̄ [or expected value of X denoted by E(X) is de ned as E(X) = xi pi
i=1

n
xi2 pi − x̄ 2
∑
And Variance = Standard devia on = var i a n ce
i=1

PROBABILITY
A. Objective Section (1 Marks Question )

A1. A pair of dice is tossed. The probability of getting a doublet is

1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
6 4 3 2

A2. A box contains 4 white , 3 black and 5 red balls. 3 balls are drawn one by one with replacement. The P
(4 white balls) is
1 1 3 1
a) b) c) d)
44 55 4 27

1
A3. If A and B are two events such that P ( A/B ) = p, P(A) = p, P(B) = , then p is equal to ......... .
3
1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
6 4 3 2

3 2 3
A4. If A and B are two events such that P ( A ) = , P(B) = and , P(A ∪ B) = , then P(B/A) + P(A/B) is
10 5 5
equal to ......... .
5 1 1 5
a) b) c) d)
12 4 3 12
1 1 1
A5. If A and B are two events such that P ( A ) = , P(B) = and , P(A/B) = , then P(A’ ∩ B’) equals
2 3 4
to ......... .
1 1 3 3
a) b) c) d)
12 4 4 16





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 A6 . If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P (B A ) = 0.6 then P(A ∪ B) is equal to
a) 0.24 b) 0.3 c) 0.48 d) 0.96

A7. If A and B are two events and A ≠ ϕ, B ≠ ϕ,, then

P(A ∩ B) P(A ∪ B)
(a) P(A/B) = P(A).P(B) (b) P(A/B) = c) P(A/B) +P(B/A) = 1 d) P(A/B) =
P(B) P(B)

A8. If A and B are such events that P(A) > 0 and P(B) ≠ 1 then P(A’/B’) equals to
1 − P(A ∪ B) P(A′)
(a) 1 − P(A/B) (b) 1− P(A’/B) c) d)
P(B′) P(B′)

A9. Two events E and F are independent. If P(E) = 0.3 and P(E ∪F) = 0.5, then P(E/F) − P(F/E) equals
2 3 1 1
a) b) c) d)
7 35 70 7

A10. In a college, 30% students fail in Physics, 25% fail in Mathematics and 10% fail in both. One student
is chosen at random. The probability that she fails in Physics if she has failed in Mathematics is
1 2 9 1
a) b) c) d)
10 5 20 3

A11. A card is drawn from a well shuf led pack of 52 cards at random. Find the probability of getting an
ace when it is given that card drawn was black card.
1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
13 26 4 3

A12. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting a doublet if it is known that sum of the
numbers on the two dice is 10.
1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
13 26 4 3

A13. If A and B are events such that P(A|B) = P(B|A), then

a) A ⊂ B but A ≠ B (b) A = B (c) A ∩ B = ϕ (d) P(A) = P(B)

5 1 1
A15. If A and B are two events such that P(A ∪ B) = , P(Ā) = , P(B) = then A and B are ,
6 4 3
(a) mutually exclusive (b) Independent (c) dependent (d) None of these

A16. If two events are independent, then

(a) they must be mutually exclusive (b) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1
(c)(a) and (b) both are correct (d) none of the above is correct














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 A17. If a die is thrown and a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of
getting an even number on the die and a spade card is
3 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
4 4 8 2

A18. If E and F are independent events such that 0 < P(E) < 1 and 0 < P(F) < 1, then
(a) E and Fc (the complement of the event F) are independent. (b) Ec and Fc are independent
(c) P(E|F) + P(Ec |Fc ) = 1 (d) All of the above.

A19. The probability distribution of a discrete probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is
given below :
X 2 3 4 5

P(X) 5 7 9 11
k k k k
The value of k is
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 48

A20. A random variable X has the probability distribution

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P(X) a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a

The value of a is
1 2 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
81 81 81 81
A21. The distribution of a random variable X is given below:
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3

P(X) 1 1 1 2k 3 7
10 5 10 10
The value of k is:
1 2 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 10 10
A22. A random variable X has the probability distribution:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P(X) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05

For the events, E = {X is prime number} and F = {X < 4} the probability of P(E ∪ F) is:
a) 0.50 (b) 0.77 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.87

Reasoning and Assertion :



























DIRECTION: In the question , a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct option
(A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A)
(B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion
(A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

2
A24. Assertion (A): If A and B are independent event , P (A) = 0.3 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.8, then P (B) is .
7
Reason (R) : P ( Ē) = 1 – P(E), where E is any event.
1
A25. Assertion (A): When two coins are tossed simultaneously, then the probability of getting no tail is
4
1
Reason (R): The probability of getting a head (i.e., no tail) in one toss of a coin is .
2
B. Short Answer Type Question - II ( 2 or 3 Marks) :

B1. Two dice are thrown together. What is the probability that sum of the numbers on the two dice is
neither 9 nor 11?

