UNEMPLOYMENT AND YOUTH RESTIVENESS IN IBARAPA EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF

OYO STATE

By

ADEYEMI DAMILOLA ESTHER

MATRIC NUMBER: HND/210569

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION

STUDIES , DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.OYO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND TECHNOLOGY, IGBOORA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

JANUARY 2024.

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research work was carried out by ADEYEMI DAMILOLA ESTHER with

matriculation number HND/210569 respectively under the supervision of Mr. Adeleke in the

department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Communication Studies Oyo

State College of Agriculture and Technology, igboora.

........................................... ....................

MR. ADELEKE Date

PROJECT SUPERVISOR

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to almighty God the source that create life and to my parents MR and
MRS Adeyemi who helped me out during the course of writing this project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I give Adoration, Honour and eulogy to God almighty for giving me the grace and opportunity to
go through the rigor of writing this project.

I also use this medium to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my parents MR
and Mrs Adeyemi for their unrelenting efforts. I also express my gratitude to my able supervisor
MR Adeleke for his advice throughout the program may almighty GOD Reward you abundantly
Amen. My appreciation also goes to my HOD MR badmus and to all our fantastic lectures in the
department of public Admission. Finally my appreciation also goes to MR Ajayi Abidemi
Ibraheem for the support and advice. And to my siblings who suffered many things during the
time of my study, I pray that GOD will plough you back with good fortune and tending in Jesus
Name Amen.

ABSTRACT

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Occupationally, Ibarapa East local government were farmers. But because of the activities of
multinational companies especially, most of those primary economic activities are noclonger
been appreciated. They no longer see most of these businesses as suitable jobs for their social
status either as university graduates, hence they now take to youth restiveness, crime,
prostitution and other forms of anti-social vices.thus the study examine unemployment and
youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local government,the study used simple random sampling to
select 100 respondents,hyothesis was tested using simple percentages method in which the null
hypothesis was rejected and established that there is a significant relationship between
unemployment and youth restiveness in ibarapa east local government,,Data was collected
through descriptive questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics of tables and
frequency counts ,Result revealed that Unemployment with youth will Found Interest in
Robbery and prostitution and Youth Unemployment has caused drug Abuse and Thuggery
Among Youth As result of unemployment,the study recommended that Effective and meaningful
empowerment programmes should also be adopted in the state so that those that could not be
employed by government, private and nongovernmental organizations can be self-employed.
This attainment of free qualitative education in Nigeria will help improve the reasoning
capacities of her citizens. In essence, there will be proper dissemination of information that will
promote peace or ensure a state of tranquillity.

Keywords. Empowerment, Nongovernment, Organization, Restiveness, unemployment, youth,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Content Pages
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study 1-2
1.2 Statement of the problems 2-3
1.3 Objectives of the study 2
1.4 Research Questions 2
1.5 Hypothesis 3
1.6 Significance of the study 4
1.7 Scope of the study 3
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 4-5
1.9 Historical Background 4-5
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Conceptual Clarifications 6
2.1 Conceptual Clarifications 6
2.1.2 Concept of Unemployment. 6-7
2.1.3 Meaning of unemployment 7
2.1.4 Meaning of Youth Restiveness 7-8
2.1.5 Meaning of youth 8
2.2 Empirical Review 8-9
2.2.1 Effects of unemployment on youth restiveness 9

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2.2.2 Causes of unemployment among youths 9-11
2.2.3 The damages unemployment has caused among youth 11-14
2.2.4 solution to unemployment among youths. 14-15
2.3 Conceptual model of unemployment and youth restiveness 16

2.4 Theoretical framework 17

2.4.1 Scientific Management Theory 17
2.4.2 Human resource management 17-18
2.5 Gap in Literature 18=19
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Research Design 23
3.3 Population 23
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 23
3.5 Method of Data Collection 23
3.6 Source of Data 24
3.7 Research Instrument 24
3.8 Administration of Research Instrument 24
3.9 Validity and Reliability of instrument 24
3.10 Methods of Data analysis 24

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction 25
4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Questions 25-35
4.2 Test for Hypothesis 35-38
4.3 General Discussion of Findings 38-39

CHAPTER THREE: METHOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

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3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Method of Data Collection
3.6 Source of Data
3.7 Research Instrument
3.8 Administration of Research Instrument
3.9 Validity and Reliability of instrument
3.10 Methods of Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction
4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Questions
4.2 Test for Hypothesis
4.3 General Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations

References
Appendix
List of Tables

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ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the study

Restiveness among youths globally and those in Nigeria has become a behaviour pattern which
has degenerated into a topical global issue. Youth restiveness portrays man's negative side of
social development. This negative development is rather unfortunate and has become one of the
many security challenges facing man in the contemporary society. In many occasions, lives and
properties worth millions of naira have been last or vandalized and some razed down byrestive
youths. Agbara (2010), human society and in fact the entire universe is simply andsquarely a
complex entity. In view of this,Individuals and groups have their complexities, needs,
aspirations, hopes, goals,opinions, views and values which could be social, economic, religious,
psychological or political. Consequently, there is bound to be restiveness among different groups
of people especially youths who are at their prime age.The term youth has been variously
defined.Ndu (2000) and Yusuf (2001) saw youths as neither adolescents nor children
characterized by excessive energy that needs to be exerted,which if not guarded, is channeled
into negative tendencies. The United Nations General Assembly and World Bank cited in
Adewuyl (2008) defined the youth as people between ages 15 to 24 years. In Nigeria, the people
within the age limit of 30 years are considered as youths hence they are allowed to participate in
the National Youth Service Scheme (NYSC). For this research work, the NYSC definition of
youth is adopted.The issue of unemployment has become a serious source of worry in the
country's economy especially during this period of global economic crunch. This is not only
peculiar to advanced economies like England,France, United States of America, Germany etc but
also to Nigeria, Togo, Benin and Ethiopia etc. Jhingan (2008) suggests that unemployment is one
of the most sensitive and disturbing problem fighting against the development of the
contemporary Nigerian society. However, from the fore-going, it is clear that no country is free

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from the problem of unemployment and that explains why the pace of youth restiveness is very
high in Ibarapa East local government especially in Ibarapa East local government
metropolis.Unemployment has become chronic and Intractable and it is the brain behind youth
restiveness in State. This is because of a common saying that "an idle man is the devils
workshop". The acquisition of a certificate or degree was considered a sure passport to a paid
employment either in the private or publi sectors of the economy, Gloomy labour market
situation has now been the case as young school leavers and university graduates that were
expected to get it easy (employment) are stranded and taken to crime In Lagos State. Youths
have taken to crime a a means of getting their own share of the National cake, giving rise to
chrome cases of youth restiveness in virtually the entire Ibarapa East local government However,
the issue to overcome unemployment over the years has been Nigeria's greatest problem
especially just as the wind of global financial crunch has been so devastating. Various
governments have decided to go into several measures in proffering solutions to the global issue.
Nigeria, in a bid to combat youth restiveness has resorted to a massive employment generating
schemes such as National Directorate of Employment, National poverty Eradication programme,
skill acquisition programmes. Operation Feed the Nation Programme of 1976 etc.

