UNIT - IV

EMI & A.C.

 FIFTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS
CBSE 2024
1. A circular loop A of radius R carries a current I. Another circular loop B of radius r
R
( 20 ) is placed concentrically in the plane of A. The magnetic flux linked with loop
B is proportional to
3
(A) R (B)√R (C) R2 (D) R2

2. Figure shows the variation of inductive reactance XL of two ideal inductors of inductance L1 and
L1
L2, with angular frequency(ω). The value of L2

1 1
(A) √3 (B) (C) 3 (D) 3
√3

3. An ac source V = 282 sin (100 t) volt is connected across a 1 µF capacitor. The r.m.s value of
current in the circuit will be (take √2 = 1.41)
(A) 10 mA (B) 20 mA (C) 40 mA (D) 80 mA

4. The r.m.s. value of a current given by i = (i1 cos ωt + i2 sin ωt) is -

1 1
(A) (i1 + i2 ) (B) (i1 − i2 )
√2 √2
1 1
(C) √(i12 + i22 ) (D) (i12 + i22 )
√2 √2

5. A coil of N turns is placed in a magnetic field ⃗B

⃗ such that ⃗B
⃗ is perpendicular to the
2π
plane of the coil. ⃗B
⃗ changes with time as B = B0 cos( t) where T is time period. The
T
magnitude of emf induced in the coil will be maximum at
nT nT nT
(A) t = (B) t = (C) t = (D) t = nT
8 4 2

Where n = 1,2,3…

6. (a) (i) Define mutual inductance. Write its SI unit.

(ii) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of a system of two long
coaxial solenoids of same length l, having turns N 1 and N 2 and of radii r 1 and r2
( r2 > r 1 )
OR
(b) What are ferromagnetic materials? Explain ferromagnetism with the help of
suitable diagrams, using the concept of magnetic domain.
7.
(a) Mention the factors on which the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit depends.
Plot a graph showing variation of impedance of a series LCR circuit with the frequency of
the applied a.c. source.
(b) With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the working of a step-up transformer.
(c) Write two causes of energy loss in a real transformer.
OR

(a) With the help of a diagram, briefly explain the construction and working of ac
generator.
(b) An electron is revolving around a proton in an orbit of radius r with a speed v. Obtain
expression for magnetic moment associated with the electron.

CBSE 2023
1. A series LR circuit with R = 10 Ω and L = (100/𝜋) mH is connected across an ac source of
peak voltage ℇ0 = 100 V and frequency 𝑣 = 50 Hz. Calculate (a) impedance of the circuit (Z),
(b) phase angle (𝜙), and (c) voltage across the resistor.
2. A resistor of R = 50 Ω , a capacitor of C = (25/𝜋) µF and an inductor of L = (4/𝜋) H are
connected in series across an ac source whose voltage (in volt) is given by
V = 70 sin (100 𝜋t). Calculate :
(a) the net reactance of the circuit,
(b) the impedance of the circuit
(c) the effective value of current in the circuit.
3. A series RC circuit with R = 200 Ω and C = (50/𝜋) µF is connected across an ac source of
voltage V = 141sin (100 𝜋t) . Find
(a) impedance of the circuit
(b) phase angle, and
(c) voltage drop across the capacitor
4.
(a)
(i) Define coefficient of self-induction. Obtain an expression for self-inductance of
a long solenoid of length 𝑙, area of cross- section A having N turns.
(ii) Calculate the self-inductance of a coil using the following data obtained when an
200
AC source of frequency ( ) Hz and a DC source is applied across the coil.
𝜋
 OR
(b)
(i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe the principle and working of an ac
generator. Hence, obtain an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf
generated.
(ii) The coil of an ac generator consists of 100 turns of wire, each of are 0.5m 2 .The
resistance of the wire is 100 Ω . The coil is rotating in a magnetic field of
0.8 T perpendicular to its axis of rotation, at a constant angular speed of
60 radian per second. Calculate the maximum emf generated and power
dissipated in the coil.