B2. From a well shuf led pack of 52 playing cards, 4 cards are drawn one by one with replacement. Find
the following probabilities:
(i) P(To get 4 spades) (ii) P (To get 4 aces) (iii) P(To get cards of same suits)
(iv) P(To get 2 aces and 2 kings) (v) P(To get 3 red cards).

B3. A box contains 5 white, 4 red and 3 black balls. 3 balls are drawn at random without replacement.
Find the following probabilities.
i) P(to get all the 3 balls red), ii) P (to get 3 balls of same colours)
(iii) P(to get 3 balls of different colours), (iv) P(to get 2 white ball).

B4. Two balls are drawn at random from a bag containing 2 white, 3 red, 5 green and 4 black balls, one by
one without replacement. Find the probability that the two balls drawn are of different colours.

B5. Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuf led cards. What
is the probability that irst two cards are kings and the third card is an ace?

B6. For three mutually exclusive events X, Y and Z it is given that P(X) = 2P(Y) = 3P(Z) and X ∪ Y ∪ Z= S,
where S denotes sure event. Find the value of P(X).

B7. If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment such that P(B) = 0.35, P(A or B) = 0.85
and P(A and B) = 0.15, ind P(A).
1 2 1
B8. A and B are two independent events with P(A) = and P(B) = and P(A ∪ B) = , ind the value
4 5 2
of the following probabilities :

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 (i) P(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A ∩ B c ) (iii) P(A c ∪ B c )

5 1 2
B9. If P(A c ∪ B c ) = , P(A) = and P(B c ) = , Are the events A and B are independent ?
6 4 3

1 1 1
B10. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A ∩ B) = , ind the values of i)P(A | B), ii ) P(B | A), iii ) P(B c ),
3 2 4
iv) P(A ∩ B ) v) P(A ∪ B) vi ) P(B/A) , vii)P(A c ∪ B c ) and viii) P(A ∪ B c )
c

B11. Given that P(A /B) = 0.8 , P(B/A) = 0.6 an d P(A c ∪ B c ) = 0.7 , ind the value of P(A /B c )

5 2
B12. Evaluate P(A ∪ B) , if 2P(A) = P(B) = and P(A /B) = .
13 5

B13. The odds against two events are 2 : 7 and 7 : 5 respectively. If the events are independent, ind the
probability that at least one of them will occur.

B14. Ramesh appears for an interview for two posts A and B, for which the selection is independent. The
1 1
probability for his selection for post A is and for post B it is .Find the probability that Ramesh is
6 7
selected for at least one post.

2
B15.. The probability that a contractor will get a plumbing contract and the probability that he will not
5
5 4
get an electric contract is . If the probability of getting at least one contract is what is the probability
9 5
that he will get both the contract?

B16. A class consists of 30 boys and 20 girls of which half the boys and half the girls have blue eyes. Find
the probability that a student chosen at random is a boy or has blue eyes.

B17.. A can solve 75% of the problems in this book and B can solve 70%. What is the probability that
either A or B can solve problem chosen at random?

B18. A can hit a target in 3 out of 4 shots and B can hit the target in 4 out of 5 shots. What is the
probability of hitting the target ?












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 B19. There are 52 cards with each of two boys. Each draws a card at random. What is the probability that
(i) both the cards will be king of diamonds (ii) both will be diamonds (iii) both will be kings ?

B20. Two consecutive drawings are made at random from the numbers 1, 2, .., 21. Find the probability
that the irst drawn number is even and the second is an odd number when the irst drawn number is (a)
replaced (b) not replaced before the second drawing.

B21. It is 9 to 5 against a person who is 50 years living till he is 70 and 8 to 6 against a person who is 60
years living till he is 80 . Find the probability that at least one of them, will be alive after 20 years.

B22. A speak the truth 3 out of 4 times and B , 5 out of 6 times ; what is the probability that they will
contradict each other in stating the same fact ?

B23. Out of 20 games of chess played between two players A and B , A won 12 , B won 4 and 4 ended in a
tie . In a tournament of three games ind the probability that (i) B wins all the three ( ii) B wins at least
one (iii) two games end in a tie .

B24. A bag contains 8 red balls and 5 white balls. Two successive draws of 3 balls are made without
replacement. Find the probability that the irst drawing will give 3 white balls and the second 3 red balls.