The concept of unemployment is not a new phenomenon in Nigeria. Thus, in recent years the
rate has caused great concern not only to individuals but also to the general public as well as the
policy makers. This is because the development purposes are consistently being channeled to
curb or curtail the problems created by unemployment in the state, mostly insecurity matters
caused by the aggrieved youths, Jhingan (2008).

1.2.Statement of the problem

Occupationally, Ibarapa East local government were farmers. But because of the activities of
multinational companies especially, most of those primary economic activities are noclonger
been appreciated. They no longer see most of these businesses as suitable jobs for their social
status either as university graduates, hence they now take to youth restiveness, crime, prostitution
and other forms of anti-social vices. Jhingan (opcit).These youths, with the guise of
unemployment have remained a great threat to political stability as they are consistently Involved
in creating a hostile socio-economic and political environment for the industry and government.
Armed robbery attacks are persistent, youths forming various gangs of cultism, prostitution and

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consistent marital instabilities the effects which unemployment has left in its trail. Based on this
background the researcher wants to investigate the impact of unemployment on youth restiveness
in Ibarapa East local government.

1.3 Objective of the study

The broad objective of the study is to investigate unemployment and youth restiveness with
particular reference to Ibarapa East local government of Oyo state.

Other specific objectives are

I. To identify the effects of unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local

government council area of Oyo state
II. To examine causes of unemployment among youth in Ibarapa East local government area
of Oyo state
III. To profer solutions to unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East local government
Area of Oyo state
IV. To investigate the damages of unemployment has caused among youths in Ibarapa East
local government areas of Oyo state

1.4 Research question

The following research question will be

1.5 Research hypotheses

I. What are the effect of unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local
government Area of Oyo state?
II. What are the causes of unemployment among youth in Ibarapa East local government
council of Oyo state?
III. What are the solutions to unemployment caused among youths in Ibarapa central Local
Government Area,Oyo state?

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 IV. What are the damages caused by unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East local
Government Area Oyo state?

The following research hypotheses will be formulated

HO: there is no significant effect of unemployment on youth restiveness

1.6 Significance of the study

The study will be very significant to students, youth and the government of Nigeria. The study
will give a clear insight on the unemployment and demographic factors as predictive variables in
youth restiveness. The result of the study will highlight the causes of youth restiveness and
suggestion of the solution. The study will also serve as a reference to other researcher that will
embark on the related topic

1.7 Scope and limitations of the study

The scope of the study covers Impact of unemployment on youth restiveness in ibarapa east local
government The study will be limited to the people of Ibarapa East Local Government.

1.8 Definition of term

Unemployment: Unemployment, according to the OECD, is people above a specified age not
being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the
reference period. Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of
people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force

Demographic: Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.

Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education,
nationality, religion, and ethnicity

Predictive: used or useful for predicting or foretelling the future: Astrologers look for predictive
signs among the stars. being an indication of the future or of

Youth restiveness: Elegbeleye (2005) definedyouth restiveness as "a sustained protestation

embarked upon to enforce desired outcome from a constituted authority by an organized body of
youths." It is marked by violence and disruption of lawful activities.

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1.9 study location

Ibarapa East Local Government with its headquarters at Eruwa was established 1989. It covers
an area of 705.78sq km2 of land with the estimated population of over 120, 220 according to
2006 Census figure. The Local Government is classified as sub urban Local Government. It is
bounded in the West by Ibarapa Central Local Government, in the East by Ido Local
Government while it’s bounded in the North and South by Iseyin and Odeda Local Government
in Ogun state.The Local Government consists of multi-ethic nationalities; though predominantly
Yorubas, the presence of other nationalities is equally felt in the Local Government Area such as
Fulanis, Igbos, TIVs, Jukuns among others.

The economic life of the Local Government is dependent on Agriculture. The Local
Government Area has admirable tropical climate which favours the growth of both food and cash
crops. Agricultural sector provides income and employment opportunities for over seventy-five
(75) percent of the populace. As a result of this, the Local Government encourages and facilitates
agricultural empowerment and developmental initiatives. This explains why the area is a hub to
so many Agro-Allied investments. Among the agro-allied companies located in the area are:-
Nico Oil Palm Plantation, Zartech, Global-West, Obasanjo farms among others. Aside this, the
Local Government is housing two institutions of higher learning namely; Adeseun Ogundoyin
Polytechnic, Eruwa and Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate.

Other mercantile activities noticeable among the people of the area include trading and cloth
weaving.

The Local Government is blessed with towns and villages among which are: Eruwa, Lanlate,
Okolo, Maya, Temidire, Idi-Ope, Adeagbo, Elere, Onirope, Akete, Obanese, Alapa, Lagaye,
Abule Baale, Ijesa, Babamogba etc. Currently, Ibarapa East is having ten (10) Political wards

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual clarifications

2.1.2 Concept of Unemployment.

Unemployment is “a situation in which persons capable and willing to work are unable to find
suitable paid employment”. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defined unemployed
workers as those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay,
currently available to work and have actively searched for work. These include the facts of a
number of people not having a job; the number of people without a job; and the state of not
having a job. Same unemployment was operationalized to include the underemployed.

Unemployment occurs when people who are able and willing to work are without jobs, or cannot
find work that is effective and productive. It also occurs when people undertake jobs that are
contrary or lower than their academic qualifications or areas of specialization. For instance, a
first or second degree holder that enrols as a recruit into any of the armed forces or paramilitary
or a degree holder working as a clerk in an office is greatly underutilized and as such could be
termed as unemployed even when such person is on a job (Asaju, Arome, and Anyio, 2014).
However, the Federal Government over the years has been claiming strong real GDP growth rate
measuring at 6% or 6.5% since 2005 till date. This is apparently a paradox. A situation whereby,
there is a decade of strong real GDP of 6.5% economic growth, and in the same period,
unemployment rate continue to rise annually from 11.9% in 2005 to 19.7% in 2009, and over
37% in 2013%. The apparent economic growth has not lead to economic development. The rate
of poverty is still very high, the industries are still in shambles, technological development is
tillat rudimental stage, income inequality is high, mortality rate and child mortality rate is high,
and in fact, Nigeria development index is still very low (Asaju, Arome, and Anyio, 2014).

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Unemployment according to ILO, is among the biggest threats to social stability in many
countries (including Nigeria), putting the global rate at 12.6% (ILO, 2012). The recent statistic
by the World Bank has put the unemployment rate in Nigeria at 22 percent, while the youth
unemployment rate is 38 percent. It has been shown that the bracket age of 15-35 years olds
account for close to 60 percent of the Nigeria‟s population and 30 percent of the work force, and
approximately 4 million people entered into the labour market every year.

