TYPE OF RELATIONS

Reflexive Relation :
Every element is related to itself ,
i .
e R is
reflexive
in A a
GERf a EA
every
=
, or

Symmetric Relation : R is
Symmetric in A
if e (a b) ER = ) (b a) ER
, ,
for every a , bEA

Transitive Relation R is transitive in A (a , blER (b CER (a , CER

:
if , . =
for every
a, b , c EA

Equivalence relation : Ris reflexive

If ,
symmetric and transitive then R

is
equivalence

Equivalence Class
Let R = (1 1) (2 2) (3 3) (1 3) (3
, , . . . 1)3 is an
equivalence relation

defined on A = $1 , 2, 33

quivalenceclass
Equivalence class
of
is
3 is [35 =
13 13 ,

[I] U [2]U[3] = A

Functions
* relation (f B) Where
every element of A has
only
: A-> one

in B
Image

Dofn(ab &
Type of functions A B
one -
one (injective) function 1 P
2 q
No two elements
of A has same image in 1
3 r
then it is
# function is not one - one
Many one
4 s
t

Onto (Surjective) function

All elements
of B have at least one
pre-Image A
In
A B
Range = Co domain 1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5
Bijective Function
If a
function is both one-one and onto then it is
bijective
A B
1 a
2 b
3 C

Inverse function
inverse
of a
function exist if it is
bijective
B A
It6 : A-> B is a
function
its inverse IS F" : B > A
-
a 1
b 2
C 3

Composition of function
F &
A B C

A
9 of : >C
-

+ Sinx x
eg x =
:
gx
=
,

f f ( Sin(
fog =
g(x = =

Sinc Sin=
gof + x
g
=

g
= +

-
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Y
2 y= Sin-1x

-
I
3
O I

-TT/2

"

# y = cost

T 2

x
-10 I

Y tan - x
=

#C

3
O

/2

Y = Cot ISC
-

π/2

x
O

:
y Sec -
Y =

, ·

Y y = cosec 13)

PROPERTY-1 PROPERTY-2 PROPERTY-3

Sin - (-() =
-
Sin -(x) Cosec "(c) =
sin" Sin" (Sinc) =,
-2 '2
tan" (-() = -
tan - (x)
Sec-x =
COS"(
Cosec" (- <) = - cosec" (-) Cos -
(Cos) =
C , x .
O
-
11-COS" (Ot x Cot" (
Los" (- y) = =

See" ( x)
-
= 11-see" tan" (tanc =
x , x -

2 '2
cot " ( x)
- = 11-cot"
-
COt (Cote) =
x , > O .

Cosec" (lose =
< , x -

)( + 0
212 .

Sec-(sec) =, O . ,
Identities to Remeber -

Sin2x + 2052( = 1 Sin 2x = 2 Since Cos

Sec2x-tan?x = 1 =
Zanc
Cosecsc-Cotz 1
1+ tan2x
x =

COS2x = Cos2x-Sin2x tan2x = ztan Sin 3 = 3 Sinx-4 Sins

1- tak2 x
1-2
= Sin2x Cos 3x = 4 CoS3x-3COSCC
= 2 (OS'x -
1 tan 3x = Stanc-tan3 x

= 1-tan ? 1 -
3 tan2 x
-

1+ tanzx
e)
tan
(1 + = I + tan
-

1-tans

(T-c)
tan = 1-tan
-

It tanx
 5
- -

&
...