5. Consider the experimental set up shown in the figure. This jumping ring experiment is an
outstanding demonstration of some simple laws of Physics. A conducting non-magnetic
ring is placed over the vertical core of a solenoid. When current is passed through the
solenoid, the ring is thrown off.

Answer the following questions:

(a) Explain the reason of jumping of the ring when the switch is closed in the circuit.
(b) What will happen if the terminals of the battery are reversed and the switch is
closed? Explain.
(c) Explain the two laws that help us understand this phenomenon.
OR
Briefly e xpla in various wa ys to increase the strength of magnetic field produced
by a given solenoid.
 CBSE 2022
1. The self-inductance of a solenoid of 600 turns is 108 mH. The self-inductance of a coil having 500 turns
with the same length, the same radius and the same medium will be
(a) 95 mH (b) 90 mH
(c) 85 mH (d) 75 mH
2. The rms current in a circuit connected to a 50 Hz ac source is 15 A. The value of the current in the
circuit (1/600)s after the instant the current is zero, is –
15
(a) A (b) 15√2 A
√2
√2
(c) A (d) 8 A
15
3. In a circuit the phase difference between the alternating current and the source voltage is 𝜋/2. Which of the
following cannot be the elements of the circuit?
(a) Only C (b) Only L
(c) L and R (d) L or C
4. The impedance of a series LCR circuit is –
1 1
(a) 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝑐 (b) √𝑋 2 + 𝑋 2 + 𝑅 2
𝐿 𝐶

(c) 𝑋𝐿2 − 𝑋𝐶2 + 𝑅 2 (d) √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )2

𝜋
5. When an alternating voltage 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡 is applied to a circuit, a current 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) flows
through it. The average power dissipated in the circuit is
(a) 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 (b) 𝐸0 𝐼0
𝐸0 𝐼0
(c) (d) Zero
√2
6. The voltage across a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor connected in series to an ac source are 20 V, 15 V
and 30 V respectively. The resultant voltage in the circuit is
(a) 5 V (b) 20 V
(c) 25 V (d) 65 V
7. The current in the primary coil of a pair of coils changes from 7 A to 3 A in 0.04 s. The mutual inductance
between the two coils is 0.5 H. The induced emf in the secondary coil is –
(a) 50 V (b) 75 V
(c) 100 V (d) 220 V
8. A constant current is flowing through a solenoid. An iron rod is inserted in the solenoid along its axis.
Which of the following quantities will not increase?
(a) The magnetic field at centre
(b) The magnetic flux linked with solenoid
(c) The rate of heating
(d) The self-inductance of solenoid
9. A circuit is connected to an ac source of variable frequency. As the frequency of the source is increased, the
current first increases and then decreases. Which of the following combinations of elements is likely to
comprise the circuit?
 (a) L, C & R (b) L and C
(c) L and R (d) R and C
10. A coil of area 100 cm is kept at an angle of 30∘ with a magnetic field of 10 −1 T. The magnetic field is
2

reduced to zero in 10−4 s. The induced emf in the coil is –

(a) 5√3 V (b) 50√3 V
(c) 5.0 V (d) 50.0 V
11. A 15 Ω resistor, an 80 mH inductor and a capacitor of capacitance C are connected in series with a 50 Hz ac
source. If the source voltage and current in the circuit are in phase, then the value of capacitance is
(a) 100 𝜇𝐹 (b) 127 𝜇𝐹
(c) 142 𝜇𝐹 (d) 160 𝜇𝐹
25
12. A 300 Ω resistor and a capacitor of ( ) 𝜇F are connected in series to a 200 V − 50 Hz ac source. The
𝜋
current in the circuit is –
(a) 0.1 A (b) 0.4 A
(c) 0.6 A (d) 0.8 A

13. The core of a transformer is laminated to reduce the effect of

(a) Flux leakage (b) Copper loss
(c) Hysteresis loss (d) Eddy current
14. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false

Assertion (A) : A step-up transformer cannot be used as a step-down transformer.