2.1.3 Meaning of unemployment

We may call it with fancy names and give it attachments, but The Lumen Learning Course
(2005) is of the view that Unemployment moreover can also be alluded to as simply joblessness,
a scenario that happens when individuals are without work and are effectively looking for a
business. They further illustrate that amid periods of subsidence, an economy ordinarily
encounters increasing unemployment rates. ‘ Hence we see the numerous proposed causes,
results, and arrangements for unemployment (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). ‘On the
other hand, Chappelow (2020) argues that Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively
searching for employment is unable to find work. Adding that unemployment is often used as a
measure of the health of the economy. Supporting the thought, Mlatsheni and Leibbrandt (2011)
point out the extraordinary prevalence of unemployment and worklessness as perhaps the single
most important contributor to the persistence of social exclusion on a large and momentous
scale. ‘ The term “unemployment” is often misunderstood, it as it includes people who are
waiting to return to a job after being discharged, yet it does not include individuals who have
stopped looking for work in the past four weeks due to various reasons such as leaving work to
pursue higher education, retirement, disability, and personal issues. Also people who are not
actively seeking a job but do want to work are not classified as unemployed

2.1.4 Meaning of Youth Restiveness

Youth restiveness is defined as a sustained protest embarked upon to enforce desired outcome
from a constituted authority by an organized body of youths. Youth restiveness is marked by
violence and disruption of lawful activities in which ever society it occurs. Corroborating this
definition, Institute of Conflict and Peace Resolution (2003) added that to be restive means the
inability to stay still or unwillingness to be controlled, especially because one is bored or not
satisfied with certain decisions, changes and or existing laws considered to be unfavourable. The

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Advocates for the Advancement of Youth Development Initiatives” (AAYDI), best defined anti-
social activities of the youth as, “a sustained protestation embarked upon to enforce a desired
outcome from a constituted authority by a structured or unstructured body of youths.” This fits
the label of “youth restiveness.” It is also “a combination of any action or conduct that
constitutes unwholesome, socially unacceptable activities engaged in by the youths in any
community.” “… it is a phenomenon which in practice has led to: a near breakdown of law and
order, low productivity due to disruption of production activities, increasing crime rate,
intraethnic hostilities, and harassment of prospective developers and other criminal tendencies”
(Administrator, 2012).

2.1.5 Meaning of youth

Someone's youth is the period of their life during which they are a child, before they are a fully
mature adult.Youth is a relational concept because it exists and has meaning largely in relation to
the concept of adulthood. The concept of youth, as idealised and institutionalised (for example in
education systems and welfare organisations in industrialised countries) supposes eventual
arrival at the status of adulthood. If youth is a state of ‘becoming’, adulthood is the ‘arrival’ (see
table 2.1) At the same time, youth is also ‘not adult’, a deficit of the adult state. This dimension
of the concept of youth is evident in the positioning of young people as requiring guidance and
expert attention (fromprofessionals) to ensure that the process of becoming adult is conducted
correctly.Understanding youth as a relational concept brings power relations to the forefront. For
the purposes of our analysis, this is an important dimension in understanding the experiences that
different groups of young people have of growing up,youth is best understood as a period of
transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthood's independence

2.2 Emperical review

2.2.1 Effects of unemployment on youth restiveness

payments, targeted/hired assassinations and other manifestation of organized crimes like

drug/human trafficking that have become unprecedented in our clime. Have we ever wondered
why armed kidnappings seem to have become larger than life in our modern day Nigeria? The
shock however is that Governments at every level in Africa pay lip service to actually providing
workable panacea to these disturbing cases of youths' involvement in violent crimes.

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Unemployment has been identified as one of the major causes of social vices, including armed
robbery, destitution, prostitution, political thuggery, kidnapping and many more. Youth
unemployment in Nigeria is a multi-dimensional problem that needs to be addressed on macro
basis. Youth unemployment poses a risk to national development. The consequence of this
problem, if no major corrective initiatives are taken, could be disastrous for the nation and
continent at large. Youth unemployment has both national and global impacts, notably among
which are increased violence, crime, drug abuse and political instability all of which constitute
restiveness. Desperation can drive many people into living outside the law in order to survive
and as a means of expressing dissatisfaction at the apparent neglect of their very existence.
Therefore, negative consequences of unemployment include poverty, psychological problems of
frustration, depression, hostility, abduction, murder, armed robbery, and all manner of criminal
behaviors causing general insecurity of life and property in Nigeria and Africa in general

The various security challenges been faced by the country have been attributed to
unemployment in many cases. According to the popular maxim, “The idle hand is the devil’s
workshop”; the situation whereby majority of the people are poor and hungry and a lot of youths
are jobless and unemployed, will, doubtlessly, engender high insecurity in the country. Thus,
unemployment has driven many Nigerians into various activities that constitute a threat to the
country’s security. There have been instances in which young graduates were arrested for being
involved in one form of crime or another. Most of these criminal graduates attribute their
involvement in these crimes to the unemployment situation in the country. For instance, the
cover story of The News Magazine (26 September 2011) was captioned “Graduate Bandits on
the Prowl”. According to the report, most of the graduate robbers that were interviewed argued
that they took to crime for lack of job.

2.2.2 Causes of unemployment among youths

Globally, 73 million youth are registered unemployed. Considering how many aren’t registered,
this number is actually much higher. 620 million are currently not in employment, education or
training (NEET), according to the World Bank.Meanwhile, with 600 million young slated to
enter the job market in the next decade – with only 200 million jobs awaiting them – the youth
unemployment crisis is not projected to improve anytime soon.The post-2015 development
agenda is prioritising decent work and economic growth in its Sustainable Development Goal 8,

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but “promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for
all” requires targeted solutions.

Youth unemployment causes

1. Financial crisis

Though the current youth unemployment crisis was not caused by the financial crisis alone, the
recession just made existing problems in labour markets, education systems and other structures
worse.Greece and Spain, for example, were experiencing high youth unemployment years before
the financial downturn, and a sudden surging of economies wouldn’t be enough to put the 74
million unemployed young people to work. Furthermore, the youth unemployment rate is two to
three times higher than the adult rate no matter the economic climate.

The recession did, however, affect the quality and security of jobs available to young people.
Temporary positions, part-time work, zero-hour contracts and other precarious job paths are
often the only way young people can earn money or gain experience these days.

2. Skills mismatch

The skills mismatch is a youth unemployment cause that affects young people everywhere. There
are millions of young people out of school and ready to work, but businesses needs skills these
young people never got. Young people end up experiencing a difficult school-to-work transition,
and businesses are unable to find suitable candidates for their positions.

Similarly, young people who have advanced degrees find themselves overqualified for their jobs,
and many young people are also underemployed, meaning they work fewer hours than they
would prefer. There is an economic as well as a personal cost here: young people are not being
allowed to work to their full potential.

3. Lack of entrepreneurship and lifeskills education

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While the exact cause of the skills mismatch is difficult to pin down, it’s a combination of school
curriculums neglecting vocational, entrepreneurial and employability training in favour of more
traditional academics, poor connections between the private sector and schools to promote
training and work experience and a lack of instruction in how to harness lifeskills most students
already have.

4. Lack of access to capital

Young people who want to make their own jobs by starting businesses often struggle to find
access to affordable loans, or loans in general. This is partially due to a lack of collateral. High
interest rates also make it difficult for young people to repay their loans on time. The World
Bank notes that <1% of loan portfolios of loan providers are directed at those under the age of
30.

