Chapter 3

Hedging Strategies
Using Futures

Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 9th Edition, Global Edition,

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Long & Short Hedges
A long futures hedge is appropriate when
you know you will purchase an asset in
the future and want to lock in the price
A short futures hedge is appropriate
when you know you will sell an asset in
the future and want to lock in the price

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Arguments in Favor of Hedging
Companies should focus on the main
business they are in and take steps to
minimize risks arising from interest rates,
exchange rates, and other market variables

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Arguments against Hedging
Shareholders are usually well diversified and
can make their own hedging decisions
It may increase risk to hedge when
competitors do not
Explaining a situation where there is a loss on
the hedge and a gain on the underlying can
be difficult

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Basis Risk
Basis is usually defined as the spot
price minus the futures price
Basis risk arises because of the
uncertainty about the basis when
the hedge is closed out

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Long Hedge for Purchase of an Asset
Define
F1 : Futures price at time hedge is set up
F2 : Futures price at time asset is purchased
S2 : Asset price at time of purchase
b2 : Basis at time of purchase

Cost of asset S2
Gain on Futures F2 −F1
Net amount paid S2 − (F2 −F1) =F1 + b2

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Short Hedge for Sale of an Asset
Define
F1 : Futures price at time hedge is set up
F2 : Futures price at time asset is sold
S2 : Asset price at time of sale
b2 : Basis at time of sale

Price of asset S2
Gain on Futures F1 −F2
Net amount received S2 + (F1 −F2) =F1 + b2

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Choice of Contract
Choose a delivery month that is as close as
possible to, but later than, the end of the life
of the hedge
When there is no futures contract on the
asset being hedged, choose the contract
whose futures price is most highly correlated
with the asset price. This is known as cross
hedging.

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Optimal Hedge Ratio (page 81)
Proportion of the exposure that should optimally be
hedged is * sS
h =r
sF
where
sS is the standard deviation of DS, the change in the
spot price during the hedging period,
sF is the standard deviation of DF, the change in the
futures price during the hedging period
r is the coefficient of correlation between DS and DF.

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Example (Page 83)
Airline will purchase 2 million gallons of jet
fuel in one month and hedges using heating
oil futures
From historical data sF =0.0313, sS =0.0263,
and r= 0.928
0.0263
h = 0.928 ´
*
= 0.78
0.0313

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Example continued
The size of one heating oil contract is 42,000 gallons
The spot price is 1.94 and the futures price is 1.99
(both dollars per gallon) so that
V A = 1.94 ´ 2,000,000 = 3,880,000
V F = 1.99 ´ 42,000 = 83,580
Optimal number of contracts is
= 0.78 ´ 2, 000, 000 42, 000
which rounds to 37

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Alternative Definition of Optimal
Hedge Ratio
Optimal hedge ratio is
ˆ sˆ S
h=r
ˆ
sˆ F
where variables are defined as follows

r̂ Correlation between percentage daily changes for

spot and futures
sˆ S SD of percentage daily changes in spot

sˆ F SD of percentage daily changes in futures

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Optimal Number of Contracts
QA Size of position being hedged (units)
QF Size of one futures contract (units)
VA Value of position being hedged (=spot price time QA)
VF Value of one futures contract (=futures price times QF)

h *Q A ˆ
hV
Optimal number of contracts = = A
QF VF

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Hedging Using Index Futures
(Page 86)

To hedge the risk in a portfolio the

number of contracts that should be
shorted is V A
b
VF
where VA is the value of the portfolio, b is
its beta, and VF is the value of one
futures contract

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Example
S&P 500 futures price is $1,000.
One futures contract involves 250 units.
Value of Portfolio is $5 million.
Beta of portfolio is 1.5.

What position in futures contracts is

necessary to hedge the portfolio?

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Example
We need to hedge
1.5 x $5 million = $7.5 million
of market risk.

We need to buy
$7,500,000 / (250 x $1,000) = 30
futures contracts.

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Changing Beta
What position is necessary to reduce
the beta of the portfolio to 0.75?
What position is necessary to increase
the beta of the portfolio to 2.0?

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Why Hedge Equity Returns
May want to be out of the market for a while.
Hedging avoids the costs of selling and
repurchasing the portfolio
Suppose stocks in your portfolio have an
average beta of 1.0, but you feel they have
been chosen well and will outperform the
market in both good and bad times. Hedging
ensures that the return you earn is the risk-
free return plus the excess return of your
portfolio over the market.
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Stack and Roll (page 90-91)

We can roll futures contracts forward to

hedge future exposures
Initially we enter into futures contracts to
hedge exposures up to a time horizon
Just before maturity we close them out an
replace them with new contract reflect the
new exposure
etc
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Liquidity Issues (See Business Snapshot 3.2)
In any hedging situation there is a danger that
losses will be realized on the hedge while the
gains on the underlying exposure are
unrealized
This can create liquidity problems
One example is Metallgesellschaft which sold
long term fixed-price contracts on heating oil
and gasoline and hedged using stack and roll
The price of oil fell.....
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