Reason (R) : A transformer works only in one direction.

CBSE 2020
1. The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length and area of cross-section. The
self-inductance of the solenoid will become ___________ times.
2. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize ___________ currents in the core of a transformer.
3. A resistance R and a capacitor C are connected in series to an ac source V = V0 sin ωt.
(a) Obtain the expression for the instantaneous current (I) in the circuit.
(b) Show graphically variations of V and I as a function of ωt.
4. A resistance R and a capacitor C are connected in series to an ac source V = V0 sin ωt.
(a) The peak value of the voltage across the (i) resistance and (ii) capacitor.
(b) The phase difference between the applied voltage and current. Which of them is ahead ?

5. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source V = V0 sin ωt.

Find the
(a) peak value of the voltage drops across R and across L,
 (b) phase difference between the applied voltage and current. Which of them is ahead ?

6.
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the working of a step-up transformer. Give reasons to
explain the following :
(i) The core of the transformer is laminated.
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings.
(b) A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and resistance 0·1 ohm rests on two smooth parallel rails of
negligible resistance AA’ and CC’. It can slide on the rails and the arrangement is positioned between
the poles of a permanent magnet producing uniform magnetic field B = 0·4 T. The rails, the rod and the
magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions as shown in the figure. If the ends A and C
of the rails are short circuited, find the
(i) external force required to move the rod with uniform velocity v = 10 cm/s, and
(ii) power required to do so.

CBSE 2019
1. The figure shows a rectangular conducting frame MNOP of resistance R placed partly in a perpendicular
⃗⃗⃗ and moved with velocity v
magnetic field B ⃗⃗ as shown in the figure. (3)

Obtain the expressions for the

(a) force acting on the arm ‘ON’ and its direction, and
(b) power required to move the frame to get a steady emf induced between the arms MN and PO.

2. A capacitor (C) and resistor (R) are connected in series with an ac source of voltage of frequency 50 Hz.
The potential difference across C and R are respectively 120 V, 90 V, and the current in the circuit is 3 A.
Calculate
(i) the impedance of the circuit (ii)
 (ii) the value of the inductance, which when connected in series with C and R will make the power
factor of the circuit unity. (3)
3. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source.

(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Calculate the impedance of the circuit and amplitude of current at resonance.
(c) Show that potential drop across LC combination is zero at resonating frequency. (3)
4.
(a) What do you understand by ‘sharpness of resonance’ for a series LCR resonant circuit ? How is it
related with the quality factor ‘Q’ of the circuit ? Using the graphs given in the diagram, explain the
factors which affect it. For which graph is the resistance (R) minimum ?

(b) A 2 μF capacitor, 100 Ω resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an ac source. Find the
frequency of the ac source for which the current drawn in the circuit is maximum. If the peak value of
emf of the source is 200 V, calculate the(i) maximum current, and (ii) inductive and capacitive reactance
of the circuit at resonance. (5)
5.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of an ac generator. Explain its working and obtain the expression for the
instantaneous value of the emf in terms of the magnetic field B, number of turns N of the coil of area A
rotating with angular frequency ω. Show how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating
in a magnetic field.
(b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with angular speed of
50 rad s–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 3·0 X 10–2 T.
(i) Calculate the maximum and average emf induced in the coil.
(ii) If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 Ω, calculate the maximum current in the coil and
the average power loss due to Joule heating. (5)
6.
(a) Derive an expression for the induced emf developed when a coil of N turns, and area of cross-section A,
is rotated at a constant angular speed ω in a uniform magnetic field B.
(b) A wheel with 100 metallic spokes each 0·5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane
normal to the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. If the resultant magnetic field at that
 place is 4 X10–4 T and the angle of dip at the place is 30o, find the emf induced between the axle and the
rim of the wheel. (5)
7.
(a) Derive the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor when a current I develops in it.
Hence, obtain the expression for the magnetic energy density.
(b) A square loop of sides 5 cm carrying a current of 0·2 A in the clockwise direction is placed at a distance
of 10 cm from an infinitely long wire carrying a current of 1 A as shown.
Calculate (i) the resultant magnetic force, and (ii) the torque, if any, acting on the loop. (5)