5. A digital divide

In some low-income countries, the skills mismatch is compounded by a lack of access to

technology or the internet. If schools are unable to afford the tools to educate young people in the
digital sector, these young people are at a disadvantage in the job market.(peace child 2022)

2.2.3 The damages unemployment has caused among youth

It has in the past been argued by some that although, in general, young people face higher
unemployment rates than their older counterparts, the consequences of joblessness were likely to
be less devastating for this group than for adults, and particularly older adults32The central point
underlying such arguments regard

The damage of Unemployment

The discussion goes further on the issues relating to the effects of youth unemployment.
Hepworth (1980), found that there is adverse consequence of unemployment upon psychological
well being in young people who fail to get job that is regarded by Warr (1983) [12] as a
reduction in psychological well being. In addition, study by Stafford, Jackson & Banks (1980)
reported that after seven month left school, unemployed young British people had more
psychological symptom than employed. Although there are several effects of youth
unemployment, this study will cover the psychological effects asstructured below.

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Self Esteem
The aspect of self-esteem is a crucial element since it is the adolescent’s satisfaction with his or
her identity that must be achieved in the transferable period to adulthood. High self-esteem
means that the individual has self respect and considers him or herself worthy. In contrast, low
self-esteem shows a kind of self-rejection, self-dissatisfaction and self-contempt. Here, the
unemployment experience gives negative impact of young people self-esteem. Furthermore,
failure to get a satisfactory work also prevent individuals to experience developmental career that
lead to increase self-esteem. The study by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth which
measures the self esteem of young people in 1980 while they are in school and in 1987 found
that employed school leavers enjoyed higher self esteem than unemployed. As by possessing
high self esteem, anindividual can feel of independence, autonomy and recognize personal
identity. This kind offeeling is cultivated through employment.b.

Locus of Control

O’Brien & Kabanoff (1979) [2] stated that people who are unemployed for long time seems to
make external causal attributions. They tend to focus on external factors such as economics
recession, government policies and employers as the main factors oftheir unemployment. On the
other hand. Furham (1982) noted that an employed youth used to blame the
unemployedthemselves for the result of unemployment. For example, lack of efforts, lack of
ability, less incentive and less motivation. According to ‘Expectancy-valence Theory’ studied by
Feather and barber (1983) [5] and Feather and Davenport (1981) [6] found that unemployed
individuals who see their unemployment condition as external factors also tend to feel more
depressed. The adverse effect of unemployment among youth is also consistent with recent
Australian findings reported byPatton & Noller (1984) on study ofschool leavers that
unemployed group increased their scores interm of external locus of control.
Depression
There are several studies that measured the depression as the outcome ofyouth unemployment.Fo
instance, the studies by Donovan and Oddy (1982) [4] and Oddy, Donovan and ardoe (1984)
[10] that used Leeds Depression Scale showed that unemployed youth are more depressed
compared to employ youth. Similarly, Pattern and Noller (1984) revealed the depression among
unemployed youngster by using the Beck Depression Inventory in their studies. The motivation

12
to get a job is determine aspect of depression. It is because those who are highly motivated to get
a job will facemore depression compared to those who are less motivated. According to Feather
& Barber (1983)[5], depressed unemployed youth seems to feel that their circumstances are
beyond their control.Banks and Jackson (1982) investigated the effect of unemployment among
two groups of youthfound that depression increased for those who are unemployed and decrease
for those who getemployed. In addition, higher level of work commitment tends to increase the
level of depressionamong young people. It may occur when the youth can not develop a sense of
personalcompetence and skills.

Mood States

There were significant differences between employed and unemployed young in term of
moodstates. An unemployed youth express them as easily get bored, lonely, angry with self,
angry atsociety and helpless. For instance, the study by Kosky (1980) about twelve school
leavers who fail to get a job, tend to get angry. They felt unfairly treated, let down and powerless
to do anything to change the condition of their lives. Tiggermann and Winefield (1980) [11]
found that the unemployed youth simply feel lonely as a consequence of their unemployment.
Furthermore,feeling of anger towards society and loneliness could be regarded as predisposing
elements to unemployment. However, some effects focus to one sex. In the aspects of boredom
and helplessness, unemployed young females tend to express these feelings compared to males.
In addition, females also showed the feeling ofsadness due to the unemployment

Helplessness
According to the learned helplessness theory proposed by Abramson et. al (1978) [1] noted
thatunemployment could produce learned helplessness in the case where the unemployed
individualswho have worked previously, failed continually to find a new one. In this situation,
they inspired abelief that it is not the consequence of their own behaviour that the reason they got
employedbefore. Universal helplessness occurs when an unemployed youth attribute causes
ofunemployment as external causes such as economic recession, labour market and
employerdiscrimination. The attribution to external factor among unemployed youth produced
hostile andaggressive behaviour towards society. They tend to blame society because oftheir
unemployment.In addition, unemployed youth have low expectation of getting success, low level
of motivation,less commited to work and high level of depressive affect. They are suffered from

13
motivational,cognitive and emotional disturbance. Lack of motivation prevents them from taking
appropriateaction to resolve the situation. Cognitive deficit will lead them to refuse in learning
new knowledge or skill that has possibility of success. Where as, emotional disturbance will
influence unemployed youth to have depressive affect.unemployment duration. It is plausible
tosuggest that the adverse consequences of unemployment increase more than
proportionatelywith the duration of the spell. Material hardship, physiological and psychological
damage dueto unemployment are all likely to increase rapidly with duration (Fagin & Little,
1984, Smith1987)33

2.2.4 solution to unemployment among youths.

Education and training programmes

Initiatives or extracurricular instruction that target the skills gap can focus on anything from
employability skills to job hunting and interviewing to entrepreneurship to vocational education
(including opportunities in the green economy). Ideally, in the future, these kinds of education
will be embedded into national curricula, tackling the skills gap.Examples of training
programmes include our Work the Change initiative and Be the Change Academies, which
provide young people with the skills they need to succeed in their careers.

. Youth access to capital

For young people keen to get start-ups funded, they don’t have to rely on banks alone.
Crowdfunding sites like Kiva.org and networks like Youth Business International give young
people all over the world the chance to get the support they need to build their enterprises and
increase their incomes. With more programmes like these being created every day, the future is
getting brighter for aspiring entrepreneurs.

. Universal internet access and greater availability of cheap tech

With programmes like Facebook’s Internet.org working towards free internet access to key sites
and Computer Aid providing IT education across 32 countries, this solution to the digital divide
is coming along. However, infrastructure development (electrical grids, etc.) is obviously key to
this goal. As lower-income nations develop these sectors, the digital divide will continue to be
bridged.

14
. Skills matching

The private sector, government and education systems need to start collaborating to determine
what knowledge and skills young people should be taught in order to find rewarding work.
Considering businesses are suffering from the skills mismatch, too, they need to take a more
active role in promoting appropriate education and skill-building for young people from an early
age.

