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IHD202 01 Introduction

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9 views33 pages

IHD202 01 Introduction

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mahmoodtareq147
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering

Irrigation and Hydraulics Department

Irrigation and Drainage Engineering


2nd Year Civil

Prepared By

Prof. Dr. Kamal ElDin M. Soliman


February 2017 1
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction.

CHAPTER 2 : River Nile & Irrigation System in Egypt.

CHAPTER 3 : Soil-Water-Plant Relationships.

CHAPTER 4 : Evapotranspiration & Irrigation Scheduling.

CHAPTER 5 : Field Irrigation Methods.

CHAPTER 6 : Land Drainage.


CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Hydrological (Water) Cycle
Hydrological Cycle Components:

P : Precipitation.
E : Evaporation.
T : Transpiration.
ET : Evapotranspiration.
I : Infiltration = E+T
GW: Groundwater.
R : Runoff.
Water Cycle for the Earth :
Water Cycle for the Earth :
Incident Precipitation over Land = 72 cm
Average Evaporation from Land = 41 cm
Average Runoff from land to Oceans = 31 cm
Incident Precipitation over Oceans =112 cm
Average incident Precipitation = 72x0.0.3+ 112x0.7
= 100 %
Average Precipitation plus Runoff in goes to Oceans
= 112 + 31x0.3/0.7
= 125 cm
Average Evaporation = 41x0.3 + 125x0.7
= 100 %
Precipitation = Evaporation
Notes

1. Runoff from Land = 31x100/72 = 43 % from


the precipitation over land.

2. Evaporation from Land = 41x100/72 = 57 %


from the precipitation over land.

3. Lakes and rivers have 270 x 1012 m3/yr

4. Egypt share = 55.5 x 109 m3 which is about


0.02% of the world fresh water.
Water Budget Equation:

P + R1 + G1 = ET + RO + GO + DSm + DSg

DS = DSm + DSg

DR = RO - R 1

DG = GO – G1

P = ET + DR + DG + DS
Overall Water Use

Water Water
Sector
Withdrawals Consumption

Agriculture 66 % 93 %

Industry 20 % 4%

Domestic use 10 % 3%

Evaporation
4%
from reservoirs
Irrigation and Drainage
Irrigation:

It is an artificial mean of water application to


soil to ensure enough moisture essential for
plant life.

Drainage:

It is an artificial mean of removal of excess


groundwater or subsurface from the root zone.
Rainfed Versus Irrigated Agriculture:

Regions P (mm/yr) Irrigation Drainage

Humid 1500 - 2000 Forests ------

Semi-Humid 1000 - 1500 Rainfed May be

Semi-Arid 500 - 1000 Supplementary May be

Arid 250 - 500 Irrigation May be

Desert < 250 Irrigation May be


Cultivated Versus Irrigated Areas:

Country Cultivated Area Irrigated Area %


(million feddans) (million feddans)

Egypt 8.1 7.8 96

Japan 14.5 8 55

France 77 6 8

China 275 130 47

USA 300 30 10
Units:

Item Abbreviation Dimension


Length L Cm, m, km
Area A m2 , ha, feddan, km2
Water depth d mm, Cm, m
Time T Seconds (sec), minutes (min),
hours (hr)
Evapo- ET mm/day
transpiration
Precipitation P mm/day
Velocity V m/sec
Discharge Q m3 /sec, m3 /hr
Example 1

In a given year, a 25000 kmi2 watershed received


500 mm of precipitation. The average rate of flow
measured in the river draining the area was found to
be79.3 m3/s. Make a rough estimate of the
combined amounts of water evaporated and
transpired from the region during the year of record.

Solution:
A = 25000 km2 = 25000x106 m2
P = 500 mm/yr , R = 79.3 m3/sec
The water budget equation can be written as;

ET = P – DR- DG - DS

ET = P – R- G – S

There is no information about the change in groundwater


and storage. Therefore, one can assume that DG and DS
are equal to zero. Thus the water budget equation can be
rewritten as follows;

ET = P – DR = P - R
R = 79.3x24x60x60x365x1000/(25000x106)
=100 mm

Then; ET = 500 – 100 = 400 mm

Note that
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 mi2 = (5280)2 ft
1 mi2 = 2.589 km2
1 feddan = 4200 m2
Water Resources
1. Traditional Water Resources:
a. Rainfall.
b. Rivers or Streams.
c. Groundwater

i- Unconfined Aquifer.
Ii- Confined Aquifer.
2.Non-Traditional Water Resources:

a. Reuse of Agriculture Drainage Water.


b. Reuse of Waste Water.
c. Desalination.
Water Quality

Item Fresh Brackish Saline

TDS (ppm) 1000-1500 1500-3000 >3000

TDS : Total dissolved Solids


ppm : Parts per million.
1 mmhos = 640 ppm
Irrigation Water Delivery System in Egypt

Water Conveyance:
1. Canals.
2. Drains.
Structures:
1.Dam and Reservoir.
2.Barrages/regulators.
3.Bridges and Culverts.
4.Syphoms and Aqueducts.
5.Escapes.
6. Weirs.
7.Pumping Stations.
8.Locks.
Water Conveyance:

1. Canals.
2. Drains.
Structures
Barrage and Regulators
Cross & Head Regulators:
To control D.S Flow and
Water Levels.
Bridges and Culvert:
Bridge: It is an structure
constructed at the point
where a road crosses a
big waterway.

Culvert: It is a structure
constructed at the point
where a road crosses a
canal or a drain.
Syphon: It is an
irrigation structure
constructed at the
point where a
canal or a drain
crosses another
canal or a drain

Aqueduct: It is an irrigation structure constructed at the point


where a canal crosses a drain to carry the canal discharge over
the drain.
Weirs: It is an irrigation structure constructed at the point
where a difference in land levels (U.S & D.S.) is found.

Fayoum weir

Stepped weir

When U.S.-D.S.
> 1.5m
Lock (‫) الهويس‬:
To allow for the movement of
boats across the Barrages or
Regulators
Pumping Stations: To lift water from lower water levels to
higher levels.

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