Matrices – Formula Sheet:

Systems of Equations – 2 Cramer’s Rule – 2x2 Matrices with

Variables: Determinants:

| |
a 1 x +b1 y=c 1 a1 b1
D= =a1 b2−b 1 a 2
a 2 x +b2 y=c 2 a2 b2

x=
c1 b2−b1 c2
a1 b2−b1 a2
D x=
| |
c1 b1
c2 b2
=c 1 b2−b 1 c2

y=
a1 c 2−c 1 a 2
D y=
| |
a1 c 1
a2 c 2
=a1 c 2−c 1 a2

a 1 b 2−b1 a2
Dx Dy
x= y=
D D
Systems of Equations – 3
Variables: d 1 ( b2 c3 −c 2 b 3 )−b 1 ( d 2 c 3−c2 d 3 ) +c 1 (d 2 b3−b2 d3 )
x=
a1 ( b2 c3 −c 2 b 3 )−b 1 ( a2 c3−c 2 a 3 )+ c 1 (a2 b3−b2 a3 )
a 1 x +b1 y +c 1 z=d 1
a 2 x +b2 y +c 2 z=d 2
a 1 ( d 2 c 3−c 2 d 3 )−d 1 ( a 2 c 3−c2 a3 ) + c1 (a2 d 3−d 2 a3 )
a 3 x +b2 y +c 3 z =d 3 y=
a1 ( b2 c 3−c 2 b3 )−b1 ( a2 c 3−c 2 a3 ) +c 1 (a 2 b 3−b2 a3 )

a1 ( b2 d 3−d 2 b3 ) −b1 ( a 2 d 3−d 2 a 3 ) +d 1 (a2 b3 −b2 a3 )

z=
a1 ( b2 c 3−c 2 b3 )−b1 ( a2 c 3−c 2 a3 ) +c 1 (a 2 b 3−b2 a3 )
Cramer’s Rule – 3x3 Matrices with Determinants:

| |
a1 b1 c1
b c
| | | | | |
a c a b
D= a2 b2 c2 =a1 2 2 −b1 2 2 + c 1 2 2
a3 b3 c3
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3

D=a1 ( b2 c 3−c 2 b3 )−b1 ( a2 c3 −c 2 a3 ) +c 1 (a2 b3 −b2 a3 )

| |
d 1 b1 c1
D x = d 2 b2 c2 =d 1 ( b2 c3 −c 2 b 3 )−b 1 ( d2 c 3−c 2 d 3 ) +c 1 (d 2 b3−b2 d3 )
d 3 b3 c3

| |
a1 d 1 c 1
D y = a2 d 2 c 2 =a1 ( d 2 c3 −c 2 d 3 ) −d 1 ( a2 c3 −c 2 a3 ) +c 1 (a2 d 3−d2 a3 )
a3 d 3 c 3

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 | |
a1 b 1 d 1
D z= a2 b 2 d 2 =a1 ( b2 d 3−d 2 b3 ) −b1 ( a2 d 3−d 2 a3 ) + d 1 (a2 b3−b2 a3 )
a3 b 3 d 3

Dx Dy Dz
x= y= z= D ≠ 0
D D D

Matrix Addition: Matrix Subtraction:

A+ B= |ac bd|+[ eg hf ]=|ca+e+ g b +f

d+ h | A−B= |ac db|−[ eg hf ]=|a−e
c−g |
b−f
d−h

Scalar Multiplication: Matrix Multiplication:

nA=n |ac bd|=|nanc ndnb| AB= |ac db|[ eg hf ]=|aece++bgdg |

af + bh
cf +dh

2 Rows x 2Columns=2 x 2 ¿

MM: 2 Rows x 2Columns=2 x 2 ¿ MM: 1 Row x 1Column=1 x 1 ¿

|| | ||
g h d
AB= | a b c
d e f
i j
k l
AB=|a b c| e
f

AB= |ag+bi+ck
dg+ ei+fk
ah+bj + cl
dh+ej+ fl | AB=|ad+ be+cf |

MM: 3 Rows x 3 Columns=3 x 3 ¿ MM: 2 Rows x 4 Columns=2 x 4 ¿

||
a
AB= b |d e f |
c
AB= |ac db||ei fg h
jk l |
|ae+bi |
| |
ad ae af af +bj ag+bk ah+ bl
AB=
AB= bd be bf ce+ di cf + dj cg +dk ch+dl
cd ce cf

MM: 3 Rows x 3 Columns=3 x 3 ¿ MM: 3 Rows x 3 Columns=3 x 3 ¿

| || | | |
a b a b c j k l
AB= c d
e f
g h i
j k l | AB= d e f m n o
g h i p q r
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 | | | |
ag+bj ah+bk ai+bl aj+ bm+ cp ak +bn+ cq al+bo+cr
AB= cg+ dj ch+ dk ci+dl AB= dj+em+ fp dk + en+ fq dl + eo+ fr
eg+ fj eh+ fk ei+fl gj+hm+ip gk + hn+iq gl + ho+ir

Multiplicative Identity Multiplicative Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix:

Matrices:

I 2=
1 0
| |
A= |ac bd|
0 1
−1
A =
1 d −b
| |
| |
1 0 0 ad−bc −c a
I 3= 0 1 0
0 0 1 Note:
If ad−bc=0 , then A does not have a multiplicative inverse .
−1 −1
A A =I n A A=I n
Multiplicative Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix:

| |
a b c
A= d e f
g h i

| |
|eh fi| |ci bh| |be cf |
| A| |i g| |g i | |f d|
−1 1 f d a c c a
A =

|dg he| |bh ag| |ad be|

| |
ei−fh ch−bi bf −ce
−1 1
A = fg−di ai−cg cd−af
| A|
dh−eg bg−ah ae−bd

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