Representatives from HR can provide career advice and give advice on job hunting, too. Social
enterprise initiatives and non-profits are helping facilitate these connections, as are schools
individually. However, wider efforts to involve the private sector in education are needed.
(Ademolekun2010)

First the Nigeria Government must play its constitutional role by creating enabling
socioeconomic and political environment including the provision of infrastructure to make
industrial climate investment friendly. This will encourage investors to invest and there by create
jobs in order to absorb the unemployed youths. Recently, the minister of Youth Development,
Senator Akinlabi Olasunkanmi undertook a facility tour of the eight standard Youth
Development Centers being constructed by the Nigerian Government across the country. A pet
project that will massively equip the youth with useful trade and entrepreneurial skills in
Automobile, Agricultural production and processing, integrated science clinic, computer and
information technology among other. Nigeria and Africa with massive natural and mineral
resources is important and strategic members of the global community that needed
understanding, patience, and support towards the socio-economic development of the
continent.According to Ayinde (2008), the implementation ofthe United Nations Credit Unit
Programs in Africa has the potentials to create 38,000 jobs in the agricultural sector within a
year: 50,000 skilled and unskilled jobs in the real estate project, the pharmaceutical project will
absorb over 1000 pharmacists and marketers. More so, the Credit Unit will partner with African
Universities for the training of Nigeria and African youths as credit professionals, sponsor
seminars and conferences. On conflict prevention and resolutions based on our new approach on
peace advocacy. convinced that the current efforts of UN to enforce the operations of United
Nationa Credit Unit in Africa will complement and strengthen the efforts of African
Governments.

15
2.3 Conceptual model of unemployment and youth restiveness

unemployment youth restiveness

crimes student unrest

graduates bandits poverty

murder religion fundamentalism

depression ethnic nationalism

abduction and hostility agitations

Breakdown of law
and order

Criminal tendencies

Increase crimes rate

Source; research work 2024

16
2.4 Theoretical Framework
This research will be situated within the ambit of the Relative Deprivation theory. Relative
Deprivation theory was propounded by a sociologist, Samuel A Stouffer in 1949. The theory
relates to the idea that feelings of deprivation are related to a desired point of reference. Feeling
of deprivation arises when desires become a legitimate expectation and those desires are blocked
by society. Social Satisfaction is the opposite of relative deprivation. The relative deprivation
emphasized the lack of resources to sustain diet, lifestyle and amenities that an individual or
group are accustomed to or that are widely approved or encouraged in the society to which they
belong. Measuring relative deprivation allows an objective comparism between the situation of
individual or group compared to the rest of society. It also emphasized individual experience or
discontent when being deprived of something to which one believes one is entitled to. However,
emphasizing the perspective of the individual makes objective measurement problematic. The
theory is used in social science to describe the feelings or measures of economic, political or
social deprivation that are relative. It is extricably link to social exclusion. It has important
consequences for both behaviour or attitudes, including feelings of stress, political attitude and
participation in social action. The Assumption of the deprivation theory is that people who are
deprived of things deemed valuable in society, whether money, justice, status or privileges join
social movement with the hope of redressing grievances. Improved conditions fuels human
desires for even better conditions, and thus sparks revolution. It is important to look at relative
deprivation based on the evaluation of what they think they should have compare to what they
actually have. Relative deprivation is what people think they should have relative to what is
given to them, or even compared with their own past and perceived future. Feeling of deprivation
is relative as they come from a comparism of social norms that are not absolute but differ from
time to time. It may be temporal, i.e, it can be experienced by people that experience expansion
of right or wealth, followed by stagnation or reversal of those gains. Such conditions are also

17
known as unfulfilled rising expectation. The researcher adopted relative deprivation theory as the
framework which is most suitable in this study. The assumption of the Relative Deprivation
theory is that denial of expected goal creates frustration, which in turn, leads to aggressive
response usually directed against those reputed to be causing the frustration. According to
proponents of this theory, where expectation does not meet attainment, the tendency is for people
to confront those they hold responsible for frustrating their ambitions. Relative Deprivation
theory therefore, sees conflict as the outcome of deprivation and frustration of groups in society
vis-à-vis other groups; that is, what one should get relative to what others whom one identifies as
one’s peers or equal are getting. It is obvious that the basic assumptions of Relative Deprivation
theory are similar to that of Frustration – Aggression and Human Need Theories. Some of the
scholars who have written on Relative Deprivation theory are Gurr (1970), Feierabends et al
(1969), Davies (1962), Berkowitz (1962), Yates (1962), Dowse and Hughes (1972), Lupsha
(1971), Skocpol (1971), Anifowose (1982), Faleti (2005) among others. The main explanation
that Relative Deprivation theory provides is that aggression is not just undertaken as a natural
reaction or instinct as realists and biological theories assume, but thatit is the outcome of
deprivation and that in a situation where the legitimate desires of an individual is denied either
directly or indirect consequence of the way the society is structured, the feeling of
disappointment may lead such a person to express his anger through violence that will be
directed at those he holds responsible or people who are directly or indirectly related to them
(Faleti, 2005). This is why Ted Robert Gurr who is regarded as the founding father of Relative
Deprivation Theory argued that “the greater the discrepancy, however marginal, between what is
sought and what seem attainable, the greater will be the chances that anger and violence will
result” (Gurr, 1970:24).

2.5 Gap in literature

Adekunle(2011) research on youth restiveness suggest that Innocent people and most recently
the insurgence in NorthEast, militancy in the Niger Delta and marauding attack by
Fulani’sherdsmen across the country.” There is usually a state of anarchy,destruction of lives and
properties when youths are not satisfied. At this stage, the actions of the youths are regarded as
criminal in nature because their expressions are usually violent and disrupt law and order as well
as various activities in the societies(layi 2010). In most cases, it takes the use of force such as

18
involving the police to keep the violence of the youths in check.The era of oil boom in the Niger
Delta region was the point where youths felt that they should be involved in the oil
industriesbecause the industry had facilities in their various communities. This left the oil
companies handicap as a lot of them do not have thenecessary qualifications, skills and
knowledge to get employed in the oil industry. Nevertheless, they refused to direct their focus to
otherareas of self employment such as agriculture and other empowerment programmes. The
focus on the monies paid to the few community youths employed in the area was what gave them
hope that all will beemployed and played same. Due to lack of enlightenment,
exposure,education and knowledge, they failed to realize that the oil industry cannot
accommodate all especially those without skills andknowledge.The inability of Nigeria youths to
adjust to their environment,crave for wealth and lust for recognition are problems they
areconfronted with. Hence, the youths have become involved inkidnapping, vandalization of oil
pipelines, increase rate of armed robbery, bomb attacks, thuggery, murder, destruction of
properties,increased insecurity and crude oil theft (bunkering) to mention but few.

A sustained protestation embarked upon to enforce a desired outcome from a constituted

authority by an organised body of youths, fits the label of youth restiveness. It is also a
combination of any action or conduct that constitutes unwholesome, socially unacceptable
activities engaged in by the youths in any community.It is a phenomenon which in practice has
led to a near breakdown of law and order, low productivity due to disruption of production
activities, increasing crime rate, intra-ethnic hostilities, and harassment of prospective developers
and other criminal tendencies.Becca 2007 reported in his research that The scourge has been
around for a long time and it looks as though it is defying solutions. Maybe the question that
needs to be asked is what is truly responsible for this expression of dissatisfaction by the youth?
Have their complaints over the years not been heard or attended to? Is there more to the killings
and destruction than just drawing attention to the needs they want met? Are the youths trying to
draw society’s attention to themselves more than the issues they appear to be fronting? These
and more are the questions we would try to tackle head on today.