B25. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, ind the probability that none is red .

C. Long Answer Type Question - II ( 3 or 5 Marks) :

C1. X is taking up subjects--mathematics, physics and chemistry in the examination. His probabilities of
getting grade A in these subjects are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that he gets grade A
in (i) all subjects (ii) no subject (iii) two subjects.

C2. A, B, C and D are four mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. If the odds against the events B, C and
D are 7 : 2 , 7:5 and 13: 5 respectively, ind the odds in favour of the event A .

C3. A problem on mathematics is given to three students A , B , C whose probabilities of solving it are
1 2 3
, and respectively . Find the probability that the probability that the problem is solved .
3 5 4

C4. A problem in mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving it correctly are
1 1 1
, an d respectively. What is the probability that only one of them solves it correctly ?
2 3 4


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 C5. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions, 200 dif icult True/
False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 dif icult multiple choice questions. If a
question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the probability that it will be an easy
question given that it is a multiple choice question?

C6. A candidate is selected for interview for three posts. For the irst post there are 3 candidates, for the
second there are 4 and for the third there are 2. What are the chances of his getting at least one post ?

C7. A bag contains 2 red and 3 white balls and another bag contains 1 red and 2 white balls. If a bag is
chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it , what is the probability that the ball is white ?

C8. There are four boxes of one dozen eggs each. They contain 2, 3, 1, 0 spoiled eggs respectively. One box
is selected at random and then an egg is taken at random What is the probability that the egg is spoiled ?

C9. The chance of an accident in three factories A , B , C in a year is 5 in 25 , 6 in 36 and 8 in 64

respectively. Find the chances that an accident may happen in (i) at least one of them (ii) all of them.

C10. A box contains 7 white and 5 black balls. If 3 balls are drawn simultaneous at random, what is the
probability that they are not all of the same colour ? Calculate the probability of the same event for the
case where the balls are drawn in succession with replacement between drawings.

C11. An urn contains 4 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the
probability of getting (a) 2 red balls (b) 2 black balls (c) one red ball and one black ball.

C12. There are three persons aged 50 , 60 and 70 years . The probability to live 10 years more is 0.8 for a
50 years old , 0.5 for a 60 years old and 0.2 for a 70 years old person. Find the probability that at least two
of the three persons will remain alive 10 years hence .

1 1 1
C13. The probabilities for A,B, and C hitting a target are , and respectively. If they try together,
3 5 4
ind the probability of exactly one shot hitting the target.

C14. Two cards are drawn at random from a well-shuf led pack of 52 cards and thrown away. Find the
probability of drawing an ace from the remaining 50 cards.

C15. A pair of fair dice are thrown. Find the probability that the sum is 10 or greater if a 5 appears on the
irst die.
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C16. Three lots contain respectively 4%, 5% and 10% defective articles. One article is chosen at random
from each lot. Find the probability of getting (a) exactly one defective (b) at least one defective article
among the three articles drawn.

C17. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
probabilities of hitting the plane at the irst, second, third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1
respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits the plane ?

C18. Three groups of children contain respectively 3 girls and 1 boy, 2 girls and 2 boys and 1 girl and 3
boys. One child is selected at random from each group. Find the chance that the selected group consists of
1 girl and 2 boys.

C19. A six faced die is so biased that it is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd. It is thrown
twice. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers is even ?

C20. Three faces of a fair die are yellow, two faces red and one blue. The die is tossed three times. Find the
probability that the colours yellow, red and blue appear in the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd tosses respectively.

*C21. A and B play alternately with an unbiased die. He who irst throws a 'six' wins. If A begins, show
6
that his chances of winning is .
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C23. A bag contains 5 red and 4 yellow balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag and put into another
bag which contains 3 red and 6 yellow balls. A ball is drawn randomly from the second bag. What is the
probability that it is yellow?

C24. An urn A contains 3 white and 5 red marbles. Another urn B contains 5 white and 3 red marbles.
Two marbles are transferred from A to B and then one is drawn from B. What is the probability that it is
red ?

BAYES THEOREM :

C25. Three urns A , B and C contain 6 red and 4 white , 2 red and 6 white and 1 red and 5 white balls
respectively . An urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn . If the ball drawn in found to be red , ind
the probability that the ball is drawn from the urn A.

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C26. Two urns contain respectively 2 red , 3 white and 3 red 2 white balls. One ball is drawn at random
from the irst urn and transferred into the second . A ball is now drawn from the second urn and it turns
out to be red. What is the probability that the transferred ball was white ?