CBSE 2018
1. The teachers of Geeta’s school took the students on a study trip to a power generating station, located nearly
200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long
distance to their city, in the form of alternating current (ac) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in
the city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listened
to the teacher and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage.
(a) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for
power dissipation in this device.
(b) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances
as an alternating current rather than a direct current.
(c) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta. (4)
2.
(a) State the principle of an ac generator and explain its working with the help of a labelled diagram.
Obtain the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of cross-sectional area A,
rotating with a constant angular speed ‘ ω’ in a magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ B , directed perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.
(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to east with a velocity of 900 km/hour. Calculate the
potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of 20 m. The horizontal
component of the Earth’s magnetic field is 5 X 10–4 T and the angle of dip is 300 . (5)

OR
A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt. The current through X is given as
π
I = I0 sin [ωt + 2 ]
(a) Identify the device X and write the expression for its reactance.
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
 (c) How does the reactance of the device X vary with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation
graphically.
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X. (5)

CBSE 2017
1. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation describes below :

2. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane where current I
in the wire is increasing steadily?

3. What is the direction of induced current in coil PQ and CD?

4. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two
long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other.
OR
Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the expression for the energy stored in an inductor connected
across a source of emf.
5. A device 'X' is connected to an ac source V = V0 sin ωt. The variation of voltage, current and power in
one cycle is shown in the following graph :
 (a) Identify the device 'X'.
(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power consumed in the
circuit ? Justify your answer.
(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the ac source ? Show graphically.
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of an ac generator. Obtain the expression for the emf induced in the
rotating coil of N turns each of cross-sectional area A, in the presence of a magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
B
(b) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed 5.0 ms–1
at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field, 0.3 × 10–4 Wb m–2. Find
the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rod.

CBSE 2016

1. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor, show that the average power supplied by the
source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A bulb is connected in series with a variable capacitor and an A.C. source as shown. What happens to
the brightness of the bulb when the key is plugged in and capacitance of the capacitor is gradually reduced

2. (a) When a bar magnet is pushed towards (or away) from the coil connected to a galvanometer, the pointer
in the galvanometer deflects. Identify the phenomenon causing this deflection and write the factors on which
the amount and direction of the deflection depends. State the laws describing this phenomenon.
(b) Sketch the change in flux, emf and force when a conducting rod PQ of resistance R and length l moves
freely to and fro between A and C with speed υ on a rectangular conductor placed in uniform magnetic field
as shown in the figure.
 OR
In a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source of voltage v = vm sinωt, use phasor diagram to derive
an expression for the current in the circuit. hence obtained the expression for the power dissipated in the
circuit. Show that power dissipated at resonance is maximum.

CBSE 2015

1. A planar loop of rectangular shape is moved within the region of a uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular
to its plane. What is the direction and magnitude of the current induced in it ?
2. Sunita and her friends visited an exhibition. The policeman asked them to pass through a metal detector.
Sunita’s friends were initially scared of it. Sunita, however, explained to them the purpose and working of
the metal detector.
Answer the following questions :
(a) On what principle does a metal detector work ?
(b) Why does the detector emit sound when a person carrying any metallic object walks through it ?
(c) State any two qualities which Sunita displayed while explaining the purpose of walking through the
detector.

3. (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

(b) Explain, with the help of a suitable example, how we can show that Lenz’s law is a consequence of the
principle of conservation of energy.
(c) Use the expression for Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers of a conductor to obtain the expression
for the induced emf across the conductor of length l moving with velocity v through a magnetic field B
acting perpendicular to its length.
OR
(a) Using phasor diagram, derive the expression for the current flowing in an ideal inductor connected to
an a.c. source of voltage, V = Vo sin ωt. Hence plot graphs showing variation of (i) applied voltage and
(ii) the current as a function of ωt.
(b) Derive an expression for the average power dissipated in a series LCR circuit.