19
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the research design ,study Area,study population,sample size and sampling
technique,research instrument,validity of instruments, reliability of instruments,data collection
and method of data analysis

3.2. Research Design.

The research method to be used for this study will be descriptive research using simple survey
design.Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to answer research question raised
in the study.

3.3. Population Of The Study.

The population of the study will comprise the residents of Ibarapa East local government Area.

3.4. Sample and Sampling Techniques.

The researcher choose to adopt simple random sampling technique.

Therefore the total population will be splinted into ten subgroups and sample size for the work
will be 100 in total

3.5. Method of data collection

The study employed both primary and secondary mode of data collection .the primary sources of
data was derived mainly from questionnaire while the secondary sources of data for this research
work includes intensive library research and analysis of achival aimed at obtaining information

20
from documents such as words available in the library under study ,textbooks,journals
newspaper,articles and internet materials.

3.6 Source of Data

The study will use primary data which were both qualitative and quantitative-Qualitative data
will be collected, analyzed, interpreted by observing what people do a d say while quanlitative
data (Ngechu 2006) Open ended questions will be used to gather qualitative data while closed-
ended questions will be used to Capture quantitative information and also secondary sources like
newspaper,journal, internet.

3.7 Research Instruments.

The researchers proposed to make use of a self constructed questionnaire comprises of two
sections A And B, sections A will elicit responses on personal bio data of the respondents while
section B will consist of twenty (20) self structured research questions on impact of
unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local Government.

secondary sources like internet, thesis, journals will be additional instruments for the research.

3.8 Administration of Research Instrument

The Research Instrument will be administered to the residents of Ibarapa East local government
Area,Oyo state..

3.9. Validity and reliability Of Instruments

In order to validate the research instruments, the instruments will be given to the supervisors in
the department for amendment and final validation..

3.10.Method of data Analysis

frequency counts and simple percentage method of analysis will be used to analyze the bio
data(section A of the questionnaire ) of the respondents while chi-square statistical method of
analysis will be use to analyze the respondents in section B of the questionnaire in the next
chapter.

21
 CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the results of the study, interpretation and discussions on the
unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local government of Oyo, The study
involved participation of one hundred and five (105) respondents from Ibarapa East Local
Government council of Oyo .The design for the study was descriptive survey thus it was used to
examine unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo
state. Results were presented and analyzed, while the simple percentages method was adopted to
test the research hypothesis. The presentation of analyzed data is based on the objectives of the
study which were;

(a) To show the efffect of unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local Government
Area of Oyo state

(b) To identify the cause of unemployment among youths of Ibarapa central local government

(c) To show the damages unemployment has caused among youth in Ibarapa central local
government

(d) To profer a way forward to unemployment among youths in Ibarapa central local government
area of Oyo state

4.1 Analysis and interpretation of research question

Table 4.1:1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Questions

22
DETAILS NUMBER

Questionnaire printed 105

Questionnaire distributed 105

Questionnaire returned 105

Questionnaire returned and dully filled 100

Percentage of questionnaire dully filled and returned 95%

Total questionnaire 105

Source: From field research, 2023

4.1.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Questions

Table 4.1.1 shows the analysis of questionnaire distributed. It is seen that 105 questionnaire was
printed and distributed,the 105 was returned and out of the 105 pieces of Questionnare 100 was
fully filled and returned given a return rate of 95 %.thus the analysis is based on the
questionnaire returned and fully filled

Table 4.1.1 responce on youth goes into prostitution and armed robbery due to unemployment=
(100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 94 94%

Strongly Disagree 06 06%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source; fieldwork 2023

Table 4.1.2 above shows the responce on youth goes into prostitution and armed robbery due to
unemployment, 94 of the Respondents representing 94 percent Strongly , and which 06

23
respondents representing 06% strongly Disagree to this Statement. This above table reveals that
youth with no job will found interest in robbery and prostitution

Table 4.1.2 responce on drug abuse and thuggery are paramount in Ibarapa East Local
Government Area as a result of youth joblessness n= (100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 92 92%

Strongly Disagree 08 08%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source; fieldwork 2023

Table 4.1.3 above shows that 92 respondents representing 92 % strongly agree that drug abuse
and thuggery are paramount in Ibarapa East Local Government Area due to youth joblessness 8
respondents representing 8% strongly Disagree,this implies that youth joblessness has caused
drug abuse and thuggery among youth in Ibarapa East local government.

Table 4.1.3 responce on unemployment causes redundancy among youth in Ibarapa East Local
government n= (100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 88 88%

Strongly Disagree 10 10%

No idea 02 02

Total 100 100%

Source; fieldwork 2023

24
Table 4.1.3 above shows that 88 respondents representing 88 % strongly agree that
unemployment causes redundancy among youth in Ibarapa East Local Government 10
respondents representing 10% strongly Disagree, 02 respondents representing 2% didn't decide
this implies that redundancy is one of the effects of unemployment among youths of Ibarapa East
Local Government.

Table 4.1.4 responce on youth unemployment leads to brain drain migration of people from the
country to another country n=(100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 92 92%

Strongly Disagree 06 06%

No idea 02 02%

Total 100 100%

Source; fieldwork 2023

Table 4.1.4 above shows that 92 respondents representing 92 % strongly agree that
unemployment leads to brain drain migration from country to another country 6 respondents
representing 6% strongly Disagree,2 respondents representing 2% didn't decide ,this indicates
that youth of Ibarapa tends to leave Ibarapa East for greenere pasture in abroad countries as a
result of unemployment.

Table 4.1 5 responce on causes of unemployment among youth in Ibarapa East Local
Government Area of Oyo state n=100

25
S/N Responses Strongly Strongly No Idea Total
Agree Disagree

1 Poor Academic qualifications 82 18 - 100

among youths
(82%) 100

2 Lack of financial capacity to start 92 08 _ 100

Thier own employment
(92%) (08%) 100%

3 Lack of enterprenuership skill 90 10 _ 100

among youths in Ibarapa East
(90%) (10%) 100%
local government

4 Changing and advancement of 74 24 02 100

technological level
(74%) (24%) (02%) 100%

Source : research field 2023.

26
 Responce on causes of unemployment among youth in Ibarapa East
Local Government Area of Oyo state n=100

95 92
90

85 82

75 74

65

55

45

Strongly agree
35
strongly disagree
26 no idea
25
18
15
10
8
5

Poor Academic Lack of financial Lack of enter- Changing and

qualifications capacity to start prenuership advancement of
among youths Thier own em- skill among technological
ployment youths in level
Ibarapa East lo-
cal government

Strongly 82 92 90 74
agree
strongly dis- 18 8 10 26
agree
no idea 0 0 0 0

Table 4.1.5 and chart shows responces on causes of unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East
Local Government Area of Oyo state,it is seen that 82 respondents representing 82% strongly

27
agree that poor Academic qualifications among youths causes unemployment in Ibarapa East
Local Government 18 respondents representing 18% strongly Disagree.this implies that poor
Academic qualifications causes unemployment in Ibarapa East Local Government,also the table
shows responces that lack of financial capacity to start Thier own employment causes
unemployment 92 respondents representing 92% strongly agree 08 respondents representing
08% strongly Disagree and thus implies that youth of Ibarapa East lack finance to start Thier
own employment and this as result to unemployment in Ibarapa East Local Government,also the
table shows that 90 respondents representing 90% strongly Agreed that lack of enterprenuership
skill among youths in Ibarapa East Local Government also a cause of unemployment 10
respondents representing 10% strongly Disagree,this implies that enterprenuership skill is a
major criteria to be self emoloyed in ,and lack of this skill as resulted to unemployment in
Ibarapa East local government,also from the table 74 respondents representing 74% strongly
agree that changing and advancement of technological will simulate increase in unemployment
24 resoondents representing 24% strongly Disagree while the rest 02 respondents representing
02% didnt decide. This implies that Ibarapa youth are not familiar with the changing and
advancement of technology and this is a major cause of unemployment in Ibarapa East Local
Government.