C23. A factory has three machines X, Y and Z producing 1000, 2000 and 3000 bolts per day respectively.
The machine X produces 1% defective bolts, Y produces 1.5% defective bolts and Z produces 2%
defective bolts. At the end of the day, a bolt is drawn at random and it is found to be defective. What is the
probability that this defective bolt has been produced by the machine X ?

C24. In a bulb factory, machines A, B and C manufacture 25%, 35% and 40% bulbs respectively. Out of
these bulbs 5%, 4% and 2% of the bulbs produced respectively by A, B and C are found to be defective. A
bulb is picked up at random from the total production and found to be defective. Find the probability that
this bulb was produced by the machine B .

C25. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The
1 3 3
probabilities of an accident involving a scooter , a car and a truck are , an d respectively .
100 100 20
One of the insured persons meets an accident . What is the probabilities that he is scooter driver ?

C27. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws and unbiased die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually six.

C28. One card from a pack of 52 cards is lost . From the remaining cards of the pack , two cards are drawn
and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
C29. Urn A contains 1 white , 2 black and 3 red balls ; Urn B contains 2 white , 1 black and 1 red ball ; and
urn C contains 4 white , 5 black and 3 red balls. One urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn .
These happen to be one white and one red . What is the probability that they come from urn A ?

C30. A car manufacturing factory has two plants X and Y. Plant X manufactures 70% of the cars and plant
Y manufactures 30% . At plant X , 80 % of the cars are rated of standard quality and at plant Y, 90% are
rated of standard quality. A car is picked up at random and is found to be of standard quality. Find the
probability that it has come from plant X .

C31. There are three coins. One is two headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up head 75% of
the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed. If it shows
head, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin ?
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C32. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls ; another bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls . A bag is
chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it . If the ball drawn is red , what is the probability that the bag
B chosen is ?

C33. A box contains 2 gold and 3 silver coins . Another box contains 3 gold and 3 silver coins . A box is
chosen at random and a coin is drawn from it . If the selected coin is a gold coin , ind the probability that
it was drawn from the second box .

C34. There are two bags I and II . Bag I contains 3 white and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 white and
6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be white . Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag I.

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS :

D1. A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the player A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots,
player B can hit 3 times in 4 shots and the player C can hit 2 times in 3 shots. From the situation,
answer the following.

(i)Let A : the target is hit by A, B: the target is hit by B and C: the target
is hit by C. Then, nd the probability that A, B and C all will hit .

(ii) Referring to (i), what is the probability that B, C will hit and A will not
hit?

iii) With reference to the events mentioned in (i), what is the probability
that any two of A, B and C will hit?

(iv) What is the probability that 'none of them will hit the targets?
Or
What is the probability that at least one of A, B or C will hit the target's
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 D2. In answering a question on a multiple choice test for class XII, a student either knows the
3
answer or guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the
5
2
answer and be the probability that he guesses. Assume that a
5
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability
1
. Let E1 , E2 , E be the events that the student knows 3 the
3
answer guesses the answer and answers correctly respectively.
Based on the above information, answer the following.

(i) What is the value of P(E1 )?

(ii) What is the value of P(E | E1)?
k=2

∑
iii) Find the value of P(E | Ek )P(Ek )
k=1

k=2

∑
iv) Find the value of P(Ek ) .
k=1

Or
v) What is the probability that the student knows the answer it correctly?

D3. In an of ce, three employees Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal process incoming copies of a certain form.
Vinay process 50% of the forms. Sonia processes 20% and
Iqbal the remaining 30% of the forms. Vinay has an error rate of
0.06, Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and Iqbal has an error rate
of 0.03.

Based on the above information answer the following:

i) Find the conditional probability that an error is committed in

processing given that Sonia processed the form .

(ii) Find the probability that Sonia processed the form and
committed an error .

iii) Find the total probability of committing an error in processing the form.

(iv) The manager of the company wants to do a quality check. During the inspection, he selects a
form at random from the days’ output of processed forms. If the form selected at random has an error,
then nd the probability that the form is NOT processed by Vinay .
Or
v) Find the probability that Iqbal processed the form and committed an error .

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D4. A shopkeeper sells three types of ower seeds A1, A2,
and A3 . They are sold as a mixture where the proportions
are 4:4:2 respectively. The germination rates of the three
types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35% respectively

Based on the above information answer the following

questions:

i) Find the probability of a randomly chosen seed to

germinate .
ii) Find the probability that the seed will not germinate given
that the seed is of type A3 .
iii) Find the probability that the seed is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not
germinate.
iv). Find the probability that it is of the type A1 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate
Or
Find the probability that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A1
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