CONTINUITY
! &
DIFFERENTIABILITY
!
 Continuous function
Suppose/ in real
function on a subset
of the real
numbers and let's be a
point in the domain
of f.
Then f is continuous at < if limf(x) =
f(c)
x- C

# realfunctions f is said to be continuous if it is Continuous

at in the domain off

every point

function f(x) = fois continuous

The
eg :

Let's be any non-zero real number , then imf(s) = lim

x- C
f(c) Solim f(x) f(c)
↓ =
t for C = 0 ,
=
1 =

and hencef is continuous at in the domain f

every point of

Algebra of continuous functions

f
Suppose and
g are two real functions Continuous
at a real number c, then ,
f +
g f-gef.g and
, ,

& are continuous at CC

Differentiability

Supposef is a real
function and is a

point in its domain

. The derivative
of
F at cisf' c = limef (th -f
# h

Every differentiable function is continuous ,

but the converse is not true

.
 Some standard derivatives

Ch
d ex = ex
= I d
d

Ch N n - 1 d K 0 k ; Constant
C = n) =

d d

Ch Sinc
a
= COSS(
logx =

t d

Ch
COSIC = Sinsc
d

Ch
tanx = sechs
d

Ch
cot =
-

Losec sa
d

Ch
Sec = Seco tan ·

Ch Lots
Cose(3 =
-
Cosesc ·

Chain rule
If f (n) where g(x both
dy dyana
and
y
= , v=
if dy du
exists then -

du'do
,

Derivatives of implicit functions

If two variables are
expressed by some relation then
be the
one will
implicit function of other is called Implicit function
,

Let cos-siny then dy d d

eg :
y
=
,

dx
=

dx
cos -

dx
siny

dy
dy My Wherey
- Sinx
or , =
-Since cosy .

o
dx
-
It Cosy
an + it
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 6
APPLICATIONS OF
DERIVATIVES
 Rate of change of quantities
If a
quantity 'y' varies with another
quantity so that
yef ,
then

dy f
represents the rate of change of y wrtc and
dyec + =

represents the rate

of change of y w .
r .
t . at < =

I ic' and
y varies with another variable't' i .
e . ifcc = f +

dy I dy do
and
y
=
gt then by chain rule
ifd-
,
,

de It dt

then the
eg : if the radius
of a circle ,
v = 5 cm , rate
of change
the circle second wort'v'is-
of area
of a
per

CA
dr v = s = rv = s
=
2πVv =
= 10π

Increasing and decreasing functions

# f be
function is said to

i FCC -- E
increasing on labifcain ad ab , and

ii fac -- C ,
decreasing on Lab if cain ab , cE ab

Iff'c -
O-cE ab then is increasing in ab and

Iff'c -
O-cE ab then is decreasing in alb

(3 3x + 4x XER , then
eg : Let +x
-
= ,

12 + xER
fx 3x2 (x + 4 3x 10 -

-
= -

So , the f R
function is
strictly increasing on
Maxima and Minima
A point C in the domain of f at which
either f (C)=0 or is not differentiable is
Called a critical point of f
First derivative test
Let f be continuous at a Critical point (in
open interval . Then

i iff' oat
every point left of
, and f'c o at every point right

of C ,
then')' is a
point of local maxima

is iff' o at
every point left of
, and f'c o at every point right

of C ,
then')' is a
point of local minima

iff'c does ''increases then'C' is

iii not
change sign as
through C,

called the
point of inflection .

Second derivative test

Let t be function defined interval f is twice differentiable at
a on
given c Then
.

i C = C is a
point of local maxima Iff'c = o

andf" <0 .
f < is local maxima off

ii C = C is a
point of local minima iff' c zo

andf" <0 .
f < is local maxima off

iii The test

fails iff' oandf"
c = c =o
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 8
APPLICATIONS OF
THE INTEGRATS
 Area under simple curves
The the bounded
by the curve
area
of region y =d

3 F -
2 - accis and the lines
y
= d dc

S dy or +c
d
x
is
given by A=
dy dy

bounded -3 x =
g Y
eg : The area
by e = ,
-accis in the

y = C
= and the lines
quadrant y = 1 and
y
= 2 is /
S
X

If ded = quit
Y

The region bounded

area
of the
by the

f , c axis and the lines

curvey
c
y =

Y= f x
b
c = a and c = b a is
given by
S R

= y dec
b

A
ouS ce

e i
The area bounded by
-
, -accisin I
quadrant
eg
=
:
y
/ X
and the lines (c = 2 and x = 3 is 8 Pax Q

#Syddqui Y