Table 4.1.6 responce on damages of unemployment has caused among youths in Ibarapa East
Local Government n=(100)

1 Inferiority complex among youths as Frequency Percentage

a consequence of unemployment

Strongly Agree
86 86
Strongly Disagree
10 10
No idea
04 04

28
2 Depression among youths

Strongly Agree 94 94

Strongly Disagree 04 04

No idea 02 02

3 Emotional disturbance ,psychological

imbalance

Strongly Agree
74 74
Strongly Disagree
24 24
No idea
02 02

4 Tend to get angry and less motivated

in changing present condition

Strongly agree
70 70
Strongly disagree
22 22
No idea
08 08

TOTAL 100 100%

Source : research field 2023

29
 Response on damages of unemployment has caused among youths in Ibarapa
East Local Government n=(100)

95 94

86
85

75 74
70

65

55

45
strongly agree
strongly disagree
35 no idea

25 24
22

15
10
8
5 4 4
2 2

Inferiority com- Depression among Emotional distur- Tend to get angry

plex among youths bance ,psychologic and less motivated
youths as a con- al imbalance in changing
sequence of un- present condition
employment

strongly agree 86 94 74 70
strongly dis- 10 4 24 22
agree
no idea 4 2 2 8

Table 4.1 .6 and chart shows responces on the damages of unemployment caused among youth in
Ibarapa East Local Government,it is seen that 86 respondents representing 86% strongly Agreed
that unemployment has caused inferiority complex among youths in Ibarapa East Local

30
Government,10 respondents representing 10% strongly disagree and 04 respondents representing
04 % didn't decide .this implies that youth of Ibarapa East lost motivation among self and trust in
oneself due to the hit of unemployment,the table shows that 94 respondents representing 94%
strongly Agreed that unemployment has caused depression among Ibarapa youth 4 respondents
representing 4% strongly disagree 2 respondents representing 2% didn't decide,this shows that
unemployment has caused depression among youth of Ibarapa East Local Government.also the
table shows that unemployment has caused emotional disturbance and psychological imbalance
74 respondents representing 74% strongly Agreed 24 resoondents representing 24% strongly
disagree 2 respondents representing 2% didn't decide ,from this findings .it ahows that
depression and emotional disturbance and psychological imbalance in ibarapa east was issues
caused by joblessness among youths in Ibarapa East Local Government.finally the tavle shows
resoonce that youth tends to get angry and less motivated as a result of unemployment 70
respondents representing 70% dtrongly agreed 22 respondents representing 22% strongly
disagree 8 respondents representing 8% didn't decide .this implies that youth of Ibarapa East get
angry easily and lost morale in shanging present condition due to Thier unemployed condition.

Table4.1.7 responceon introduction of government initiative and training programmesn=(100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 74 74%

Strongly Disagree 26 26%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source;fieldwork2023

Table4.1.7 aboveshowsthat 74 respondentsrepresenting 74 %stronglyagreethat introduction of

government initiative and training programmes to tackle unemployment
26respondentsrepresenting 26%stronglyDisagree, this implies that introducing government
initiatives and programmes will curb unemployment in Ibarapa East Local Government

31
Table4.1.8 responceon Enterprenuership skills should be taken as a course of study in college
n=100

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 90 90%

Strongly Disagree 10 10%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source;fieldwork2023

Table4.1.8 above shows that 90 respondents representing 90 % strongly agree,10 respondents

representing 10%strongly Disagree,this implies that when enterprenuership skills are introduced
in schools and college will decrease the rate of unployment

Table4.1.9 responceon provision of financial Assistance among able bodies n=(100)

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 80 80%

Strongly Disagree 20 20%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source;fieldwork2023

Table4.1.9 above shows that 80 respondents representing 80% strongly agree,20 respondents
representing 20% strongly Disagree, this implies that access to financial assistance will decrease
the level of unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East Local Government.

32
Table4.1.10 response on Availability of cheap technology to upgrade technological skills n=100

Responces Frequency Percentage

Strongly Agree 76 76%

Strongly Disagree 24 24%

No idea -

Total 100 100%

Source;fieldwork2023

Table4.1.10 above shows that 76 respondents representing 76 %strongly agree that availability
of cheap technology to upgrade technological skills ,24 respondents representing 24%strongly
Disagree,this implies that old technological tools are found in Ibarapa East Local Government
and availability of funds to upgrade this technology will increase technological skills and curb
the growth of unemployment in Ibarapa East Local Government.

33
4.2 Test of hypothesis

Simple percentage method is going to be adopted for the use of hypothesis testing

Formular

Y/N * 100/n

Y= number of response

Sn= sample size

In testing hypothesis tables in section A will be selected

S/ Tables in section A Strongly Strongly No idea Total

N agree disagree

1 Tables 4.1.1 96 06 00 100

2 Tables 4.1.2 92 08 00 100

3 Tables 4.1.3 88 10 02 100

4 Tables 4.1.4 92 06 02 100

Total 366 30 04 400

1.calculate the number of response

2.divide by total population

3 multiply by 100

Determinant of strongly agree =366*100/400=91.5

34
Determinant of strongly disagree = 30*100/400=7.5

Determinant for No idea = 100*4/400=1

DECISION RULE

Since 91.5 of respondents replied true that there is a significant relationhip between
unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local Government and 7.5 % replies
strongly Disagree and 1% didn't decided ,thus we reject the null hypothesis and Accept that
there is a significance effect of unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local
Government.

4.3 General Discussion of findings.

This Section Discuss findings According to Obtained Specific Objectives of this study The First
objective was to examine the Effect of unemployment In barapa east Local government ,the
study Found that Unemployment with youth will Found Interest in Robbery and prostitution and
Youth Unemployment has caused drug Abuse and Thuggery Among Youth As result of
unemployment, the Study Also Found that One of the effect of unemployment and with These,
Youth of Ibarapa tends to Leave For a Better place,The Second objective is to Examine causes of
unemployment Among Youth In Ibarapa East Local Government, the study found that poor
Academic qualifications Among youths, Lack of Entrepreneur needed and changing in
technology are causes of unemployment in ibarapa east local government as Corroborated with
the view In literature Review

The third Objective was to Examine Damaged unemployment Has Caused Among Youth in
Ibarapa East local government it is found that Youth of Ibarapa East lost Motivation Effect and
trust in oneself due to the of Unemployment, the Study Also found that unemployment has
caused depression among youths and Caused Emotional Disturbance,the study also found that
Youth of Ibarapa tends to get Angry Easily and violent Due to Morale Lost and toward changing
present Condition of their unemployment state.