CBSE 2014

1. Why is the use of AC voltage preferred over DC voltage? Give two reasons.
2. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction
of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown.
 3. Define the term ‘mutual inductance’ between the two coils.
Obtain the expression for mutual inductance of a pair of long coaxial solenoids each of length l and radii
r1 and r2 (r2 >> r1). Total number of turns in the two solenoids are N1 and N2 respectively.
4. A voltage V = V0 sin ωt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the average power
dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is
(i) no power dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit,
(ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit?
5. Define the term self-inductance of a solenoid. Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an
inductor of self-inductance L to build up a current I through it.
6. (a) A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction perpendicular to its
length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. Derive the
expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod.
(b) How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force acting on the free charge
carriers of the conductor? Explain.

CBSE 2013

1. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when

(i) distance between the coils is increased and
(ii) number of turns in the coils is increased?
2. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet.
What is the cause of this damping?
3. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on. Why? Give
reason.
4. (a) For a given a.c., i = im sin ωt, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a complete
1 2
cycle is i R
2 m
(b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V a.c. supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
5. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is directed
perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards left
with a velocity of 10 ms–1, calculate the emf induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 W
(assuming that other arms are of negligible resistance) find the value of the current in the arm.

6. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 50 cm long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal to
the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. The Earth’s magnetic field at the plane is 0.4 G and
 the angle of dip is 60°. Calculate the emf induced between the axle and the rim of the wheel. How will the
value of emf be affected if the number of spokes were increased?

CBSE 2012

1. What is the direction of induced current in coil PQ and CD?

2. Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a transformer.
3. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric energy over
long distances done with the use of transformers?
4. A light bulb is rated 100 W for 220 V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb;
(ii) the rms current through the bulb
OR
An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314 t is connected across a pure resistor of 50 W. Find
(i) the frequency of the source.
(ii) the rms current through the resistor.
5. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression for the
impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of the source,
explaining the nature of its variation.

CBSE 2011
1. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation describes below :

2. State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a transformer be used to step up or step down a d.c.
voltage? Justify your answer.
3. Mention various energy losses in a transformer.
4. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents.
5. State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram. The coil of an a.c. generator having
N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity ω . Deduce the expression for the
alternating e.m.f. generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation in this device?
OR
 (a) Show that in an a.c. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current by π/2 in phase.
(b) A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling with speed v at right angles
to the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the e.m.f. induced in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f.?
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential?

CBSE 2010

1. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its SI units.

2. Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular speed in
the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in the two coils. Justify
your answer.
3. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field to a field-free region with
a constant velocity ‘v’ as shown in the figure. Explain in which loop do you expect the induced emf to be
constant during the passage out of the field region. The magnetic field is normal to the loops.

4. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the expression
for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal
transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils? How is the transformer used in large
scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances?
5. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the
conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The
field extends from x = 0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r.
When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is then moved backward to x = 0 with
constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch the variations of these
quantities with distance 0 ≤ x ≤ 2b.
 CBSE 2009

1. (i) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

(ii) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage difference developed
between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earth’s magnetic field at the location has a
magnitude of 5 X 10- 4 T and the dip angle of 30°?
2. (a) What are eddy currents? Write their two applications.
(b) Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in which arm RS of length ' l' is movable. The loop is
kept in a uniform magnetic field ‘B’ directed downward perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS
is moved with a uniform speed ‘v’.

Deduce an expression for :

(i) the emf induced across the arm ‘RS’,
(ii) the external force required to move the arm, and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.

3. (a) State Lenz’s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. “The Lenz’s law is a consequence of the
principle of conservation of energy.” Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids but having different radii
and different number of turns.
4. (i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf.
(ii) A 15 μF capacitor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance and the rms
current.