35
The Fourth Objective is to profer a way Forward to Unemployment Among youths in Ibarapa
east Local Government The Study found out that introducing initiative programmes And training
will Curb unemployment ,also the study found that when enterprenuership skills are Introduced
in college and schools will decrease rate of unemployment, Also the study found that provision
of access to financial loan and assistance will decrease the level of unemployment among youths
in Ibarapa East Local government and Thier should be increase in technological skills through
availability of funds to upgrade this technology,

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of findings

36
The purpose of the study was to Examine the Unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa
East Local Government Area of Oyo state. the objective were to Examine the effect of
unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state,to
investigate the causes of unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East Local Government Area
of Oyo state,to examine the damages unemployment has caused among youth in Ibarapa East
Local Government Area of Oyo state and to profer a way forward to unemployment among
youths in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state The entire study was Carried out in
Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state, simple random Sampling was used to select
100 Respondents. The data obtained through the use of questionnaire was Analyzed using
quantitative and qualitative Means using percentages, General Statements Hypothesis was
tested with Simple percentage Method and the Null Hypothesis Was Rejected to show That there
is Significant relationship Between unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local
Government Area of Oyo state

5.2 Conclusion

The Study has provided information’s on Unemployment and youth restiveness in Ibarapa East
Local Government Area of Oyo ,Conclusively the study revealed that unemployment has a
positive relationship with youth restiveness in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo
state.Youth restiveness should not be taken likely as it has constituted fear, torments, insecurity
and uncertainty in the lives of Nigerians. The restiveness of youth has promoted conflicts and has
affected the peaceful coexistence of citizens as well as foreigners. The development of the
country has been crippled by destructions of properties. The involvement of youths in criminal
activities has further enhanced conflict and insecurity. Poor governmental policies, lack of job
opportunities, poor standard of living, inadequate education system, poor infrastructural
facilities, lack of information among others have been identified in this research work as reasons
for youth restiveness. This problem has effected all in the society as the situation is
disheartening. The attempt of government and non-governmental organization to handle this
restiveness needs to be improved and new strategies to solve these oblivious problems need to be
analyzed and adopted for social peace to exist. The authorities in the state should endeavour to
provide lasting solutions to these problems by introducing futuristic and practical strategies that
will help curb dissatisfaction, marginalization and discrimination of youth. The national interest

37
and needs of youths and other members of the society in conformity with the laws of the country
should be met.Also, the need to engage the youths in gainful employment and empowering youth
effectively should be necessitated. This will help in proffering solutions to some of the problems
being experienced in the society. Nevertheless, parents, guardians and teachers also should play
significant roles in educating, enlightening, guiding and protecting our youths. All members of
the society and government should eradicate selfish desires and work towards attaining public
peace. The idea of this study is to give the understanding that once the causes of an unpalatable
situation like youth restiveness has been identified, analyzed and controlled, only then can peace,
progress, development and growth accomplished.

5.3 Recommendations

The study has analyzed the causes and effects of youth restiveness. Therefore, for peace,
meaningful progress and development to be achieved, the following recommendations are
required to curb youthrestiveness:

Government should create job opportunities for its citizens. In Nigeria, there is the need for
government and citizens to engage in local productions of goods. This will lead to building of
industries and attracting manpower.

Effective and meaningful empowerment programmes should also be adopted in the state so that
those that could not be employed by government, private and nongovernmental organizations
can be self-employed. This attainment of free qualitative education in Nigeria will help improve
the reasoning capacities of her citizens. In essence, there will be proper dissemination of
information that will promote peace or ensure a state of tranquillity.

The government of countries, Nigeria in particular should make favourable polices in the
distribution of national resources. This will help eradicate marginalization, oppression, neglect
and underdevelopment.Policies to prevent religious, political and ethnic crisis should be made
and adhered to strictly.

Generally, there should be proper implementation of law that will cater for the prevention of the
cases and effect of youth restiveness. Lectures, workshops and seminars should be organized for
the youths to educate, enlighten and expose them they will not be used by miscreant for selfish
interest.

38
The educated citizens should through interaction and socialization help to enlighten and
influence the ideas of the uneducated ones in the society, rather than it being the other way
round. Corruption in Nigeria should be curbed so that misappropriate and embezzlement of funds
can be stopped. The government agencies such as the Economic and Financial Crime
Commission (EFCC), responsible for ensuring the prevention of misappropriation and
embezzlement of funds in Nigeria should be properly equipped to encourage them in performing
their task effectively. Monies meant for development will then be used appropriately. Such
actions will encourage stability in the country.

Government should work earnestly towards curbing poverty by directing their attention to
adopting functional alleviation programmes that will help the masses to have good standard of
living. The use of rewards and punishments by parents, academic and vocational institutions,
government, private and nongovernment organizations can serve as checks to the attitudes and
behaviour of youths.Government should endeavour that the composition of political parties and
the processes involved in elections do not involve the use of hoodlums and thugs as youths are
usually found within this group. Those seen as hoodlums and thugs should be rehabilitated. Any
violence from such groups, her members should follow the due process of the law. There should
be well established rehabilitation centres in the country to help redirect the youths and make
them understand the standards expected of them as citizens

APPENDIX

OYO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, IGBOORA.

Dear Respondent,

39
 The questionnaire is specially designed to gather relevant information on unemployment and youth
restiveness in Ibarapa East local government Area of Oyo state.you are therefore enjoined to go through
the items carefully and supply most appropriate and honest response to the statement, your
information. Would be treated confidentially and used for this purpose of the research thank you:

Tick from the box below to indicate your responce : Strongly Agree =SA, Strongly Disagree=SD,No
Idea= NI

Section 1: Effect of unemployment on youth restiveness in Ibarapa East local government Area of Oyo
state.

SN SA SD NI
1. Youth goes into prostitution and armed robbery due to unemployment

2. Drug abuse and thuggery are paramount in Ibarapa East local

government as a result of joblessness of youths

3. Unemployment causes redundancy among youth of Ibarapa East local

government

4. Youth unemployment leads to brain drain.migration of people from Thier

country to other Country.

Section 2: causes of unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East local government areas of Oyo state

SN SA SD NI

1. Poor academic qualification among youths

2. Lack of financial capacity to start Thier own employment

3. Lack of enterprenueural skills among youth in Ibarapa East local

government areas of Oyo state

4. Changing and advancement of technological level

40
Section 3 The damages unemployment has caused among youth in Ibarapa East local government
areas of Oyo state

SN SA SD NI

1. Inferiority complex among youth as a consequence of unemployment

2. Depression among youth

3. Emotional disturbance,psychological imbalance

4. Tends to get angry and less motivated in changing Thier present

conditions

Question 4 : Way forward to unemployment among youths in Ibarapa East local government
areas of Oyo state

SN SA SD NI

1. Introduction of government initiatives and trainning programmes

2. Enterprenueural trainning should be taken in the course of study in

colleges

3. Provision of financial assistance among able bodies

4. Availability of cheap tech to upgrade technological skills

THANK YOU

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